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Tolezano GC, Bastos GC, da Costa SS, Freire BL, Homma TK, Honjo RS, Yamamoto GL, Passos-Bueno MR, Koiffmann CP, Kim CA, Vianna-Morgante AM, de Lima Jorge AA, Bertola DR, Rosenberg C, Krepischi ACV. Burden of Rare Copy Number Variants in Microcephaly: A Brazilian Cohort of 185 Microcephalic Patients and Review of the Literature. J Autism Dev Disord 2024; 54:1181-1212. [PMID: 36502452 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05853-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microcephaly presents heterogeneous genetic etiology linked to several neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). Copy number variants (CNVs) are a causal mechanism of microcephaly whose investigation is a crucial step for unraveling its molecular basis. Our purpose was to investigate the burden of rare CNVs in microcephalic individuals and to review genes and CNV syndromes associated with microcephaly. We performed chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) in 185 Brazilian patients with microcephaly and evaluated microcephalic patients carrying < 200 kb CNVs documented in the DECIPHER database. Additionally, we reviewed known genes and CNV syndromes causally linked to microcephaly through the PubMed, OMIM, DECIPHER, and ClinGen databases. Rare clinically relevant CNVs were detected in 39 out of the 185 Brazilian patients investigated by CMA (21%). In 31 among the 60 DECIPHER patients carrying < 200 kb CNVs, at least one known microcephaly gene was observed. Overall, four gene sets implicated in microcephaly were disclosed: known microcephaly genes; genes with supporting evidence of association with microcephaly; known macrocephaly genes; and novel candidates, including OTUD7A, BBC3, CNTN6, and NAA15. In the review, we compiled 957 known microcephaly genes and 58 genomic CNV loci, comprising 13 duplications and 50 deletions, which have already been associated with clinical findings including microcephaly. We reviewed genes and CNV syndromes previously associated with microcephaly, reinforced the high CMA diagnostic yield for this condition, pinpointed novel candidate loci linked to microcephaly deserving further evaluation, and provided a useful resource for future research on the field of neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Cantini Tolezano
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Civitate Bastos
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Silvia Souza da Costa
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Bruna Lucheze Freire
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética (LIM25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 455 Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Thais Kataoka Homma
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética (LIM25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 455 Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Rachel Sayuri Honjo
- Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 647 Avenida Doutor Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, São Paulo, SP, 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Lopes Yamamoto
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
- Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 647 Avenida Doutor Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, São Paulo, SP, 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Rita Passos-Bueno
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Celia Priszkulnik Koiffmann
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Chong Ae Kim
- Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 647 Avenida Doutor Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, São Paulo, SP, 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Angela Maria Vianna-Morgante
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Alexander Augusto de Lima Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética (LIM25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 455 Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Débora Romeo Bertola
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
- Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 647 Avenida Doutor Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, São Paulo, SP, 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Carla Rosenberg
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Victorino Krepischi
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.
- Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 277 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.
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Xiao H, Chen H, Chen X, Lu Y, Wu B, Wang H, Cao Y, Hu L, Dong X, Zhou W, Yang L. Comprehensive assessment of the genetic characteristics of small for gestational age newborns in NICU: from diagnosis of genetic disorders to prediction of prognosis. Genome Med 2023; 15:112. [PMID: 38093364 PMCID: PMC10717355 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In China, ~1,072,100 small for gestational age (SGA) births occur annually. These SGA newborns are a high-risk population of developmental delay. Our study aimed to evaluate the genetic profile of SGA newborns in the newborn intensive care unit (NICU) and establish a prognosis prediction model by combining clinical and genetic factors. METHODS A cohort of 723 SGA and 1317 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) newborns were recruited between June 2018 and June 2020. Clinical exome sequencing was performed for each newborn. The gene-based rare-variant collapsing analyses and the gene burden test were applied to identify the risk genes for SGA and SGA with poor prognosis. The Gradient Boosting Machine framework was used to generate two models to predict the prognosis of SGA. The performance of two models were validated with an independent cohort of 115 SGA newborns without genetic diagnosis from July 2020 to April 2022. All newborns in this study were recruited through the China Neonatal Genomes Project (CNGP) and were hospitalized in NICU, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China. RESULTS Among the 723 SGA newborns, 88(12.2%) received genetic diagnosis, including 42(47.7%) with monogenic diseases and 46(52.3%) with chromosomal abnormalities. SGA with genetic diagnosis showed higher rates in severe SGA(54.5% vs. 41.9%, P=0.0025) than SGA without genetic diagnosis. SGA with chromosomal abnormalities showed higher incidences of physical and neurodevelopmental delay compared to those with monogenic diseases (45.7% vs. 19.0%, P=0.012). We filtered out 3 genes (ITGB4, TXNRD2, RRM2B) as potential causative genes for SGA and 1 gene (ADIPOQ) as potential causative gene for SGA with poor prognosis. The model integrating clinical and genetic factors demonstrated a higher area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) over the model based solely on clinical factors in both the SGA-model generation dataset (AUC=0.9[95% confidence interval 0.84-0.96] vs. AUC=0.74 [0.64-0.84]; P=0.00196) and the independent SGA-validation dataset (AUC=0.76 [0.6-0.93] vs. AUC=0.53[0.29-0.76]; P=0.0117). CONCLUSION SGA newborns in NICU presented with roughly equal proportions of monogenic and chromosomal abnormalities. Chromosomal disorders were associated with poorer prognosis. The rare-variant collapsing analyses studies have the ability to identify potential causative factors associated with growth and development. The SGA prognosis prediction model integrating genetic and clinical factors outperformed that relying solely on clinical factors. The application of genetic sequencing in hospitalized SGA newborns may improve early genetic diagnosis and prognosis prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xiao
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Huiyao Chen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Yulan Lu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Bingbing Wu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Huijun Wang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Yun Cao
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Liyuan Hu
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Xinran Dong
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, 201102, China.
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, 201102, China.
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, 201102, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, 201102, China.
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510005, China.
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, 201102, China.
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Li Q, Chen Z, Wang J, Xu K, Fan X, Gong C, Wu Z, Zhang TJ, Wu N. Molecular Diagnostic Yield of Exome Sequencing and Chromosomal Microarray in Short Stature: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Pediatr 2023; 177:1149-1157. [PMID: 37695591 PMCID: PMC10495925 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.3566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Importance Currently, the diagnostic yield of exome sequencing (ES) and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) for short stature cohorts is uncertain. Despite previous studies reporting the widespread use of ES and CMA, a definitive diagnostic yield has not been established. Objective To investigate the diagnostic yield of ES and CMA in short stature. Data Sources A systematic literature search was conducted using relevant keywords in 3 databases (PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science) in February 2023. Study Selection Eligible studies for meta-analysis were those that had at least 10 participants with short stature who were diagnosed using either ES or CMA and the number of diagnosed patients was reported. Of 5222 identified studies, 20 were eventually included in the study. Data Extraction and Synthesis Two independent investigators extracted relevant information from each study, which was then synthesized using proportional meta-analysis to obtain the overall diagnostic yield of ES and CMA. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome measure was to determine the overall diagnostic yield of ES and CMA. A subgroup meta-analysis was also performed to assess if the diagnostic yield varied depending on whether ES was used as a first-tier or last-resort test. Additionally, a meta-regression was carried out to investigate how the diagnostic yield varied over time. Results Twenty studies were included, comprising 1350 patients with short stature who underwent ES and 1070 patients who completed CMA. The overall diagnostic yield of ES among the cohorts and CMA among the cohorts was found to be 27.1% (95% CI, 18.1%-37.2%) and 13.6% (95% CI, 9.2%-18.7%), respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed between the first-tier (27.8%; 95% CI, 15.7%-41.8%) and last-resort groups (25.6%; 95% CI, 13.6%-39.6%) (P = .83) or in the percentage of positively diagnosed patients over time. No statistically significant difference was observed between the first-tier (27.8%; 95% CI, 15.7%-41.8%) and last-resort groups (25.6%; 95% CI, 13.6%-39.6%) (P = .83) or in the percentage of positively diagnosed patients over time. Conclusion and Relevance This systematic review and meta-analysis provides high-level evidence supporting the diagnostic efficacy of ES and CMA in patients with short stature. The findings serve as a solid reference for clinicians when making informed decisions about recommending these genetic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing, 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity; Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing, China
| | - Zefu Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing, 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity; Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing, China
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing, 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity; Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing, 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity; Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing, China
| | - Xin Fan
- Department of Pediatric, The second affiliated hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Chunxiu Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing, 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity; Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing, China
| | - Terry Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing, 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity; Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing, 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity; Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing, China
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Tüysüz B, Kasap B, Uludağ Alkaya D, Alp Ünkar Z, Köseoğlu P, Geyik F, Özer E, Önal H, Gezdirici A, Ercan O. Investigation of (Epi)genetic causes in syndromic short children born small for gestational age. Eur J Med Genet 2023; 66:104854. [PMID: 37758162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2023.104854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine onset syndromic short stature constitutes a group of diseases that pose challenges in differential diagnosis due to their rarity and clinical as well as molecular heterogeneity. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of (epi)genetic causes in children born small for gestational age (SGA) and manifesting clinically undiagnosed syndromic short stature. The study group comprised twenty-nine cases selected from the syndromic SGA cohort. Various analyses were performed, including chromosomal microarray (CMA), methylation-specific-multiple ligation probe amplification for chromosomes 6,14 and 20, and whole exome sequencing (WES). Pathogenic copy number variants (CNVs) on chromosomes 2q13, 22q11.3, Xp22.33, 17q21.31, 19p13.13 and 4p16.31 causing syndromic growth disturbance were detected in six patients. Maternal uniparental disomy 14 was identified in a patient. WES was performed in the remaining 22 patients, revealing pathogenic variants in nine cases; six were monoallelic (ACAN, ARID2, NIPBL, PIK3R1, SMAD4, BRIP1), two were biallelic (BRCA2, RFWD3) and one was hemizygous (HUWE1). Seven of these were novel. Craniofacial dysmorphism, which is an important clue for the diagnosis of syndromes, was very mild in all patients. This study unveiled, for the first time, that ARID2 mutatios can cause syndromic SGA. In conclusion, a high (55.2%) diagnosis rate was achieved through the utilization of CMA, epigenetic and WES analyzes; 15 rare syndromes were defined, who were born with SGA and had atypical and/or mild dysmorphic findings. This study not only drew attention to the association of some rare syndromes with SGA, but also introduced novel genes and CNVs as potential contributors to syndromic SGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyhan Tüysüz
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Büşra Kasap
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Uludağ Alkaya
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Alp Ünkar
- Department of Neonatology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pınar Köseoğlu
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Geyik
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Özer
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasan Önal
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Başakşehir Çam ve Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Gezdirici
- Department of Medical Genetic, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Başakşehir Çam ve Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oya Ercan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
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Perchard R, Murray PG, Clayton PE. Approach to the Patient With Short Stature: Genetic Testing. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:1007-1017. [PMID: 36355576 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The first step in the evaluation of the short child is to decide whether growth parameters in the context of the history are abnormal or a variant of normal. If growth is considered abnormal, system and hormonal tests are likely to be required, followed by more directed testing, such as skeletal survey and/or genetic screening with karyotype or microarray. In a small percentage of short children in whom a diagnosis has not been reached, this will need to be followed by detailed genetic analysis; currently, exome sequencing using targeted panels relevant to the phenotype is the commonly used test. Clinical scenarios are presented that illustrate how such genetic testing can be used to establish a molecular diagnosis, and how that diagnosis contributes to the management of the short child. New genetic causes for short stature are being recognized on a frequent basis, while the clinical spectrum for known genes is being extended. We recommend that an international repository for short stature conditions is established for new findings to aid dissemination of knowledge, but also to help in the definition of the clinical spectrum both for new and established conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Perchard
- Department of Developmental Biology and Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Philip George Murray
- Department of Developmental Biology and Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Peter Ellis Clayton
- Department of Developmental Biology and Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Hokken-Koelega ACS, van der Steen M, Boguszewski MCS, Cianfarani S, Dahlgren J, Horikawa R, Mericq V, Rapaport R, Alherbish A, Braslavsky D, Charmandari E, Chernausek SD, Cutfield WS, Dauber A, Deeb A, Goedegebuure WJ, Hofman PL, Isganatis E, Jorge AA, Kanaka-Gantenbein C, Kashimada K, Khadilkar V, Luo XP, Mathai S, Nakano Y, Yau M. International Consensus Guideline on Small for Gestational Age (SGA): Etiology and Management from Infancy to Early Adulthood. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:539-565. [PMID: 36635911 PMCID: PMC10166266 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This International Consensus Guideline was developed by experts in the field of SGA of 10 pediatric endocrine societies worldwide. A consensus meeting was held and 1300 articles formed the basis for discussions. All experts voted about the strengths of the recommendations. The guideline gives new and clinically relevant insights into the etiology of short stature after SGA birth, including novel knowledge about (epi)genetic causes. Besides, it presents long-term consequences of SGA birth and new treatment options, including treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) in addition to growth hormone (GH) treatment, and the metabolic and cardiovascular health of young adults born SGA after cessation of childhood-GH-treatment in comparison with appropriate control groups. To diagnose SGA, accurate anthropometry and use of national growth charts are recommended. Follow-up in early life is warranted and neurodevelopment evaluation in those at risk. Excessive postnatal weight gain should be avoided, as this is associated with an unfavorable cardio-metabolic health profile in adulthood. Children born SGA with persistent short stature < -2.5 SDS at age 2 years or < -2 SDS at age of 3-4 years, should be referred for diagnostic work-up. In case of dysmorphic features, major malformations, microcephaly, developmental delay, intellectual disability and/or signs of skeletal dysplasia, genetic testing should be considered. Treatment with 0.033-0.067 mg GH/kg/day is recommended in case of persistent short stature at age of 3-4 years. Adding GnRHa treatment could be considered when short adult height is expected at pubertal onset. All young adults born SGA require counseling to adopt a healthy lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita C S Hokken-Koelega
- Department of Pediatrics, subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manouk van der Steen
- Department of Pediatrics, subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stefano Cianfarani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Diabetology and Growth Disorders Unit, IRCCS "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jovanna Dahlgren
- Department of Pediatrics, the Sahlgrenska Academy, the University of Gothenburg and Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Reiko Horikawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Veronica Mericq
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, faculty of Medicine, University of Chile
| | - Robert Rapaport
- Icahn School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Debora Braslavsky
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. Cesar Bergadá" (CEDIE), División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Evangelia Charmandari
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, 11527, Athens, Greece.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Steven D Chernausek
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Wayne S Cutfield
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Dauber
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20012, USA
| | - Asma Deeb
- Paediatric Endocrine Division, Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City and College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wesley J Goedegebuure
- Department of Pediatrics, subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul L Hofman
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Alexander A Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética (LIM25) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Kenichi Kashimada
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Xiao-Ping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sarah Mathai
- Department of Pediatrics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Yuya Nakano
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mabel Yau
- Icahn School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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Hara-Isono K, Nakamura A, Fuke T, Inoue T, Kawashima S, Matsubara K, Sano S, Yamazawa K, Fukami M, Ogata T, Kagami M. Pathogenic Copy Number and Sequence Variants in Children Born SGA With Short Stature Without Imprinting Disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e3121-e3133. [PMID: 35583390 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Children born small-for-gestational-age with short stature (SGA-SS) is associated with (epi)genetic defects, including imprinting disorders (IDs), pathogenic copy number variants (PCNVs), and pathogenic variants of genes involved in growth. However, comprehensive studies evaluating these 3 factors are very limited. OBJECTIVE To clarify the contribution of PCNVs and candidate pathogenic variants to SGA-SS. DESIGN Comprehensive molecular analyses consisting of methylation analysis, copy number analysis, and multigene sequencing. METHODS We enrolled 140 patients referred to us for genetic testing for SGA-SS. Among them, we excluded 42 patients meeting Netchine-Harbison clinical scoring system criteria for Silver-Russell syndrome and 4 patients with abnormal methylation levels of the IDs-related differentially methylated regions. Consequently, we conducted copy number analysis and multigene sequencing for 86 SGA-SS patients with sufficient sample volume. We also evaluated clinical phenotypes of patients with PCNVs or candidate pathogenic variants. RESULTS We identified 8 (9.3%) and 11 (12.8%) patients with PCNVs and candidate pathogenic variants, respectively. According to the American College of Medical Genetics standards and guidelines, 5 variants were classified as pathogenic and the remaining 6 variants were classified as variants of unknown significance. Genetic diagnosis was made in 12 patients. All patients with PCNVs or candidate pathogenic variants did not correspond perfectly to characteristic clinical features of each specific genetic cause. CONCLUSION We clarified the contribution of PCNVs and pathogenic variants to SGA-SS without IDs. Comprehensive molecular analyses, including copy number analysis and multigene sequencing, should be considered for patients with unknown SGA-SS etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Hara-Isono
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akie Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan
| | - Tomoko Fuke
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Takanobu Inoue
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Sayaka Kawashima
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Keiko Matsubara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sano
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shizuoka Children's Hospital, Shizuoka 420-8660, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamazawa
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Medical Genetics Center, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu Medical Center, Hamamatsu 432-8580, Japan
| | - Masayo Kagami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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Genetic Aspects of Small for Gestational Age Infants Using Targeted-Exome Sequencing and Whole-Exome Sequencing: A Single Center Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133710. [PMID: 35806993 PMCID: PMC9267512 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The etiology of small for gestational age (SGA) is multifactorial and includes maternal/uterine-placental factors, fetal epigenetics, and genetic abnormalities. We evaluated the genetic causes and diagnostic effectiveness of targeted-panel sequencing (TES) or whole-exome sequencing (WES) in SGA infants without a known cause. Methods: A prospective study was conducted on newborn infants born with a birth weight of less than the 10th percentile for gestational age between January 2019 and December 2020 at the Pusan National University Hospital. We excluded infants with known causes of SGA, including maternal causes or major congenital anomalies or infections. SGA infants without a known etiology underwent genetic evaluation, including karyotyping, chromosomal microarray (CMA), and TES/WES. Results: During the study period, 82 SGA infants were born at our hospital. Among them, 61 patients were excluded. A total of 21 patients underwent karyotyping and chromosomal CMA, and aberrations were detected in two patients, including one chromosomal anomaly and one copy number variation. Nineteen patients with normal karyotype and CMA findings underwent TES or WES, which identified three pathogenic or likely pathogenic single-gene mutations, namely LHX3, TLK2, and MED13L. Conclusions: In SGA infants without known risk factors, the prevalence of genetic causes was 22% (5/21). The diagnostic yield of TES or WES in SGA infants with normal karyotype and CMA was 15.7% (3/19). TES or WES was quite helpful in identifying the etiology in SGA infants without a known cause.
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Inzaghi E, Deodati A, Loddo S, Mucciolo M, Verdecchia F, Sallicandro E, Catino G, Cappa M, Novelli A, Cianfarani S. Prevalence of copy number variants (CNVs) and rhGH treatment efficacy in an Italian cohort of children born small for gestational age (SGA) with persistent short stature associated with a complex clinical phenotype. J Endocrinol Invest 2022; 45:79-87. [PMID: 34255311 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01617-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Multiple factors influence intrauterine growth and lead to low birth sizes. The impact of genetic alterations on both pre- and post-natal growth is still largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of CNVs in an Italian cohort of SGA children with persistent short stature and complex clinical phenotype. rhGH treatment efficacy was evaluated according to the different genotypes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Twenty-four SGA children (10F/14M) with persistent short stature associated with dysmorphic features and/or developmental delay underwent CNV evaluation. RESULTS CNVs were present in 14/24 (58%) SGA children. Six patients had a microdeletion involving the following regions: 3q24q25.1, 8p21.2p12, 15q26, 19q13.11, 20q11.21q12, 22q11.2. In three females, the same microdeletion involving 17p13.3 region was identified. In two different patients, two microduplications involving 10q21.3 and Xp11.3 region were observed. A further female patient showed both an 11q12.1 and an Xq27.1 microduplication, inherited from her mother and from her father, respectively. In a boy, the presence of a 12p13.33 microdeletion and a 19q13.43 microduplication was found. GH treatment efficacy, expressed by height gain and height velocity in the first 12 months of therapy, was similar in subjects with and without CNVs. CONCLUSIONS These results show that pathogenic CNVs are common in SGA children with short stature associated with additional clinical features. Interestingly, the involvement of 17p13.3 region occurs with a relative high frequency, suggesting that genes located in this region could play a key role in pre- and post-natal growth. rhGH therapy has similar efficacy in the short term whether CNVs are present or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Inzaghi
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero, IRCCS "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
| | - A Deodati
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero, IRCCS "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - S Loddo
- Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, IRCCS "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - M Mucciolo
- Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, IRCCS "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - F Verdecchia
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero, IRCCS "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - E Sallicandro
- Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, IRCCS "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - G Catino
- Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, IRCCS "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - M Cappa
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero, IRCCS "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - A Novelli
- Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, IRCCS "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - S Cianfarani
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero, IRCCS "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Sood A, Shamim U, Kharbanda OP, Kabra M, Gupta N, Mathur A, Joshi A, Parveen S, Zahra S, Sharma P, Seth M, Khan A, Faruq M, Mishra D. Next Generation Sequencing and Cytogenetic Based Evaluation of Indian Pierre Robin Sequence Families Reveals CNV Regions of Modest Effect and a Novel LOXL3 Mutation. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2021; 59:1329-1339. [PMID: 34787502 DOI: 10.1177/10556656211052781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pierre Robin Sequence (PRS) affects approximately 1 per 8500 to 14000 new-borns worldwide. Although the clinical entity is well defined, the pathogenesis of PRS is debated. The present study aims to understand the contribution of genomic imbalances and genetic variants in patients clinically diagnosed of PRS. METHODOLOGY A total of 7 independent patients with nonsyndromic PRS thoroughly evaluated by a medical geneticist at a tertiary care hospital, were included in the study. Blood samples were collected from these patients and their family members. Array CGH was performed on all 7 patients and their respective family members for detection of underlying cytogenetic defects. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed for 5 families to capture single nucleotide variants or small indels. RESULTS Cytogenetic analyses did not detect any previously reported gross chromosomal aberrations for PRS in the patient cohort. However, copy number variations (CNVs) of size <1 Mb were detected in patients which may have implications in PRS. The present study provided evidence for the occurrence of de novo deletions at 7p14.1 locus in PRS patients: further validating the candidate loci susceptibility in oral clefts. WES data identified LOXL3 as candidate gene, carrying novel deleterious variant, which is suggestive of the role of point mutations in the pathogenesis of PRS. CONCLUSION The present study offered considerable insight into the contribution of cytogenetic defects and novel point mutation in the etiology of nonsyndromic PRS. Studies comprising large number of cases are required to fully elucidate the genetic mechanisms underlying the PRS phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubhuti Sood
- Centre for Dental Education and Research, 28730All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Uzma Shamim
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, 28840CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Om P Kharbanda
- Centre for Dental Education and Research, 28730All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | | | - Neerja Gupta
- 28730All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Aradhana Mathur
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, 28840CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Aditi Joshi
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, 28840CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Shaista Parveen
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, 28840CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Sana Zahra
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, 28840CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, 28840CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Malika Seth
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, 28840CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Afreen Khan
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, 28840CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Mohammed Faruq
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, 28840CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Deepika Mishra
- Centre for Dental Education and Research, 28730All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
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11
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Applying Bioinformatic Platforms, In Vitro, and In Vivo Functional Assays in the Characterization of Genetic Variants in the GH/IGF Pathway Affecting Growth and Development. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082063. [PMID: 34440832 PMCID: PMC8392544 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heritability accounts for over 80% of adult human height, indicating that genetic variability is the main determinant of stature. The rapid technological development of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), particularly Whole Exome Sequencing (WES), has resulted in the characterization of several genetic conditions affecting growth and development. The greatest challenge of NGS remains the high number of candidate variants identified. In silico bioinformatic tools represent the first approach for classifying these variants. However, solving the complicated problem of variant interpretation requires the use of experimental approaches such as in vitro and, when needed, in vivo functional assays. In this review, we will discuss a rational approach to apply to the gene variants identified in children with growth and developmental defects including: (i) bioinformatic tools; (ii) in silico modeling tools; (iii) in vitro functional assays; and (iv) the development of in vivo models. While bioinformatic tools are useful for a preliminary selection of potentially pathogenic variants, in vitro—and sometimes also in vivo—functional assays are further required to unequivocally determine the pathogenicity of a novel genetic variant. This long, time-consuming, and expensive process is the only scientifically proven method to determine causality between a genetic variant and a human genetic disease.
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12
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Focused Revision: ACMG practice resource: Genetic evaluation of short stature. Genet Med 2021; 23:813-815. [PMID: 33514815 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-01046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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13
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Peeters S, Declerck K, Thomas M, Boudin E, Beckers D, Chivu O, Heinrichs C, Devriendt K, de Zegher F, Van Hul W, Vanden Berghe W, De Schepper J, Rooman R, Mortier G. DNA Methylation Profiling and Genomic Analysis in 20 Children with Short Stature Who Were Born Small for Gestational Age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5873625. [PMID: 32685970 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In a significant proportion of children born small for gestational age (SGA) with failure of catch-up growth, the etiology of short stature remains unclear after routine diagnostic workup. We wanted to investigate if extensive analysis of the (epi)genome can unravel the cause of growth failure in a significant portion of these children. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty SGA children treated with GH because of short stature were selected from the BELGROW database of the Belgian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology for exome sequencing, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and genome-wide methylation analysis to identify the (epi)genetic cause. First-year response to GH was compared with the response of SGA patients in the KIGS database. RESULTS We identified (likely) pathogenic variants in 4 children (from 3 families) using exome sequencing and found pathogenic copy number variants in 2 probands using SNP array. In a child harboring a NSD1-containing microduplication, we identified a DNA methylation signature that is opposite to the genome-wide DNA methylation signature of Sotos syndrome. Moreover, we observed multilocus imprinting disturbances in 2 children in whom no other genomic alteration could be identified. Five of 6 children with a genetic diagnosis had an "above average" response to GH. CONCLUSIONS The study indicates that a more advanced approach with deep genotyping can unravel unexpected (epi)genomic alterations in SGA children with persistent growth failure. Most SGA children with a genetic diagnosis had a good response to GH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Peeters
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ken Declerck
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Muriel Thomas
- Belgian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eveline Boudin
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dominique Beckers
- Unité d'Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, CHU Namur, Université catholique de Louvain, Yvoir, Belgium and Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olimpia Chivu
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinique de l'Espérance, Saint-Nicolas, Belgium
| | - Claudine Heinrichs
- Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola (HUDERF), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Koenraad Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven and the University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francis de Zegher
- Department of Development & Regeneration, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Hul
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean De Schepper
- Department of Pediatrics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium and Department of Pediatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Geert Mortier
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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14
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Zhang C, Hao S, Zhang Q, Liu F, Zhou B, Xuan F, Xing W, Chen X, Wang Y, Ma P, Cao Z, Ma X. Maternal UPD of chromosome 7 in a patient with Silver-Russell syndrome and Pendred syndrome. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23407. [PMID: 32666542 PMCID: PMC7521231 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Silver‐Russell syndrome (SRS) is a heterogeneous imprinting disorder featuring severe intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation and dysmorphic features. Pendred syndrome (PDS) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the SLC26A4 gene characterized by sensorineural hearing loss. Methods Karyotyping analysis was performed to investigate any chromosomal abnormalities. Whole‐genome copy number variation and loss of heterozygosity were analyzed using an Affymetrix CytoScan 750 K Microarray. Variant screening was performed by targeted next‐generation sequencing on all known deafness‐causing genes. Results The proband was a patient with SRS caused by maternal uniparental disomy 7. The PDS of the proband was caused by homozygous variant c.919‐2A > G of SLC26A4; both mutated alleles were inherited from his mother. Conclusion This is the first report of uniparental disomy 7 leading to SRS and Pendred syndrome. Patients with intrauterine growth retardation or those born small for gestational age and exhibiting postnatal growth failure should undergo molecular testing to reach a clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,National Research Institute for Family Planning, National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China.,Gansu Province Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Province Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shengju Hao
- Gansu Province Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Province Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Gansu Province Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Province Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Furong Liu
- Gansu Province Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Province Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bingbo Zhou
- Gansu Province Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Province Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Feng Xuan
- Gansu Province Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Province Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wang Xing
- Gansu Province Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Province Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Gansu Province Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Province Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Gansu Province Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Province Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Panpan Ma
- Gansu Province Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Province Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zongfu Cao
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,National Research Institute for Family Planning, National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Ma
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,National Research Institute for Family Planning, National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
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15
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Wit JM, Kamp GA, Oostdijk W. Towards a Rational and Efficient Diagnostic Approach in Children Referred for Growth Failure to the General Paediatrician. Horm Res Paediatr 2020; 91:223-240. [PMID: 31195397 DOI: 10.1159/000499915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on a recent Dutch national guideline, we propose a structured stepwise diagnostic approach for children with growth failure (short stature and/or growth faltering), aiming at high sensitivity for pathologic causes at acceptable specificity. The first step is a detailed clinical assessment, aiming at obtaining relevant clinical clues from the medical history (including family history), physical examination (emphasising head circumference, body proportions and dysmorphic features) and assessment of the growth curve. The second step consists of screening: a radiograph of the hand and wrist (for bone age and assessment of anatomical abnormalities suggestive for a skeletal dysplasia) and laboratory tests aiming at detecting disorders that can present as isolated short stature (anaemia, growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism, coeliac disease, renal failure, metabolic bone diseases, renal tubular acidosis, inflammatory bowel disease, Turner syndrome [TS]). We advise molecular array analysis rather than conventional karyotyping for short girls because this detects not only TS but also copy number variants and uniparental isodisomy, increasing diagnostic yield at a lower cost. Third, in case of diagnostic clues for primary growth disorders, further specific testing for candidate genes or a hypothesis-free approach is indicated; suspicion of a secondary growth disorder warrants adequate further targeted testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Wit
- Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,
| | - Gerdine A Kamp
- Department of Paediatrics, Tergooi Hospital, Blaricum, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma Oostdijk
- Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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Homma TK, Freire BL, Honjo Kawahira RS, Dauber A, Funari MFDA, Lerario AM, Nishi MY, Albuquerque EVD, Vasques GDA, Collett-Solberg PF, Miura Sugayama SM, Bertola DR, Kim CA, Arnhold IJP, Malaquias AC, Jorge AADL. Genetic Disorders in Prenatal Onset Syndromic Short Stature Identified by Exome Sequencing. J Pediatr 2019; 215:192-198. [PMID: 31630891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform a prospective genetic investigation using whole exome sequencing of a group of patients with syndromic short stature born small for gestational age of unknown cause. STUDY DESIGN For whole exome sequencing analysis, we selected 44 children born small for gestational age with persistent short stature, and additional features, such as dysmorphic face, major malformation, developmental delay, and/or intellectual disability. Seven patients had negative candidate gene testing based on clinical suspicion and 37 patients had syndromic conditions of unknown etiology. RESULTS Of the 44 patients, 15 (34%) had pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in genes already associated with growth disturbance: COL2A1 (n = 2), SRCAP (n = 2), AFF4, ACTG1, ANKRD11, BCL11B, BRCA1, CDKN1C, GINS1, INPP5K, KIF11, KMT2A, and POC1A (n = 1 each). Most of the genes found to be deleterious participate in fundamental cellular processes, such as cell replication and DNA repair. CONCLUSIONS The rarity and heterogeneity of syndromic short stature make the clinical diagnosis difficult. Whole exome sequencing allows the diagnosis of previously undiagnosed patients with syndromic short stature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Kataoka Homma
- Genetic Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology (LIM25), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Brazil; Development Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Brazil
| | - Bruna Lucheze Freire
- Genetic Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology (LIM25), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Brazil; Development Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Brazil
| | - Rachel Sayuri Honjo Kawahira
- Genetic Unit of the Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrew Dauber
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's National Health System, USA
| | - Mariana Ferreira de Assis Funari
- Development Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Brazil
| | - Antônio Marcondes Lerario
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, USA
| | - Mirian Yumie Nishi
- Development Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Brazil
| | - Edoarda Vasco de Albuquerque
- Genetic Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology (LIM25), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Brazil
| | - Gabriela de Andrade Vasques
- Genetic Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology (LIM25), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Brazil
| | - Paulo Ferrez Collett-Solberg
- Endocrinology Discipline of the Faculdade de Ciência Médicas da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - FCM/UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sofia Mizuho Miura Sugayama
- Genetic Unit of the Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora Romeo Bertola
- Genetic Unit of the Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chong Ae Kim
- Genetic Unit of the Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivo Jorge Prado Arnhold
- Development Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Brazil
| | - Alexsandra Christianne Malaquias
- Genetic Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology (LIM25), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Brazil; Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexander Augusto de Lima Jorge
- Genetic Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology (LIM25), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Brazil; Development Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Brazil.
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17
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Ma Y, Pei Y, Yin C, Jiang Y, Wang J, Li X, Li L, Kagan KO, Wu Q. Subchromosomal anomalies in small for gestational-age fetuses and newborns. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2019; 300:633-639. [PMID: 31273521 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-019-05235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze copy number variants (CNVs) in subjects with small for gestational age (SGA) in China. METHODS A total of 85 cases with estimated fetal weight (EFW) or birth weight below the 10th percentile for gestational age were recruited, including SGA associated with structural anomalies (Group A, n = 20) and isolated SGA (Group B, n = 65). In all cases, cytogenetic karyotyping and infection screening were normal. We examined DNA from fetuses (amniocentesis or cordocentesis) and newborns (cord blood) to detect CNVs using a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, n = 75) array or low-pass whole-genome sequencing (WGS, n = 10). RESULTS Of 85 total cases, 3 (4%) carried pathogenic chromosomal abnormalities, including 2 cases with pathological CNVs and 1 case with upd(22)pat. In Group A, the mean gestational age at the time of diagnosis was 26.8 (SD 4.1) weeks and mean EFW/birth weight was 907.2 (SD 567.8) g. In Group B, the mean gestational age at the time of diagnosis was 34.1 (SD 5.8) weeks. Mean EFW/birth weight was 1879.2 (SD 714.5) g. The pathologic detection rate was 10% (2/20) in Group A and 2% (1/65) in Group B. It was inclined that the lower the EFW percentile, the more frequent the occurrence of CNVs. CONCLUSIONS Pathological subchromosomal anomalies were detected by CMA or low-pass WGS in 10% and 2% of SGA subjects with and without malformation, respectively. SGA fetuses with structural anomalies presented with higher pathological subchromosomal anomalies. The molecular genetic analysis is not recommended for isolated SGA pregnancies without other abnormal findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Yan Pei
- Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Chenghong Yin
- Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Yuxin Jiang
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, 251 Yaojia Yuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, 251 Yaojia Yuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Lin Li
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Karl Oliver Kagan
- Department of Women'S Health, University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, 251 Yaojia Yuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100026, China.
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18
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Freire BL, Homma TK, Funari MFA, Lerario AM, Vasques GA, Malaquias AC, Arnhold IJP, Jorge AAL. Multigene Sequencing Analysis of Children Born Small for Gestational Age With Isolated Short Stature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:2023-2030. [PMID: 30602027 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Patients born small for gestational age (SGA) who present with persistent short stature could have an underlying genetic etiology that will account for prenatal and postnatal growth impairment. We applied a unique massive parallel sequencing approach in cohort of patients with exclusively nonsyndromic SGA to simultaneously interrogate for clinically substantial genetic variants. OBJECTIVE To perform a genetic investigation of children with isolated short stature born SGA. DESIGN Screening by exome (n = 16) or targeted gene panel (n = 39) sequencing. SETTING Tertiary referral center for growth disorders. PATIENTS AND METHODS We selected 55 patients born SGA with persistent short stature without an identified cause of short stature. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Frequency of pathogenic findings. RESULTS We identified heterozygous pathogenic or likely pathogenic genetic variants in 8 of 55 patients, all in genes already associated with growth disorders. Four of the genes are associated with growth plate development, IHH (n = 2), NPR2 (n = 2), SHOX (n = 1), and ACAN (n = 1), and two are involved in the RAS/MAPK pathway, PTPN11 (n = 1) and NF1 (n = 1). None of these patients had clinical findings that allowed for a clinical diagnosis. Seven patients were SGA only for length and one was SGA for both length and weight. CONCLUSION These genomic approaches identified pathogenic or likely pathogenic genetic variants in 8 of 55 patients (15%). Six of the eight patients carried variants in genes associated with growth plate development, indicating that mild forms of skeletal dysplasia could be a cause of growth disorders in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna L Freire
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo CEP, Brazil
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo CEP, Brazil
| | - Thais K Homma
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo CEP, Brazil
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo CEP, Brazil
| | - Mariana F A Funari
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo CEP, Brazil
| | - Antônio M Lerario
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gabriela A Vasques
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo CEP, Brazil
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo CEP, Brazil
| | - Alexsandra C Malaquias
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo CEP, Brazil
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Pediátrica, Departamento de Pediatria, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivo J P Arnhold
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo CEP, Brazil
| | - Alexander A L Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo CEP, Brazil
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo CEP, Brazil
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19
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Storr HL, Chatterjee S, Metherell LA, Foley C, Rosenfeld RG, Backeljauw PF, Dauber A, Savage MO, Hwa V. Nonclassical GH Insensitivity: Characterization of Mild Abnormalities of GH Action. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:476-505. [PMID: 30265312 PMCID: PMC6607971 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
GH insensitivity (GHI) presents in childhood with growth failure and in its severe form is associated with extreme short stature and dysmorphic and metabolic abnormalities. In recent years, the clinical, biochemical, and genetic characteristics of GHI and other overlapping short stature syndromes have rapidly expanded. This can be attributed to advancing genetic techniques and a greater awareness of this group of disorders. We review this important spectrum of defects, which present with phenotypes at the milder end of the GHI continuum. We discuss their clinical, biochemical, and genetic characteristics. The objective of this review is to clarify the definition, identification, and investigation of this clinically relevant group of growth defects. We also review the therapeutic challenges of mild GHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Storr
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sumana Chatterjee
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Louise A Metherell
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Corinne Foley
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ron G Rosenfeld
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Philippe F Backeljauw
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Andrew Dauber
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Martin O Savage
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Vivian Hwa
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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20
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Homma TK, Krepischi ACV, Furuya TK, Honjo RS, Malaquias AC, Bertola DR, Costa SS, Canton AP, Roela RA, Freire BL, Kim CA, Rosenberg C, Jorge AAL. Recurrent Copy Number Variants Associated with Syndromic Short Stature of Unknown Cause. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 89:13-21. [PMID: 29130988 DOI: 10.1159/000481777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Genetic imbalances are responsible for many cases of short stature of unknown etiology. This study aims to identify recurrent pathogenic copy number variants (CNVs) in patients with syndromic short stature of unknown cause. METHODS We selected 229 children with short stature and dysmorphic features, developmental delay, and/or intellectual disability, but without a recognized syndrome. All patients were evaluated by chromosomal microarray (array-based comparative genomic hybridization/single nucleotide polymorphism array). Additionally, we searched databases and previous studies to recover recurrent pathogenic CNVs associated with short stature. RESULTS We identified 32 pathogenic/probably pathogenic CNVs in 229 patients. By reviewing the literature, we selected 4 previous studies which evaluated CNVs in cohorts of patients with short stature. Taken together, there were 671 patients with short stature of unknown cause evaluated by chromosomal microarray. Pathogenic/probably pathogenic CNVs were identified in 87 patients (13%). Seven recurrent CNVs, 22q11.21, 15q26, 1p36.33, Xp22.33, 17p13.3, 1q21.1, 2q24.2, were observed. They are responsible for about 40% of all pathogenic/probably pathogenic genomic imbalances found in short stature patients of unknown cause. CONCLUSION CNVs seem to play a significant role in patients with short stature. Chromosomal microarray should be used as a diagnostic tool for evaluation of growth disorders, especially for syndromic short stature of unknown cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais K Homma
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular LIM42, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C V Krepischi
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo (IB-USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiane K Furuya
- Laboratorio de Oncologia Experimental LIM24, Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia do Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (CTO/ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rachel S Honjo
- Unidade de Genetica do Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexsandra C Malaquias
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Pediatrica, Departamento de Pediatria, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora R Bertola
- Unidade de Genetica do Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia S Costa
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo (IB-USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana P Canton
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosimeire A Roela
- Laboratorio de Oncologia Experimental LIM24, Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia do Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (CTO/ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna L Freire
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular LIM42, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chong A Kim
- Unidade de Genetica do Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Rosenberg
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo (IB-USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexander A L Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular LIM42, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Murray PG, Clayton PE, Chernausek SD. A genetic approach to evaluation of short stature of undetermined cause. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018; 6:564-574. [PMID: 29397377 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Short stature is a common presentation to paediatric endocrinologists. After exclusion of major endocrine or systemic disease, most children with short stature are diagnosed based on a description of their growth pattern and the height of their parents (eg, familial short stature). Height is a polygenic trait and genome-wide association studies have identified many of the associated genetic loci. Here we review the application of genetic studies, including copy number variant analysis, targeted gene panels, and whole-exome sequencing in children with idiopathic short stature. We estimate 25-40% of children diagnosed with idiopathic short stature could receive a molecular diagnosis using these technologies. A molecular diagnosis for short stature is important for affected individuals and their families and might inform treatment decisions surrounding use of growth hormone or insulin-like growth factor 1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Murray
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Peter E Clayton
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Steven D Chernausek
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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22
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Takezawa Y, Kikuchi A, Haginoya K, Niihori T, Numata-Uematsu Y, Inui T, Yamamura-Suzuki S, Miyabayashi T, Anzai M, Suzuki-Muromoto S, Okubo Y, Endo W, Togashi N, Kobayashi Y, Onuma A, Funayama R, Shirota M, Nakayama K, Aoki Y, Kure S. Genomic analysis identifies masqueraders of full-term cerebral palsy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:538-551. [PMID: 29761117 PMCID: PMC5945967 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Cerebral palsy is a common, heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder that causes movement and postural disabilities. Recent studies have suggested genetic diseases can be misdiagnosed as cerebral palsy. We hypothesized that two simple criteria, that is, full-term births and nonspecific brain MRI findings, are keys to extracting masqueraders among cerebral palsy cases due to the following: (1) preterm infants are susceptible to multiple environmental factors and therefore demonstrate an increased risk of cerebral palsy and (2) brain MRI assessment is essential for excluding environmental causes and other particular disorders. Methods A total of 107 patients-all full-term births-without specific findings on brain MRI were identified among 897 patients diagnosed with cerebral palsy who were followed at our center. DNA samples were available for 17 of the 107 cases for trio whole-exome sequencing and array comparative genomic hybridization. We prioritized variants in genes known to be relevant in neurodevelopmental diseases and evaluated their pathogenicity according to the American College of Medical Genetics guidelines. Results Pathogenic/likely pathogenic candidate variants were identified in 9 of 17 cases (52.9%) within eight genes: CTNNB1,CYP2U1,SPAST,GNAO1,CACNA1A,AMPD2,STXBP1, and SCN2A. Five identified variants had previously been reported. No pathogenic copy number variations were identified. The AMPD2 missense variant and the splice-site variants in CTNNB1 and AMPD2 were validated by in vitro functional experiments. Interpretation The high rate of detecting causative genetic variants (52.9%) suggests that patients diagnosed with cerebral palsy in full-term births without specific MRI findings may include genetic diseases masquerading as cerebral palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Takezawa
- Department of Pediatrics Tohoku University School of Medicine 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Atsuo Kikuchi
- Department of Pediatrics Tohoku University School of Medicine 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Haginoya
- Department of Pediatrics Tohoku University School of Medicine 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan.,Department of Pediatric Neurology Miyagi Children's Hospital 4-3-17, Ochiai, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 989-3126 Japan.,Department of Pediatric Neurology Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children Sendai 982-0241 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Niihori
- Department of Medical Genetics Tohoku University School of Medicine 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Yurika Numata-Uematsu
- Department of Pediatrics Tohoku University School of Medicine 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan.,Department of Pediatric Neurology Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children Sendai 982-0241 Japan
| | - Takehiko Inui
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Miyagi Children's Hospital 4-3-17, Ochiai, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 989-3126 Japan.,Department of Pediatric Neurology Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children Sendai 982-0241 Japan
| | - Saeko Yamamura-Suzuki
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Miyagi Children's Hospital 4-3-17, Ochiai, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 989-3126 Japan
| | - Takuya Miyabayashi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Miyagi Children's Hospital 4-3-17, Ochiai, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 989-3126 Japan
| | - Mai Anzai
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Miyagi Children's Hospital 4-3-17, Ochiai, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 989-3126 Japan.,Department of Pediatric Neurology Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children Sendai 982-0241 Japan
| | - Sato Suzuki-Muromoto
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Miyagi Children's Hospital 4-3-17, Ochiai, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 989-3126 Japan
| | - Yukimune Okubo
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Miyagi Children's Hospital 4-3-17, Ochiai, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 989-3126 Japan.,Department of Pediatric Neurology Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children Sendai 982-0241 Japan
| | - Wakaba Endo
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Miyagi Children's Hospital 4-3-17, Ochiai, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 989-3126 Japan.,Department of Pediatric Neurology Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children Sendai 982-0241 Japan
| | - Noriko Togashi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Miyagi Children's Hospital 4-3-17, Ochiai, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 989-3126 Japan
| | - Yasuko Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children Sendai 982-0241 Japan
| | - Akira Onuma
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children Sendai 982-0241 Japan
| | - Ryo Funayama
- Division of Cell Proliferation United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8575 Japan
| | - Matsuyuki Shirota
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medical Sciences United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8575 Japan
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Division of Cell Proliferation United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8575 Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics Tohoku University School of Medicine 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Shigeo Kure
- Department of Pediatrics Tohoku University School of Medicine 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
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23
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Abstract
Adult height and growth patterns are largely genetically programmed. Studies in twins have indicated that the heritability of height is high (>80%), suggesting that genetic variation is the main determinant of stature. Height exhibits a normal (Gaussian) distribution according to sex, age, and ancestry. Short stature is usually defined as a height which is 2 standard deviations (S.D.) less than the mean height of a specific population. This definition includes 2.3% of the population and usually includes healthy individuals. In this group of short stature non-syndromic conditions, the genetic influence occurs polygenically or oligogenically. As a rule, each common genetic variant accounts for a small effect (1mm) on individual height variation. Recently, several studies demonstrated that some rare variants can cause greater effect on height, without causing a syndromic condition. In more extreme cases, height SDS below 2.5 or 3 (which would comprise approximately 0.6 and 0.1% of the population, respectively) is frequently associated with syndromic conditions and are usually caused by a monogenic defect. More than 1,000 inherited/genetic diseases have growth disorder as an important phenotype. These conditions are usually responsible for syndromic short stature. In the coming years, we expect to discover several genetic causes of short stature, thereby explaining the phenotype of what we currently classify as short stature of unknown cause. These discoveries will have a profound impact on the follow-up and treatment of these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Grunauer
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de los Valles, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Alexander A L Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica (LIM25), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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24
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Dauber A. New genetic tools in the diagnosis of growth defects. Growth Horm IGF Res 2018; 38:24-28. [PMID: 29157920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Growth is a complex biological process governed by thousands of genes. Genetic defects in a wide array of genes can cause severe growth disorders. Genomic technologies including chromosomal microarrays and whole exome sequencing have revolutionized our ability to diagnose growth disorders. In this brief review, we will discuss each of these technologies and how they have been applied in the field of growth disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Dauber
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7012, Cincinnati, OH, 45229., United States.
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25
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Maternally derived 15q11.2-q13.1 duplication and H19-DMR hypomethylation in a patient with Silver-Russell syndrome. J Hum Genet 2017; 62:919-922. [PMID: 28592837 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2017.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is a congenital developmental disorder characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth failure, craniofacial features (including a triangular shaped face and broad forehead), relative macrocephaly, protruding forehead, body asymmetry and feeding difficulties. Hypomethylation of the H19 differentially methylated region (DMR) on chromosome 11p15.5 is the most common cause of the SRS phenotype. We report the first SRS patient with hypomethylation of the H19-DMR and maternally derived 15q11.2-q13.1 duplication. Although her clinical manifestations overlapped with those of previously reported SRS cases, the patient's intellectual disability and facial dysmorphic features were inconsistent with the SRS phenotype. Methylation analyses, array comparative genomic hybridization, and a FISH analysis revealed the hypomethylation of the H19-DMR and a maternally derived interstitial 5.7 Mb duplication at 15q11.2-q13.1 encompassing the Prader-Willi/Angelman critical region in the patient. On the basis of the genetic and clinical findings in the present and previously reported cases, it is unlikely that the 15q duplication in the patient led to the development of hypomethylation of the H19-DMR and it is reasonable to consider that the characteristic phenotype in the patient was caused by the coexistence of the two (epi)genetic conditions. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms leading to methylation aberrations in SRS.
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de Wit MC, Srebniak MI, Joosten M, Govaerts LCP, Kornelisse RF, Papatsonis DNM, de Graaff K, Knapen MFCM, Bruggenwirth HT, de Vries FAT, Van Veen S, Van Opstal D, Galjaard RJH, Go ATJI. Prenatal and postnatal findings in small-for-gestational-age fetuses without structural ultrasound anomalies at 18-24 weeks. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2017; 49:342-348. [PMID: 27102944 DOI: 10.1002/uog.15949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses without structural anomalies at 18-24 weeks' gestation. METHODS This retrospective study included structurally normal singleton fetuses with an abdominal circumference ≤ 5th percentile on detailed ultrasound examination between 18 and 24 weeks' gestation. Cases were stratified according to the absence or presence of other abnormal ultrasound findings, such as abnormal amniotic fluid or soft markers. All patients were offered invasive prenatal testing with rapid aneuploidy detection by qualitative fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR) and, if normal, consecutive single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array was also offered. Detailed postnatal follow-up (≥ 5 months) was performed. In cases in which a syndromic phenotype became apparent within 5 months after birth and SNP array had not been performed prenatally, it was performed postnatally. RESULTS A total of 211 pregnancies were eligible for inclusion. Of the 158 cases with isolated SGA on ultrasound, 36 opted for invasive prenatal testing. One case of trisomy 21 and one case of a submicroscopic abnormality (a susceptibility locus for neurodevelopmental disease) were detected. Postnatal follow-up showed a postnatal apparent syndromic phenotype in 10 cases. In one case this was due to trisomy 21 and the other nine (5.8%; 95% CI, 2.8-10.0%) cases had normal SNP array results. In 32/53 cases with SGA and associated ultrasound abnormalities, parents opted for invasive testing. One case of trisomy 21 and one of triploidy were found. In 11 cases a syndromic phenotype became apparent after birth. One was due to trisomy 21 and in one case a submicroscopic anomaly (a susceptibility locus) was found. The remaining syndromic cases (17.3%; 95% CI, 8.7-29.0%) had normal SNP array results. CONCLUSION Testing for chromosomal anomalies should be offered in cases of SGA between 18 and 24 weeks' gestation. Whole chromosome anomalies occur in 1.3% (95% CI, 0.2-3.9%) of isolated SGA and 5.8% (95% CI, 1.5-14.0%) of associated SGA. In 0.6% (95% CI, 0.1-2.8%) and 1.9% (95% CI, 0.2-8.2%), respectively, SNP array detected a susceptibility locus for neurodevelopmental disease that would not be detected by karyotyping, QF-PCR or non-invasive prenatal testing. Therefore, and because the genetic causes of SGA are diverse, we suggest SNP array testing in cases of SGA. Thorough postnatal examination and follow-up of infants that presented with reduced fetal growth is important because chromosomally normal syndromic phenotypes occur frequently in SGA fetuses. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C de Wit
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M I Srebniak
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Joosten
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L C P Govaerts
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R F Kornelisse
- Department of Neonatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D N M Papatsonis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - K de Graaff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reinier de Graaf Groep, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - M F C M Knapen
- Foundation Prenatal Screening Southwestern region of The Netherlands, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H T Bruggenwirth
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F A T de Vries
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Van Veen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Van Opstal
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R J H Galjaard
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A T J I Go
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Wakeling EL, Brioude F, Lokulo-Sodipe O, O'Connell SM, Salem J, Bliek J, Canton APM, Chrzanowska KH, Davies JH, Dias RP, Dubern B, Elbracht M, Giabicani E, Grimberg A, Grønskov K, Hokken-Koelega ACS, Jorge AA, Kagami M, Linglart A, Maghnie M, Mohnike K, Monk D, Moore GE, Murray PG, Ogata T, Petit IO, Russo S, Said E, Toumba M, Tümer Z, Binder G, Eggermann T, Harbison MD, Temple IK, Mackay DJG, Netchine I. Diagnosis and management of Silver-Russell syndrome: first international consensus statement. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017; 13:105-124. [PMID: 27585961 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This Consensus Statement summarizes recommendations for clinical diagnosis, investigation and management of patients with Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS), an imprinting disorder that causes prenatal and postnatal growth retardation. Considerable overlap exists between the care of individuals born small for gestational age and those with SRS. However, many specific management issues exist and evidence from controlled trials remains limited. SRS is primarily a clinical diagnosis; however, molecular testing enables confirmation of the clinical diagnosis and defines the subtype. A 'normal' result from a molecular test does not exclude the diagnosis of SRS. The management of children with SRS requires an experienced, multidisciplinary approach. Specific issues include growth failure, severe feeding difficulties, gastrointestinal problems, hypoglycaemia, body asymmetry, scoliosis, motor and speech delay and psychosocial challenges. An early emphasis on adequate nutritional status is important, with awareness that rapid postnatal weight gain might lead to subsequent increased risk of metabolic disorders. The benefits of treating patients with SRS with growth hormone include improved body composition, motor development and appetite, reduced risk of hypoglycaemia and increased height. Clinicians should be aware of possible premature adrenarche, fairly early and rapid central puberty and insulin resistance. Treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues can delay progression of central puberty and preserve adult height potential. Long-term follow up is essential to determine the natural history and optimal management in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Wakeling
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Watford Road, Harrow HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Frédéric Brioude
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Est (AP-HP) Hôpital des Enfants Armand Trousseau, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, 26 avenue du Dr Arnold Netter, 75012 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, INSERM UMR S938, 34 rue Crozatier, 75012 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC UNIV Paris 06, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Oluwakemi Lokulo-Sodipe
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Susan M O'Connell
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork T12 DC4A, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Salem
- MAGIC Foundation, 6645 W. North Avenue, Oak Park, Illinois 60302, USA
| | - Jet Bliek
- Academic Medical Centre, Department of Clinical Genetics, Laboratory for Genome Diagnostics, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ana P M Canton
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 5° andar sala 5340 (LIM25), 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Krystyna H Chrzanowska
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justin H Davies
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Renuka P Dias
- Institutes of Metabolism and Systems Research, Vincent Drive, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Vincent Drive, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK
| | - Béatrice Dubern
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Est (AP-HP) Hôpital des Enfants Armand Trousseau, Nutrition and Gastroenterology Department, 26 avenue du Dr Arnold Netter, 75012 Paris, France
- Trousseau Hospital, HUEP, APHP, UPMC, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Miriam Elbracht
- Insitute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Eloise Giabicani
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Est (AP-HP) Hôpital des Enfants Armand Trousseau, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, 26 avenue du Dr Arnold Netter, 75012 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, INSERM UMR S938, 34 rue Crozatier, 75012 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC UNIV Paris 06, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Adda Grimberg
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Suite 11NW30, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Karen Grønskov
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Gl. Landevej 7, 2600 Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anita C S Hokken-Koelega
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alexander A Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genetica, Laboratorio de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 5° andar sala 5340 (LIM25), 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Masayo Kagami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Ohkura, Setagayaku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Agnes Linglart
- APHP, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Mineral Metabolism and Plateforme d'Expertise Paris Sud Maladies Rares, Hospital Bicêtre Paris Sud, 78 Rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Mohamad Maghnie
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, University of Genova, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Klaus Mohnike
- Otto-von-Guericke University, Department of Pediatrics, Leipziger Street 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - David Monk
- Imprinting and Cancer Group, Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Gran via 199-203, Hospital Duran i Reynals, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gudrun E Moore
- Fetal Growth and Development Group, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Philip G Murray
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Institute of Human Development, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Isabelle Oliver Petit
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Genetic, Bone Disease &Gynecology Unit, Children's Hospital, TSA 70034, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Silvia Russo
- Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Laboratory, via Ariosto 13 20145 Milano, Italy
| | - Edith Said
- Department of Anatomy &Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Medicine &Biobanking, Faculty of Medicine &Surgery, University of Malta, Msida MSD2090, Malta
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Pathology, Mater dei Hospital, Msida MSD2090, Malta
| | - Meropi Toumba
- IASIS Hospital, 8 Voriou Ipirou, 8036, Paphos, Cyprus
- The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Zeynep Tümer
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Gl. Landevej 7, 2600 Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerhard Binder
- University Children's Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 1, 72070 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Eggermann
- Insitute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Madeleine D Harbison
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 5 E 98th Street #1192, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - I Karen Temple
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Deborah J G Mackay
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Irène Netchine
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Est (AP-HP) Hôpital des Enfants Armand Trousseau, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, 26 avenue du Dr Arnold Netter, 75012 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, INSERM UMR S938, 34 rue Crozatier, 75012 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC UNIV Paris 06, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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Romero CJ, Mehta L, Rapaport R. Genetic Techniques in the Evaluation of Short Stature. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2016; 45:345-58. [PMID: 27241969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Normal growth is a complex dynamic process dependent on the coordination of multiple factors including genetics, nutrition and hormones that are all working in balance. This chapter will review selected features of commonly utilized genetic techniques such as chromosomal analysis, microarray analysis, targeted gene screening and whole exome sequencing that are being used to identify genes influencing growth. As genetic technologies continue to improve and become more accessible many of these techniques will help to provide a better understanding of mechanisms underlying abnormal growth and will eventually lead to novel management approaches for abnormal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Romero
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Kravis Children's Hospital at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1616, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1616, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Lakshmi Mehta
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences & Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1616, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Robert Rapaport
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Kravis Children's Hospital at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1616, New York, NY 10029, USA; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1616, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Wit JM, Oostdijk W, Losekoot M, van Duyvenvoorde HA, Ruivenkamp CAL, Kant SG. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Novel genetic causes of short stature. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:R145-73. [PMID: 26578640 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The fast technological development, particularly single nucleotide polymorphism array, array-comparative genomic hybridization, and whole exome sequencing, has led to the discovery of many novel genetic causes of growth failure. In this review we discuss a selection of these, according to a diagnostic classification centred on the epiphyseal growth plate. We successively discuss disorders in hormone signalling, paracrine factors, matrix molecules, intracellular pathways, and fundamental cellular processes, followed by chromosomal aberrations including copy number variants (CNVs) and imprinting disorders associated with short stature. Many novel causes of GH deficiency (GHD) as part of combined pituitary hormone deficiency have been uncovered. The most frequent genetic causes of isolated GHD are GH1 and GHRHR defects, but several novel causes have recently been found, such as GHSR, RNPC3, and IFT172 mutations. Besides well-defined causes of GH insensitivity (GHR, STAT5B, IGFALS, IGF1 defects), disorders of NFκB signalling, STAT3 and IGF2 have recently been discovered. Heterozygous IGF1R defects are a relatively frequent cause of prenatal and postnatal growth retardation. TRHA mutations cause a syndromic form of short stature with elevated T3/T4 ratio. Disorders of signalling of various paracrine factors (FGFs, BMPs, WNTs, PTHrP/IHH, and CNP/NPR2) or genetic defects affecting cartilage extracellular matrix usually cause disproportionate short stature. Heterozygous NPR2 or SHOX defects may be found in ∼3% of short children, and also rasopathies (e.g., Noonan syndrome) can be found in children without clear syndromic appearance. Numerous other syndromes associated with short stature are caused by genetic defects in fundamental cellular processes, chromosomal abnormalities, CNVs, and imprinting disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Wit
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma Oostdijk
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Losekoot
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hermine A van Duyvenvoorde
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia A L Ruivenkamp
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sarina G Kant
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Hu G, Fan Y, Wang L, Yao RE, Huang X, Shen Y, Yu Y, Gu X. Copy number variations in 119 Chinese children with idiopathic short stature identified by the custom genome-wide microarray. Mol Cytogenet 2016; 9:16. [PMID: 26884814 PMCID: PMC4755006 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-016-0225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic short stature (ISS) refers to short stature with no evident etiologies. The custom genome-wide microarray specifically designed to cover height-related genes may be helpful to detect copy number variations (CNVs) in ISS patients, which may be missed by the general microarray. The aim of the study was to validate the applicability of the custom microarray and to analyze CNVs in Chinese ISS children. Results Sixty non-polymorphic CNVs were identified in 119 ISS patients. There were 13 small CNVs with a size below 50 kb, accounting for 21.7 % of all the CNVs (13/60). Five pathogenic or possibly pathogenic CNVs were detected in five patients, including deletions at 22q11.21, duplications at 4q11-q13.1, 4q12 and Yp11.32-p11.2. Taking only the pathogenic variants into account, the diagnostic yield was 2.5 % (3/119). The TMEM165, POLR2B and PDGFRA genes were analyzed as candidate genes. A 15 kb deletion in the RASA2 gene was of interest for further investigation. Conclusions This study showed that the custom microarray is applicable to detect CNVs in patients with short stature. Candidate genes and CNVs detected in ISS patients may be helpful for CNV analysis of short stature, especially in East Asian population. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13039-016-0225-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Hu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Yanjie Fan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Ru-En Yao
- Medical Genetics Department, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127 China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- Division of Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127 China
| | - Yiping Shen
- Medical Genetics Department, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127 China ; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Yongguo Yu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Xuefan Gu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
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Canton APM, Nishi MY, Furuya TK, Roela RA, Jorge AAL. Good response to long-term therapy with growth hormone in a patient with 9p trisomy syndrome: A case report and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 170A:1046-9. [PMID: 26689153 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The 9p trisomy syndrome is a rare condition, clinically characterized by a wide range of dysmorphic features, intellectual disability, and, in most patients, by short stature. Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy is still controversial in syndromic disorders, the reason for which it is not currently indicated. Here we report a 7-year-old boy with 9p trisomy syndrome and marked short stature. Results of routine laboratory assessments were normal. IGF1 and IGFBP3 levels were both in the normal range (-1.6 and -0.7 SDS, respectively). GH peak in response to oral clonidine stimulation test was 3.5 μg/L, which is considered a normal response. Chromosomal analysis revealed the karyotype 47,XY, + del(9)(pter-q11:) dn. SNP array data indicated absence of mosaicism [arr 9p24.3-p13.1 (203,861-38,787,480) x3]. By the age of 8.3 years, the patient had persistent short stature (-2.9 SDS) with normal growth velocity (4.9 cm/y; -0.7 SDS), not showing spontaneous catch-up. After 5.6 years of rhGH therapy (50 μg/kg/d), height SDS improved from -2.9 to -1.0. This result suggests that rhGH therapy could be considered for patients with 9p trisomy syndrome who present with short stature. The degree of intellectual disability and the potential for social inclusion should be taken into account when recommending this treatment. Additional studies are needed to establish the benefits of height gain in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pinheiro Machado Canton
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirian Yumie Nishi
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42 do Hospital das Clinicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Katsue Furuya
- Laboratório de Oncologia Experimental LIM/24, Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia do Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (CTO/ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosimeire Aparecida Roela
- Laboratório de Oncologia Experimental LIM/24, Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia do Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (CTO/ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexander Augusto Lima Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Baron J, Sävendahl L, De Luca F, Dauber A, Phillip M, Wit JM, Nilsson O. Short and tall stature: a new paradigm emerges. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015; 11:735-46. [PMID: 26437621 PMCID: PMC5002943 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In the past, the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis was often considered to be the main system that regulated childhood growth and, therefore, determined short stature and tall stature. However, findings have now revealed that the GH-IGF-1 axis is just one of many regulatory systems that control chondrogenesis in the growth plate, which is the biological process that drives height gain. Consequently, normal growth in children depends not only on GH and IGF-1 but also on multiple hormones, paracrine factors, extracellular matrix molecules and intracellular proteins that regulate the activity of growth plate chondrocytes. Mutations in the genes that encode many of these local proteins cause short stature or tall stature. Similarly, genome-wide association studies have revealed that the normal variation in height seems to be largely due to genes outside the GH-IGF-1 axis that affect growth at the growth plate through a wide variety of mechanisms. These findings point to a new conceptual framework for understanding short and tall stature that is centred not on two particular hormones but rather on the growth plate, which is the structure responsible for height gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Baron
- Section on Growth and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lars Sävendahl
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesco De Luca
- St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes; Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - Andrew Dauber
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Moshe Phillip
- The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Children’s Diabetes, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Jan M. Wit
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ola Nilsson
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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Wit JM, van Duyvenvoorde HA, van Klinken JB, Caliebe J, Bosch CA, Lui JC, Gijsbers AC, Bakker E, Breuning MH, Oostdijk W, Losekoot M, Baron J, Binder G, Ranke MB, Ruivenkamp CA. Copy number variants in short children born small for gestational age. Horm Res Paediatr 2014; 82:310-8. [PMID: 25300501 PMCID: PMC4236248 DOI: 10.1159/000367712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS In addition to genome-wide association studies (GWAS), height-associated genes may be uncovered by studying individuals with extreme short or tall stature. METHODS Genome-wide analysis for copy number variants (CNVs), using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays, was performed in 49 index cases born small for gestational age with persistent short stature. Segregation analysis was performed, and genes in CNVs were compared with information from GWAS, gene expression in rodents' growth plates, and published information. RESULTS CNVs were detected in 13 cases. In 5 children a known cause of short stature was found: UPD7, UPD14, a duplication of the SHOX enhancer region, an IGF1R deletion, and a 22q11.21 deletion. In the remaining 8 cases, potential pathogenic CNVs were detected, either de novo (n = 1), segregating (n = 2), or not segregating with short stature (n = 5). Bioinformatic analysis of the de novo and segregating CNVs suggested that HOXD4, AGPS, PDE11A, OSBPL6, PRKRA and PLEKHA3, and possibly DGKB and TNFRSF11B are potential candidate genes. A SERPINA7 or NRK defect may be associated with an X-linked form of short stature. CONCLUSION SNP arrays detected 5 known causes of short stature with prenatal onset and suggested several potential candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M. Wit
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jan B. van Klinken
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Janina Caliebe
- Paediatric Endocrinology Section, Children’s Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cathy A.J. Bosch
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Julian C. Lui
- Section on Growth and Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Antoinet C.J. Gijsbers
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Egbert Bakker
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn H. Breuning
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma Oostdijk
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Losekoot
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Baron
- Section on Growth and Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gerhard Binder
- Paediatric Endocrinology Section, Children’s Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael B. Ranke
- Paediatric Endocrinology Section, Children’s Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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