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Bian Y, Hahn H, Uhmann A. The hidden hedgehog of the pituitary: hedgehog signaling in development, adulthood and disease of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1219018. [PMID: 37476499 PMCID: PMC10355329 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1219018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling plays pivotal roles in embryonic development, adult homeostasis and tumorigenesis. However, its engagement in the pituitary gland has been long underestimated although Hedgehog signaling and pituitary embryogenic development are closely linked. Thus, deregulation of this signaling pathway during pituitary development results in malformation of the gland. Research of the last years further implicates a regulatory role of Hedgehog signaling in the function of the adult pituitary, because its activity is also interlinked with homeostasis, hormone production, and most likely also formation of neoplasms of the gland. The fact that this pathway can be efficiently targeted by validated therapeutic strategies makes it a promising candidate for treating pituitary diseases. We here summarize the current knowledge about the importance of Hedgehog signaling during pituitary development and review recent data that highlight the impact of Hedgehog signaling in the healthy and the diseased adult pituitary gland.
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2
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Rana T, Behl T, Sehgal A, Sachdeva M, Mehta V, Sharma N, Singh S, Bungau S. Exploring Sonic Hedgehog Cell Signaling in Neurogenesis: Its Potential Role in Depressive Behavior. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1589-1602. [PMID: 33786718 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Depression is the most prevalent form of neuropsychiatric disorder affecting all age groups globally. As per the estimation of the World Health Organization (WHO), depression will develop into the foremost reason for disability globally by the year 2030. The primary neurobiological mechanism implicated in depression remains ambiguous; however, dysregulation of molecular and signaling transductions results in depressive disorders. Several theories have been developed to explain the pathogenesis of depression, however, none of them completely explained all aspects of depressive-pathogenesis. In the current review, we aimed to explore the role of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway in the development of the depressive disorder and its potential as the therapeutic target. Shh signaling has a crucial function in neurogenesis and neural tube patterning during the development of the central nervous system (CNS). Shh signaling performs a basic function in embryogenesis and hippocampal neurogenesis. Moreover, antidepressants are also known to enhance neurogenesis in the hippocampus, which further suggests the potential of Shh signaling. Furthermore, there is decreased expression of a glioma-associated oncogene (Gli1) and Smoothened (Smo) in depression. Moreover, antidepressants also regulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and wingless protein (Wnt) signaling, therefore, Shh may be implicated in the pathogenesis of the depressive disorder. Deregulation of Shh signaling in CNS results in neurological disorders such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarapati Rana
- Government Pharmacy College, Seraj, Distt. Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Monika Sachdeva
- Fatimah College of Health Sciences, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vineet Mehta
- Government College of Pharmacy, Rohru, Distt. Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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3
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SCP2-mediated cholesterol membrane trafficking promotes the growth of pituitary adenomas via Hedgehog signaling activation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:404. [PMID: 31519191 PMCID: PMC6743201 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Metabolic reprogramming is an important characteristic of tumors. In the progression of pituitary adenomas (PA), abnormal glucose metabolism has been confirmed by us before. However, whether cholesterol metabolism is involved in the process of PA remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether abnormal cholesterol metabolism could affect the progression of PA. Methods We analyzed the expression of sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) in 40 surgical PA samples. In vitro experiments and xenograft models were used to assess the effects of SCP2 and cholesterol on proliferation of PA. The incidence of hypercholesterolemia between 140 PA patients and 100 heathy controls were compared. Results We found an upregulation of SCP2 in PA samples, especially in tumors with high proliferation index. Forced expression of SCP2 promoted PA cell lines proliferation in vitro. Furthermore, SCP2 regulated cholesterol trafficking from cytoplasm to membrane in GH3 cells, and extracellularly treating GH3 cells and primary PA cells with methyl-β-cyclodextrin/cholesterol complex to mimic membrane cholesterol concentration enhanced cell proliferation, which suggested a proliferative effect of cholesterol. Mechanistically, cholesterol induced activation of PKA/SUFU/GLI1 signaling via smoothened receptor, which was well-known as Hedgehog signaling, resulting in inhibiting apoptosis and promoting cell cycle. Accordingly, activation of Hedgehog signaling was also confirmed in primary PA cells and surgical PA samples. In vivo, SCP2 overexpression and high cholesterol diet could promote tumor growth. Intriguingly, the incidence of hypercholesterolemia was significantly higher in PA patients than healthy controls. Conclusions Our data indicated that dysregulated cholesterol metabolism could promote PA growth by activating Hedgehog signaling, supporting a potential tumorigenic role of cholesterol metabolism in PA progression.
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4
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Ren YA, Monkkonen T, Lewis MT, Bernard DJ, Christian HC, Jorgez CJ, Moore JA, Landua JD, Chin HM, Chen W, Singh S, Kim IS, Zhang XH, Xia Y, Phillips KJ, MacKay H, Waterland RA, Ljungberg MC, Saha PK, Hartig SM, Coll TF, Richards JS. S100a4-Cre-mediated deletion of Patched1 causes hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: role of pituitary hematopoietic cells in endocrine regulation. JCI Insight 2019; 5:126325. [PMID: 31265437 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland regulate an array of important physiological functions, but pituitary hormone disorders are not fully understood. Herein we report that genetically-engineered mice with deletion of the hedgehog signaling receptor Patched1 by S100a4 promoter-driven Cre recombinase (S100a4-Cre;Ptch1fl/fl mutants) exhibit adult-onset hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and multiple pituitary hormone disorders. During the transition from puberty to adult, S100a4-Cre;Ptch1fl/fl mice of both sexes develop hypogonadism coupled with reduced gonadotropin levels. Their pituitary glands also display severe structural and functional abnormalities, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy and expression of key genes regulating pituitary endocrine functions. S100a4-Cre activity in the anterior pituitary gland is restricted to CD45+ cells of hematopoietic origin, including folliculo-stellate cells and other immune cell types, causing sex-specific changes in the expression of genes regulating the local microenvironment of the anterior pituitary. These findings provide in vivo evidence for the importance of pituitary hematopoietic cells in regulating fertility and endocrine function, in particular during sexual maturation and likely through sexually dimorphic mechanisms. These findings support a previously unrecognized role of hematopoietic cells in causing hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and provide inroads into the molecular and cellular basis for pituitary hormone disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Athena Ren
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Michael T Lewis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Radiology and.,Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel J Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Helen C Christian
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Carolina J Jorgez
- Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joshua A Moore
- Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John D Landua
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Radiology and.,Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Haelee M Chin
- Department of Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Weiqin Chen
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Swarnima Singh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ik Sun Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiang Hf Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kevin J Phillips
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Harry MacKay
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - M Cecilia Ljungberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Center at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pradip K Saha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sean M Hartig
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tatiana Fiordelisio Coll
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología Comparada, Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México City, Distrito Federal, México
| | - JoAnne S Richards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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5
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Zhou P, Cao Y, Liu X, Yu T, Xu Q, You C, Gao X, Wei Y. Delivery siRNA with a novel gene vector for glioma therapy by targeting Gli1. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:4781-4793. [PMID: 30214189 PMCID: PMC6118331 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s164364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gene therapy has recently shown considerable clinical benefit in cancer therapy during the past few years, and the application of this choice in cancer treatments is increasing continually. Gli1 is an ideal candidate target for cancer gene therapy and is important for tumorigenesis. Methods In this study, we developed a novel gene delivery system with a self-assembly method by using a 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane and methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide) copolymer (DMP), with zeta potential of 32.7 mV and measuring 35.6 nm. The effect of this delivery system was tested in vitro and in vivo. Results DMP showed good performance in delivering siRNA to glioma cells in vitro with high transfection performance (98%). Moreover, DMP–Gli1si shows a satisfactory anti-glioma effect via induction of cell apoptosis and cell growth inhibition in vitro. Furthermore, for subcutaneous tumor-bearing mice, treatment with the DMP–Gli1si complex significantly inhibited tumor growth by inhibiting Gli1 protein expression, promoting apoptosis, and reducing proliferation. Conclusion The complex of Gli1 siRNA and DMP may potentially play an important role as a new drug in the clinical treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhi Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yue Cao
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Medicine College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China,
| | - Ting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China,
| | - Qian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China,
| | - Chao You
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China, .,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Medicine College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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6
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Cox B, Roose H, Vennekens A, Vankelecom H. Pituitary stem cell regulation: who is pulling the strings? J Endocrinol 2017; 234:R135-R158. [PMID: 28615294 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary gland plays a pivotal role in the endocrine system, steering fundamental processes of growth, metabolism, reproduction and coping with stress. The adult pituitary contains resident stem cells, which are highly quiescent in homeostatic conditions. However, the cells show marked signs of activation during processes of increased cell remodeling in the gland, including maturation at neonatal age, adaptation to physiological demands, regeneration upon injury and growth of local tumors. Although functions of pituitary stem cells are slowly but gradually uncovered, their regulation largely remains virgin territory. Since postnatal stem cells in general reiterate embryonic developmental pathways, attention is first being given to regulatory networks involved in pituitary embryogenesis. Here, we give an overview of the current knowledge on the NOTCH, WNT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, SHH and Hippo pathways in the pituitary stem/progenitor cell compartment during various (activation) conditions from embryonic over neonatal to adult age. Most information comes from expression analyses of molecular components belonging to these networks, whereas functional extrapolation is still very limited. From this overview, it emerges that the 'big five' embryonic pathways are indeed reiterated in the stem cells of the 'lazy' homeostatic postnatal pituitary, further magnified en route to activation in more energetic, physiological and pathological remodeling conditions. Increasing the knowledge on the molecular players that pull the regulatory strings of the pituitary stem cells will not only provide further fundamental insight in postnatal pituitary homeostasis and activation, but also clues toward the development of regenerative ideas for improving treatment of pituitary deficiency and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Cox
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heleen Roose
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelies Vennekens
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hugo Vankelecom
- Department of Development and RegenerationCluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Zheng Z, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Song T. Effect of miR-106b on Invasiveness of Pituitary Adenoma via PTEN-PI3K/AKT. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:1277-1285. [PMID: 28288092 PMCID: PMC5360419 DOI: 10.12659/msm.900092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pituitary adenomas are mostly benign tumors, although certain cases have invasiveness, which might be related with high expression of miR-106b. The PTEN-PI3K/AKT signal pathway is known to be related with cell migration and invasion. Among these, PTEN is the target gene for miR-106b. Whether miR-106b affects invasiveness of pituitary adenoma via PTEN-PI3K/AKT is unclear. Material/Methods Both invasive and non-invasive pituitary adenoma tissue samples were collected from our Neurosurgery Department, in parallel with brain tissues after head contusion surgery. Pituitary adenoma cell line HP75 was cultured in vitro and divided into NC and miR-106b inhibitor groups for measuring cell cycle/proliferation. Malignant growth of cells was measured by agarose gel clonal assay, while cell migration and invasion were reflected by starch assay and Transwell assay, respectively. The expression of PTEN, PI3K/AKT, and MMP-9 was measured. Results MiR-106b was significantly up-regulated in pituitary adenoma but PTEN was down-regulated, especially in invasive tumors. The inhibition of miR-106b remarkably suppressed proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of HP75 cells, with major arrest of cell cycles. The inhibition of miR-106b significantly depressed starch healing and invasive potency of cells. A negative targeted regulation existed between miR-106b and PTEN, as the inhibition of miR-106b significantly enhanced PTEN expression, affecting the activity of downstream PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thus affecting migration and invasion of pituitary adenoma. Conclusions MiR-106b can affect migration and invasion of pituitary adenoma cells via regulating PTEN and further activity of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and MMP-9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yongchao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yihang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
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8
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Liao ZQ, Ye M, Yu PG, Xiao C, Lin FY. Glioma-Associated Oncogene Homolog1 (Gli1)-Aquaporin1 pathway promotes glioma cell metastasis. BMB Rep 2017; 49:394-9. [PMID: 27157540 PMCID: PMC5032008 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.7.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma-Associated Oncogene Homolog1 (Gli1) is known to be activated in malignant glioma; however, its downstream pathway has not been fully explained. The aim of this study was to explore the role of Gli1-Aquaporin1 (AQP1) signal pathway in glioma cell survival. Our data suggests that both Gli1 and AQP1 are upregulated in glioma tissues, as in comparison to in normal tissues. These up-regulation phenomena were also observed in glioma U251 and U87 cells. It was demonstrated that Gli1 positively regulated the AQP1 expression. By luciferase reporter gene and ChIP assay, we observed that this modulation process was realized by combination of Gli1 with AQP1 promotor. In addition, knock down of Gli1 by siRNA interference reduced the viability of glioma cells as well as suppressed cell metastasis. Also, the inhibitory effects of cell survival by silenced Gli1 were abrogated by AQP1 overexpression. In summary, glioma cell survival is a regulatory process and can be mediated by Gli1-AQP1 pathway. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(7): 394-399].
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Qiang Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Nine People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Pei-Gen Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Nine People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Nine People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng-Yun Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
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9
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Patel SS, Tomar S, Sharma D, Mahindroo N, Udayabanu M. Targeting sonic hedgehog signaling in neurological disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 74:76-97. [PMID: 28088536 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling influences neurogenesis and neural patterning during the development of central nervous system. Dysregulation of Shh signaling in brain leads to neurological disorders like autism spectrum disorder, depression, dementia, stroke, Parkinson's diseases, Huntington's disease, locomotor deficit, epilepsy, demyelinating disease, neuropathies as well as brain tumors. The synthesis, processing and transport of Shh ligand as well as the localization of its receptors and signal transduction in the central nervous system has been carefully reviewed. Further, we summarize the regulation of small molecule modulators of Shh pathway with potential in neurological disorders. In conclusion, further studies are warranted to demonstrate the potential of positive and negative regulators of the Shh pathway in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita Sharan Patel
- Department of Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat 173234, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil Tomar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Diksha Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Mahindroo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Malairaman Udayabanu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat 173234, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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10
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Vankelecom H, Roose H. The Stem Cell Connection of Pituitary Tumors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:339. [PMID: 29255445 PMCID: PMC5722833 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors in the pituitary gland are typically benign but cause serious morbidity due to compression of neighboring structures and hormonal disruptions. Overall, therapy efficiency remains suboptimal with negative impact on health and comfort of life, including considerable risk of therapy resistance and tumor recurrence. To date, little is known on the pathogenesis of pituitary tumors. Stem cells may represent important forces in this process. The pituitary tumors may contain a driving tumor stem cell population while the resident tissue stem cells may be directly or indirectly linked to tumor development and growth. Here, we will briefly summarize recent studies that afforded a glance behind the scenes of this stem cell connection. A better knowledge of the mechanisms underlying pituitary tumorigenesis is essential to identify more efficacious treatment modalities and improve clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Vankelecom
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Hugo Vankelecom,
| | - Heleen Roose
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Pyczek J, Buslei R, Schult D, Hölsken A, Buchfelder M, Heß I, Hahn H, Uhmann A. Hedgehog signaling activation induces stem cell proliferation and hormone release in the adult pituitary gland. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24928. [PMID: 27109116 PMCID: PMC4842994 DOI: 10.1038/srep24928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (HH) signaling is known to be essential during the embryonal development of the pituitary gland but the knowledge about its role in the adult pituitary and in associated tumors is sparse. In this report we investigated the effect of excess Hh signaling activation in murine pituitary explants and analyzed the HH signaling status of human adenopituitary lobes and a large cohort of pituitary adenomas. Our data show that excess Hh signaling led to increased proliferation of Sox2(+) and Sox9(+) adult pituitary stem cells and to elevated expression levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (Acth), growth hormone (Gh) and prolactin (Prl) in the adult gland. Inhibition of the pathway by cyclopamine reversed these effects indicating that active Hh signaling positively regulates proliferative processes of adult pituitary stem cells and hormone production in the anterior pituitary. Since hormone producing cells of the adenohypophysis as well as ACTH-, GH- and PRL-immunopositive adenomas express SHH and its target GLI1, we furthermore propose that excess HH signaling is involved in the development/maintenance of hormone-producing pituitary adenomas. These findings advance the understanding of physiological hormone regulation and may open new treatment options for pituitary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pyczek
- Institute of Human Genetics, Tumor Genetics Group, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Buslei
- Institute of Neuropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - David Schult
- Institute of Neuropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Annett Hölsken
- Institute of Neuropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Michael Buchfelder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Ina Heß
- Institute of Human Genetics, Tumor Genetics Group, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heidi Hahn
- Institute of Human Genetics, Tumor Genetics Group, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anja Uhmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Tumor Genetics Group, University of Göttingen, Germany
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12
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Moriyama R, Yamazaki T, Kato T, Kato Y. Long-chain unsaturated fatty acids reduce the transcriptional activity of the rat follicle-stimulating hormone β-subunit gene. J Reprod Dev 2016; 62:195-9. [PMID: 26853521 PMCID: PMC4848577 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2015-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we assessed the effects of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) and the LCFA receptor agonist GW9508 on the
transcription of the gonadotropin subunit genes Cga, Lhb and
Fshb because LCFA receptor GPR120 was observed in mouse gonadotropes in our recent study. A
transcription assay using LβT2 cells demonstrated that LCFAs, oleic acid, α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic
acid and palmitate, repressed the expression of Cga, Lhb, and
Fshb at concentrations between 50 and 100 µM. On the other hand, treatment with 10 µM
unsaturated LCFAs, oleic acid, α-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, repressed only Fshb
expression, while the same dose of a saturated LCFA, palmitate, had no effect on the expression of
gonadotropin subunit genes. Furthermore, GW9508 did not affect promoter activity. Next, we examined deletion
mutants of the upstream region of Fshb and found that the upstream regulatory region (-2824
to -2343 bp) of Fshb was responsible for the notable repression by 10 µM unsaturated LCFAs.
Our results suggest that the upstream region of Fshb is susceptible to unsaturated LCFAs. In
addition, unsaturated LCFAs play a role in repressing Fshb expression through the distal
-2824 to -2343 bp region, which might be independent of the LCFA receptor GPR120 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Moriyama
- Laboratory of Environmental Physiology, Department of Life Science, School of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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