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Brown JM. Adverse Effects of Aldosterone: Beyond Blood Pressure. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e030142. [PMID: 38497438 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.030142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that primarily acts through activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a nuclear receptor responsible for downstream genomic regulation. Classically, activation of the MR in the renal tubular epithelium is responsible for sodium retention and volume expansion, raising systemic blood pressure. However, activation of the MR across a wide distribution of tissue types has been implicated in multiple adverse consequences for cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, renal, and metabolic disease, independent of blood pressure alone. Primary aldosteronism, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease are states of excessive aldosterone production and MR activity where targeting MR activation has had clinical benefits out of proportion to blood pressure lowering. The growing list of established and emerging therapies that target aldosterone and MR activation may provide new opportunities to improve clinical outcomes and enhance cardiovascular and renal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer M Brown
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
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2
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Deng L, Pollmeier L, Bednarz R, Cao C, Laurette P, Wirth L, Mamazhakypov A, Bode C, Hein L, Gilsbach R, Lother A. Atlas of cardiac endothelial cell enhancer elements linking the mineralocorticoid receptor to pathological gene expression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj5101. [PMID: 38446896 PMCID: PMC10917356 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj5101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Endothelial cells play crucial roles in physiology and are increasingly recognized as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease. Here, we analyzed the regulatory landscape of cardiac endothelial cells by assessing chromatin accessibility, histone modifications, and 3D chromatin organization and confirmed the functional relevance of enhancer-promoter interactions by CRISPRi-mediated enhancer silencing. We used this dataset to explore mechanisms of transcriptional regulation in cardiovascular disease and compared six different experimental models of heart failure, hypertension, or diabetes. Enhancers that regulate gene expression in diseased endothelial cells were enriched with binding sites for a distinct set of transcription factors, including the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a known drug target in heart failure and hypertension. For proof of concept, we applied endothelial cell-specific MR deletion in mice to confirm MR-dependent gene expression and predicted direct MR target genes. Overall, we have compiled here a comprehensive atlas of cardiac endothelial cell enhancer elements that provides insight into the role of transcription factors in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Deng
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Cardiovascular Research Track, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Luisa Pollmeier
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Bednarz
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center of Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Can Cao
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center of Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Laurette
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center of Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luisa Wirth
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Argen Mamazhakypov
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christine Bode
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Hein
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Gilsbach
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center of Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Achim Lother
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Medical Intensive Care, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Lother A, Kohl P. The heterocellular heart: identities, interactions, and implications for cardiology. Basic Res Cardiol 2023; 118:30. [PMID: 37495826 PMCID: PMC10371928 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-023-01000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The heterocellular nature of the heart has been receiving increasing attention in recent years. In addition to cardiomyocytes as the prototypical cell type of the heart, non-myocytes such as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, or immune cells are coming more into focus. The rise of single-cell sequencing technologies enables identification of ever more subtle differences and has reignited the question of what defines a cell's identity. Here we provide an overview of the major cardiac cell types, describe their roles in homeostasis, and outline recent findings on non-canonical functions that may be of relevance for cardiology. We highlight modes of biochemical and biophysical interactions between different cardiac cell types and discuss the potential implications of the heterocellular nature of the heart for basic research and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Lother
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Medical Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Peter Kohl
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Heart Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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4
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Parksook WW, Williams GH. Aldosterone and cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:28-44. [PMID: 35388416 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone's role in the kidney and its pathophysiologic actions in hypertension are well known. However, its role or that of its receptor [minieralocorticoid receptor (MR)] in other cardiovascular (CV) disease are less well described. To identify their potential roles in six CV conditions (heart failure, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, stroke, atherosclerosis, and thrombosis), we assessed these associations in the following four areas: (i) mechanistic studies in rodents and humans; (ii) pre-clinical studies of MR antagonists; (iii) clinical trials of MR antagonists; and (iv) genetics. The data were acquired from an online search of the National Library of Medicine using the PubMed search engine from January 2011 through June 2021. There were 3702 publications identified with 200 publications meeting our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data strongly supported an association between heart failure and dysregulated aldosterone/MR. This association is not surprising given aldosterone/MR's prominent role in regulating sodium/volume homeostasis. Atrial fibrillation and myocardial infarction are also associated with dysregulated aldosterone/MR, but less strongly. For the most part, the data were insufficient to determine whether there was a relationship between atherosclerosis, stroke, or thrombosis and aldosterone/MR dysregulation. This review clearly documented an expanding role for aldosterone/MR's dysregulation in CV diseases beyond hypertension. How expansive it might be is limited by the currently available data. It is anticipated that with an increased focus on aldosterone/MR's potential roles in these diseases, additional clinical and pre-clinical data will clarify these relationships, thereby, opening approaches to use modulators of aldosterone/MR's action to more precisely treat these CV conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasita W Parksook
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Gordon H Williams
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Mamazhakypov A, Lother A. Therapeutic targeting of mineralocorticoid receptors in pulmonary hypertension: Insights from basic research. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1118516. [PMID: 36793473 PMCID: PMC9922727 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1118516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling and associated with adverse outcomes. In patients with PH, plasma aldosterone levels are elevated, suggesting that aldosterone and its receptor, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), play an important role in the pathophysiology of PH. The MR plays a crucial role in adverse cardiac remodeling in left heart failure. A series of experimental studies from the past few years indicate that MR activation promotes adverse cellular processes that lead to pulmonary vascular remodeling, including endothelial cell apoptosis, smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, pulmonary vascular fibrosis, and inflammation. Accordingly, in vivo studies have demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition or cell-specific deletion of the MR can prevent disease progression and partially reverse established PH phenotypes. In this review, we summarize recent advances in MR signaling in pulmonary vascular remodeling based on preclinical research and discuss the potential, but also the challenges, in bringing MR antagonists (MRAs) into clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argen Mamazhakypov
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Achim Lother
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany,Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Medical Intensive Care, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany,*Correspondence: Achim Lother,
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Phosphorylation of CaMK and CREB-Mediated Cardiac Aldosterone Synthesis Induced by Arginine Vasopressin in Rats with Myocardial Infarction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315061. [PMID: 36499387 PMCID: PMC9738971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Both aldosterone and arginine vasopressin (AVP) are produced in the heart and may participate in cardiac fibrosis. However, their relationship remains unknown. This study aims to demonstrate the regulation and role of AVP in aldosterone synthesis in the heart. Rats were subjected to a sham operation or myocardial infarction (MI) by ligating the coronary artery. Cardiac function and fibrosis were assessed using echocardiography and immunohistochemical staining, respectively. In addition, the effects of AVP stimulation on cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) were studied using ELISA, real-time PCR, and Western blotting. Compared with the rats having undergone a sham operation, the MI rats had an increased LVMI, type I collagen composition, and concentrations of aldosterone and AVP in the heart but decreased cardiac function. As the MI rats aged, the LVMI, type I collagen, aldosterone, and AVP increased, while the LVMI decreased. Furthermore, AVP time-dependently induced aldosterone secretion and CYP11B2 mRNA expression in CMECs. The p-CREB levels were significantly increased by AVP. Nevertheless, these effects were completely blocked by SR49059 or partially inhibited by KN93. This study demonstrated that AVP could induce the secretion of local cardiac aldosterone, which may involve CaMK and CREB phosphorylation and CYP11B2 upregulation through V1 receptor activation.
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Eplerenone Prevents Cardiac Fibrosis by Inhibiting Angiogenesis in Unilateral Urinary Obstruction Rats. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2022; 2022:1283729. [PMID: 36185701 PMCID: PMC9509279 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1283729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cardiovascular disease constitutes the leading cause of mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is termed cardiorenal syndrome type 4 (CRS-4). Here, we report the development of pathological cardiac remodeling and fibrosis in unilateral urinary obstruction (UUO) rats. Methods Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed to observe the pathology of myocardial tissue. The degree of myocardial tissue fibrosis was observed by Masson and Sirius red staining. Immunohistochemical staining was applied to detect the expression of CD34 and CD105 in myocardial tissue, and immunofluorescent staining was performed to examine the expression of CD34, collagen I/collagen III, and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). The expression of the signal pathway-related proteins vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and interleukin (IL)-1β was tested by western blotting. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the mRNA levels of serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase (SGK)-1, NF-κB, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Results The results showed the development of pathological cardiac remodeling and cardiac dysfunction in UUO rats. Moreover, there was more angiogenesis and endothelial-mesenchymal transition (End-MT) in the UUO group, and these effects were inhibited by eplerenone. Conclusions The results indicated that this cardiac fibrosis was associated with angiogenesis and that End-MT was related to aldosterone and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation. Moreover, in association with the MR/IL-1β/VEGFA signaling pathway, early treatment with the MR antagonist eplerenone in rats with UUO-induced CKD may significantly attenuate MR activation and cardiac fibrosis.
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Aldosterone Increases Vascular Permeability in Rat Skin. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172707. [PMID: 36078114 PMCID: PMC9454878 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of acute aldosterone (ALDO) administration on the vascular permeability of skin. ALDO was injected intradermally into rats, and vascular permeability was measured. Eplerenone (EPL), a selective mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist, was used. Skin biopsies were carried out for immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, and polymerase chain reactions were performed to analyze the expression of MR, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, von Willebrand factor (vWF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and zonula occludens 1. Our study showed the presence of MR in the rat skin vasculature for the first time. It was found that ALDO injection resulted in a more than 30% increase in vascular permeability and enhanced the endothelial exocytosis of vWF. The effect of ALDO diminished after EPL administration. An accumulation of vWF and a reduction in VEGF IHC staining were observed following chronic EPL administration. No effect of ALDO or EPL on the mRNA expression of the studied genes or skin structure was observed. The results suggest that ALDO increases vascular permeability in the skin via an MR-dependent mechanism. This effect of ALDO on skin microcirculation may have important therapeutic implications for diseases characterized by increased levels of ALDO and coexisting skin microangiopathy.
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9
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Bauersachs J, Lother A. Mineralocorticoid receptor activation and antagonism in cardiovascular disease: cellular and molecular mechanisms. Kidney Int Suppl (2011) 2022; 12:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kisu.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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10
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Barrera-Chimal J, Bonnard B, Jaisser F. Roles of Mineralocorticoid Receptors in Cardiovascular and Cardiorenal Diseases. Annu Rev Physiol 2022; 84:585-610. [PMID: 35143332 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-060821-013950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation in the heart and vessels leads to pathological effects, such as excessive extracellular matrix accumulation, oxidative stress, and sustained inflammation. In these organs, the MR is expressed in cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and inflammatory cells. We review the accumulating experimental and clinical evidence that pharmacological MR antagonism has a positive impact on a battery of cardiac and vascular pathological states, including heart failure, myocardial infarction, arrhythmic diseases, atherosclerosis, vascular stiffness, and cardiac and vascular injury linked to metabolic comorbidities and chronic kidney disease. Moreover, we present perspectives on optimization of the use of MR antagonists in patients more likely to respond to such therapy and review the evidence suggesting that novel nonsteroidal MR antagonists offer an improved safety profile while retaining their cardiovascular protective effects. Finally, we highlight future therapeutic applications of MR antagonists in cardiovascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Barrera-Chimal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Fisiología Cardiovascular y Trasplante Renal, Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Benjamin Bonnard
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France;
| | - Frederic Jaisser
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; .,INSERM Centre d'Investigations Cliniques-Plurithématique 1433, UMR 1116, CHRU de Nancy, French-Clinical Research Infrastructure Network (F-CRIN INI-CRCT), Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
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11
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Yoshida Y, Shimizu I, Minamino T. Capillaries as a Therapeutic Target for Heart Failure. J Atheroscler Thromb 2022; 29:971-988. [PMID: 35370224 PMCID: PMC9252615 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv17064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prognosis of heart failure remains poor, and it is urgent to find new therapies for this critical condition. Oxygen and metabolites are delivered through capillaries; therefore, they have critical roles in the maintenance of cardiac function. With aging or age-related disorders, capillary density is reduced in the heart, and the mechanisms involved in these processes were reported to suppress capillarization in this organ. Studies with rodents showed capillary rarefaction has causal roles for promoting pathologies in failing hearts. Drugs used as first-line therapies for heart failure were also shown to enhance the capillary network in the heart. Recently, the approach with senolysis is attracting enthusiasm in aging research. Genetic or pharmacological approaches concluded that the specific depletion of senescent cells, senolysis, led to reverse aging phenotype. Reagents mediating senolysis are described to be senolytics, and these compounds were shown to ameliorate cardiac dysfunction together with enhancement of capillarization in heart failure models. Studies indicate maintenance of the capillary network as critical for inhibition of pathologies in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohko Yoshida
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Ippei Shimizu
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tohru Minamino
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutionary Medical Science and Technology (AMEDCREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
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12
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Zheng Y, Zheng Z, Zhang K, Zhu P. Osteonecrosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: Systematic insight from the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 21:102992. [PMID: 34793961 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteonecrosis (ON) is one of the serious and well recognized complicationscausing severe pain and disability in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and its manifestation and pathogenesis are only partially understood. This review provide an update of the recent progress in etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus related osteonecrosis (SLE-ON). Despite the concomitant use of corticosteroids, alcohol and obesity, the dysregulated immune micro-environment and the complex pathogenesis of SLE synergistically play important roles in the development of ON. Osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH) is the most often involved joint in SLE. The current classification and staging system of ONFH is based on imaging techniques, particularly relating to MRI and CT, for the identification and quantification of necrotic lesions. For SLE-ONFH patients, both SLE specific clinical symptoms and ONFH imaging findings should be comprehensively evaluated. Even though advances concerning bone grafting and arthroplasty procedures have resulted in improved clinical outcomes, early pharmacological treatment at the pre-collapse stage may prevent joint collapse and reduce the joint arthroplasty rate, and this needs to be accounted. Although some progress has been made, considerably more research is needed before we fully understand SLE-ONFH. Future treatments of SLE-ONFH may involve genetic or cell-based therapies that target potential biomarkers, and this will lead to effective measures for saving thefunction of hip joint and preventing osteonecrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zheng
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi Province, PR China; National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Zhaohui Zheng
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Kui Zhang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi Province, PR China; National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
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13
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Clarisse D, Deng L, de Bosscher K, Lother A. Approaches towards tissue-selective pharmacology of the mineralocorticoid receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:3235-3249. [PMID: 34698367 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) are highly effective therapies for cardiovascular and renal disease. However, the widespread clinical use of currently available MRAs in cardiorenal medicine is hampered by an increased risk of hyperkalemia. The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a nuclear receptor responsible for fluid and electrolyte homeostasis in epithelial tissues, whereas pathophysiological MR activation in nonepithelial tissues leads to undesirable pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic effects. Therefore, new strategies that selectively target the deleterious effects of MR but spare its physiological function are needed. In this review, we discuss recent pharmacological developments starting from novel non-steroidal MRAs that are now entering clinical use, such as finerenone or esaxerenone, to concepts arising from the current knowledge of the MR signaling pathway, aiming at receptor-coregulator interaction, epigenetics, or downstream effectors of MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Clarisse
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lisa Deng
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karolien de Bosscher
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Achim Lother
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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14
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Bauersachs J, López-Andrés N. Mineralocorticoid receptor in cardiovascular diseases-Clinical trials and mechanistic insights. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:3119-3134. [PMID: 34643952 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone binds to the mineralocorticoid receptor (NR3C2), a transcription factor of the nuclear receptor family, present in the kidney and in various other non-epithelial cells including the heart and the vasculature. Indeed, extra-renal pathophysiological effects of this hormone have been characterized, extending its actions to the cardiovascular system. A growing body of clinical and pre-clinical evidence suggests that mineralocorticoid receptor overactivation plays an important pathophysiological role in cardiovascular remodelling by promoting cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, arterial stiffness and in inflammation and oxidative stress. The following review article outlines the role of mineralocorticoid receptor in cardiovascular disease with a focus on myocardial remodelling and heart failure (HF) including clinical trials as well as cellular and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Bauersachs
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Natalia López-Andrés
- Cardiovascular Translational Research. Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
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15
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Zhou Y, Zhu X, Cui H, Shi J, Yuan G, Shi S, Hu Y. The Role of the VEGF Family in Coronary Heart Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:738325. [PMID: 34504884 PMCID: PMC8421775 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.738325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family, the regulator of blood and lymphatic vessels, is mostly investigated in the tumor and ophthalmic field. However, the functions it enjoys can also interfere with the development of atherosclerosis (AS) and further diseases like coronary heart disease (CHD). The source, regulating mechanisms including upregulation and downregulation, target cells/tissues, and known functions about VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D are covered in the review. VEGF-A can regulate angiogenesis, vascular permeability, and inflammation by binding with VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2. VEGF-B can regulate angiogenesis, redox, and apoptosis by binding with VEGFR-1. VEGF-C can regulate inflammation, lymphangiogenesis, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and fibrogenesis by binding with VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3. VEGF-D can regulate lymphangiogenesis, angiogenesis, fibrogenesis, and apoptosis by binding with VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3. These functions present great potential of applying the VEGF family for treating CHD. For instance, angiogenesis can compensate for hypoxia and ischemia by growing novel blood vessels. Lymphangiogenesis can degrade inflammation by providing exits for accumulated inflammatory cytokines. Anti-apoptosis can protect myocardium from impairment after myocardial infarction (MI). Fibrogenesis can promote myocardial fibrosis after MI to benefit cardiac recovery. In addition, all these factors have been confirmed to keep a link with lipid metabolism, the research about which is still in the early stage and exact mechanisms are relatively obscure. Because few reviews have been published about the summarized role of the VEGF family for treating CHD, the aim of this review article is to present an overview of the available evidence supporting it and give hints for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xueping Zhu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanming Cui
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Shi
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guozhen Yuan
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Shi
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanhui Hu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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16
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Mamazhakypov A, Hein L, Lother A. Mineralocorticoid receptors in pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure: From molecular biology to therapeutic targeting. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 231:107987. [PMID: 34480966 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a devastating condition characterized by pulmonary vascular remodelling, leading to progressive increase in pulmonary artery pressure and subsequent right ventricular failure. Aldosterone and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a nuclear transcription factor, are key drivers of cardiovascular disease and MR antagonists are well-established in heart failure. Now, a growing body of evidence points at a detrimental role of MR in PH. Pharmacological MR blockade attenuated PH and prevented RV failure in experimental models. Mouse models with cell selective MR deletion suggest that this effect is mediated by MR in endothelial cells. While the evidence from experimental studies appears convincing, the available clinical data on MR antagonist use in patients with PH is more controversial. Integrated analysis of clinical data together with MR-dependent molecular alterations may provide insights why some patients respond to MRA treatment while others do not. Potential ways to identify MRA 'responders' include the analysis of underlying PH causes, stage of disease, or sex, as well as new biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argen Mamazhakypov
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Hein
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Achim Lother
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Heart Center Freiburg University, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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17
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Yan WM, Long P, Chen MZ, Wei DY, Wang JC, Zhang ZM, Zhang L, Chen T. Retinal neovascularization induced by mutant Vldlr gene inhibited in an inherited retinitis pigmentosa mouse model: an in-vivo study. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:990-997. [PMID: 34282382 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.07.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore whether the retinal neovascularization (NV) in a genetic mutant mice model could be ameliorated in an inherited retinitis pigmentosa (RP) mouse, which would help to elucidate the possible mechanism and prevention of retinal NV diseases in clinic. METHODS The Vldlr -/- mice, the genetic mutant mouse model of retinal NV caused by the homozygous mutation of Vldlr gene, with the rd1 mice, the inherited RP mouse caused by homozygous mutation of Pde6b gene were bred. Intercrossing of the above two mice led to the birth of the F1 hybrids, further inbreeding of which gave birth to the F2 offspring. The ocular genotypes and phenotypes of the mice from all generations were examined, with the F2 offspring grouped according to the genotypes. RESULTS The rd1 mice exhibited the RP phenotype of outer retinal degeneration and loss of retinal function. The Vldlr -/- mice exhibited the phenotype of retinal NV obviously shown by the fundus fluorescein angiography. The F1 hydrides, with the heterozygote genotype, exhibited no phenotypes of RP or retinal NV. The F2 offspring with homozygous genotypes were grouped into four subgroups. They were the F2-I mice with the wild-type Pde6b and Vldlr genes (Pde6b+/+ -Vldlr+/+ ), which had normal ocular phenotypes; the F2-II mice with homozygous mutant Vldlr gene (Pde6b+/+ -Vldlr-/- ), which exhibited the retinal NV phenotype; the F2-III mice with homozygous mutant Pde6b gene (Pde6b-/- -Vldlr+/+ ), which exhibited the RP phenotype. Specifically, the F2-IV mice with homozygous mutant Vldlr and Pde6b gene (Pde6b-/- -Vldlr-/- ) showed only the RP phenotype, without the signs of retinal NV. CONCLUSION The retinal NV can be inhibited by the RP phenotype, which implies the role of a hyperoxic state in treating retinal NV diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Forceo of PLA (Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Dongfang Hopsital Affiliated to Xiamen University), Fuzhou 350025, Fujian Province, China.,Center of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Pan Long
- Department of Ophthalmology, the West General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Chengdu 610083, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Mei-Zhu Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Forceo of PLA (Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Dongfang Hopsital Affiliated to Xiamen University), Fuzhou 350025, Fujian Province, China
| | - Dong-Yu Wei
- Center of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jian-Cong Wang
- BeiJing HealthOLight Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 10010, China
| | - Zuo-Ming Zhang
- Center of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Affiliated Guangren Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Center of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
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18
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Kowalski J, Deng L, Suennen C, Koca D, Meral D, Bode C, Hein L, Lother A. Eplerenone Improves Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling and Hypertension by Inhibition of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Endothelial Cells. Hypertension 2021; 78:456-465. [PMID: 33966455 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kowalski
- From the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine (J.K., L.D., C.S., D.K., D.M., L.H., A.L.), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Deng
- From the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine (J.K., L.D., C.S., D.K., D.M., L.H., A.L.), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chiara Suennen
- From the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine (J.K., L.D., C.S., D.K., D.M., L.H., A.L.), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Duygu Koca
- From the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine (J.K., L.D., C.S., D.K., D.M., L.H., A.L.), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - David Meral
- From the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine (J.K., L.D., C.S., D.K., D.M., L.H., A.L.), University of Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Cardiovascular Research Track (D.M.), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bode
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Faculty of Medicine, Heart Center Freiburg University (C.B., A.L.), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Hein
- From the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine (J.K., L.D., C.S., D.K., D.M., L.H., A.L.), University of Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (L.H.), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Achim Lother
- From the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine (J.K., L.D., C.S., D.K., D.M., L.H., A.L.), University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Faculty of Medicine, Heart Center Freiburg University (C.B., A.L.), University of Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Yan Z, Qi Z, Yang X, Ji N, Wang Y, Shi Q, Li M, Zhang J, Zhu Y. The NLRP3 inflammasome: Multiple activation pathways and its role in primary cells during ventricular remodeling. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:5547-5563. [PMID: 33469931 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are a group of multiprotein signaling complexes located in the cytoplasm. Several inflammasomes have been identified, including NLRP1, NLRP2, NLRP3, AIM2, and NLRC4. Among them, NLRP3 was investigated in most detail, and it was reported that it can be activated by many different stimuli. Increased NLRP3 protein expression and inflammasome assembly lead to caspase-1 mediated maturation and release of IL-1β, which triggers inflammation and pyroptosis. The activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome has been widely reported in studies of tumors and neurological diseases, but relatively few studies on the cardiovascular system. Ventricular remodeling (VR) is an important factor contributing to heart failure (HF) after myocardial infarction (MI). Consequently, delaying VR is of great significance for improving heart function. Studies have shown that the NLRP3 inflammasome plays an essential role in the process of VR. Here, we reviewed the latest studies on the activation pathway of the NLRP3 inflammasome, focusing on the effects of the NLRP3 inflammasome in primary cells during VR, and finally discuss future research directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Yan
- Department of Cardiology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongwen Qi
- Department of Cardiology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoya Yang
- Department of Cardiology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Nan Ji
- Department of Cardiology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yueyao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Shi
- Department of Cardiology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Junping Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaping Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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20
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Liao S, Huang H, Zhang F, Lu D, Ye S, Zheng L, Sun Y, Wu Y. Differential expression of epithelial sodium channels in human RCC associated with the prognosis and tumor stage: Evidence from integrate analysis. J Cancer 2020; 11:7348-7356. [PMID: 33193899 PMCID: PMC7646170 DOI: 10.7150/jca.48970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Epithelial sodium channels are disputed in renal cell carcinoma, but its functions and effects on clinical outcomes are not well understood. Materials and Methods: IHC and PT-PCR were used to detect ENaCα, β, γ, AVPR2, AQP2, and MR expression in the primary tumor and peritumoral tissues. GEPIA online tool was used to analyze the relationship between epithelial sodium channels and clinical-pathological characteristics. Tumor IMmune Estimation Resource online tool was used to investigate the immune profile relevant to epithelial sodium channels expression. Results: Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that ENaCα, β, γ, AQP2, and AVPR2 mRNA were decreased in the RCC, but there was no difference in MR mRNA expression between kidney and RCC (p=0.238). The IHC analyses showed that the intensely positive staining of ENaCα, β, γ, AVPR2, and AQP in the renal tubular and the attenuated in the RCCs. MR displayed moderate staining in both RCC and normal tissue. With the promotion of staging, the expression of AQP2, AVPR2, and MR reduced gradually and predicted a better prognosis. Although ENaCα, β, and γ were unable to associate with staging, we still observed a high expression of ENaCβ and γ displayed a poorer prognosis of RCC. Conclusions: ENaCs shows an oncogene profile in RCC, drugs targeting epithelial sodium channel should be a possible therapeutic way to treat RCC. AVPR2 and MR exhibit an encouraging immunomodulatory function; patients with low expression of AVPR2 and MR may obtain more benefit from immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfan Liao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Sanming First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Sanming365100, Fujian, PR. China
| | - Huaibin Huang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Sanming First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Sanming365100, Fujian, PR. China
| | - Fabiao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Sanming First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Sanming365100, Fujian, PR. China
| | - Dongming Lu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Sanming First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Sanming365100, Fujian, PR. China
| | - Shuchao Ye
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Sanming First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Sanming365100, Fujian, PR. China
| | - Luoping Zheng
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Sanming First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Sanming365100, Fujian, PR. China
| | - Yingming Sun
- Department of Medical and Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Sanming First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Sanming365100, Fujian, PR. China
| | - Yongyang Wu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Sanming First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Sanming365100, Fujian, PR. China
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21
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Wu X, Reboll MR, Korf-Klingebiel M, Wollert KC. Angiogenesis after acute myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:1257-1273. [PMID: 33063086 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (MI) inflicts massive injury to the coronary microcirculation leading to vascular disintegration and capillary rarefication in the infarct region. Tissue repair after MI involves a robust angiogenic response that commences in the infarct border zone and extends into the necrotic infarct core. Technological advances in several areas have provided novel mechanistic understanding of postinfarction angiogenesis and how it may be targeted to improve heart function after MI. Cell lineage tracing studies indicate that new capillary structures arise by sprouting angiogenesis from pre-existing endothelial cells (ECs) in the infarct border zone with no meaningful contribution from non-EC sources. Single-cell RNA sequencing shows that ECs in infarcted hearts may be grouped into clusters with distinct gene expression signatures, likely reflecting functionally distinct cell populations. EC-specific multicolour lineage tracing reveals that EC subsets clonally expand after MI. Expanding EC clones may arise from tissue-resident ECs with stem cell characteristics that have been identified in multiple organs including the heart. Tissue repair after MI involves interactions among multiple cell types which occur, to a large extent, through secreted proteins and their cognate receptors. While we are only beginning to understand the full complexity of this intercellular communication, macrophage and fibroblast populations have emerged as major drivers of the angiogenic response after MI. Animal data support the view that the endogenous angiogenic response after MI can be boosted to reduce scarring and adverse left ventricular remodelling. The improved mechanistic understanding of infarct angiogenesis therefore creates multiple therapeutic opportunities. During preclinical development, all proangiogenic strategies should be tested in animal models that replicate both cardiovascular risk factor(s) and the pharmacotherapy typically prescribed to patients with acute MI. Considering that the majority of patients nowadays do well after MI, clinical translation will require careful selection of patients in need of proangiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuekun Wu
- Division of Molecular and Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Marc R Reboll
- Division of Molecular and Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Mortimer Korf-Klingebiel
- Division of Molecular and Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Kai C Wollert
- Division of Molecular and Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
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22
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Wu L, Liu F, Liu S, Xu X, Liu Z, Sun X. Perfluorocarbons-Based 19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Biomedicine. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:7377-7395. [PMID: 33061385 PMCID: PMC7537992 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s255084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorine-19 (19F) magnetic resonance (MR) molecular imaging is a promising noninvasive and quantitative molecular imaging approach with intensive research due to the high sensitivity and low endogenous background signal of the 19F atom in vivo. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have been used as blood substitutes since 1970s. More recently, a variety of PFC nanoparticles have been designed for the detection and imaging of physiological and pathological changes. These molecular imaging probes have been developed to label cells, target specific epitopes in tumors, monitor the prognosis and therapy efficacy and quantitate characterization of tumors and changes in tumor microenvironment noninvasively, therefore, significantly improving the prognosis and therapy efficacy. Herein, we discuss the recent development and applications of 19F MR techniques with PFC nanoparticles in biomedicine, with particular emphasis on ligand-targeted and quantitative 19F MR imaging approaches for tumor detection, oxygenation measurement, smart stimulus response and therapy efficacy monitoring, et al.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China.,TOF-PET/CT/MR Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Imaging, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Liu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China.,TOF-PET/CT/MR Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuan Xu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Imaging, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxi Liu
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China.,TOF-PET/CT/MR Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China
| | - Xilin Sun
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China.,TOF-PET/CT/MR Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, People's Republic of China
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Lother
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Faculty of Medicine, Heart Center Freiburg University, University of Freiburg, Germany (A.L.)
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany (A.L.)
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24
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Li G, Han Q, Lu P, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Chen S, Zhang P, Zhang L, Cui W, Wang H, Zhang H. Construction of Dual-Biofunctionalized Chitosan/Collagen Scaffolds for Simultaneous Neovascularization and Nerve Regeneration. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2020; 2020:2603048. [PMID: 32851386 PMCID: PMC7436332 DOI: 10.34133/2020/2603048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Biofunctionalization of artificial nerve implants by incorporation of specific bioactive factors has greatly enhanced the success of grafting procedures for peripheral nerve regeneration. However, most studies on novel biofunctionalized implants have emphasized the promotion of neuronal and axonal repair over vascularization, a process critical for long-term functional restoration. We constructed a dual-biofunctionalized chitosan/collagen composite scaffold with Ile-Lys-Val-Ala-Val (IKVAV) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by combining solution blending, in situ lyophilization, and surface biomodification. Immobilization of VEGF and IKVAV on the scaffolds was confirmed both qualitatively by staining and quantitatively by ELISA. Various single- and dual-biofunctionalized scaffolds were compared for the promotion of endothelial cell (EC) and Schwann cell (SC) proliferation as well as the induction of angiogenic and neuroregeneration-associated genes by these cells in culture. The efficacy of these scaffolds for vascularization was evaluated by implantation in chicken embryos, while functional repair capacity in vivo was assessed in rats subjected to a 10 mm sciatic nerve injury. Dual-biofunctionalized scaffolds supported robust EC and SC proliferation and upregulated the expression levels of multiple genes and proteins related to neuroregeneration and vascularization. Dual-biofunctionalized scaffolds demonstrated superior vascularization induction in embryos and greater promotion of vascularization, myelination, and functional recovery in rats. These findings support the clinical potential of VEGF/IKVAV dual-biofunctionalized chitosan/collagen composite scaffolds for facilitating peripheral nerve regeneration, making it an attractive candidate for repairing critical nerve defect. The study may provide a critical experimental and theoretical basis for the development and design of new artificial nerve implants with excellent biological performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guicai Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, China
| | - Qi Han
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, China
| | - Panjian Lu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, China
| | - Liling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, China
| | - Yuezhou Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Shiyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, China
| | - Luzhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, China
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hongkui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory and Turku Bioscience Centre, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
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25
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Glucocorticoids preserve the t-tubular system in ventricular cardiomyocytes by upregulation of autophagic flux. Basic Res Cardiol 2019; 114:47. [PMID: 31673803 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-019-0758-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A major contributor to contractile dysfunction in heart failure is remodelling and loss of the cardiomyocyte transverse tubular system (t-system), but underlying mechanisms and signalling pathways remain elusive. It has been shown that dexamethasone promotes t-tubule development in stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and that cardiomyocyte-specific glucocorticoid receptor (GR) knockout (GRKO) leads to heart failure. Here, we studied if the t-system is altered in GRKO hearts and if GR signalling is required for t-system preservation in adult cardiomyocytes. Confocal and 3D STED microscopy of myocardium from cardiomyocyte-specific GRKO mice revealed decreased t-system density and increased distances between ryanodine receptors (RyR) and L-type Ca2+ channels (LTCC). Because t-system remodelling and heart failure are intertwined, we investigated the underlying mechanisms in vitro. Ventricular cardiomyocytes from failing human and healthy adult rat hearts cultured in the absence of glucocorticoids (CTRL) showed distinctively lower t-system density than cells treated with dexamethasone (EC50 1.1 nM) or corticosterone. The GR antagonist mifepristone abrogated the effect of dexamethasone. Dexamethasone improved RyR-LTCC coupling and synchrony of intracellular Ca2+ release, but did not alter expression levels of t-system-associated proteins junctophilin-2 (JPH2), bridging integrator-1 (BIN1) or caveolin-3 (CAV3). Rather, dexamethasone upregulated LC3B and increased autophagic flux. The broad-spectrum protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine prevented dexamethasone-induced upregulation of autophagy and t-system preservation, and autophagy inhibitors bafilomycin A and chloroquine accelerated t-system loss. Conversely, induction of autophagy by rapamycin or amino acid starvation preserved the t-system. These findings suggest that GR signalling and autophagy are critically involved in t-system preservation and remodelling in the heart.
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26
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Barrera-Chimal J, Jaisser F. Vascular mineralocorticoid receptor activation and disease. Exp Eye Res 2019; 188:107796. [PMID: 31521629 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptor activation in endothelial and smooth muscle cells can promote vascular disease by increasing oxidative stress, promoting inflammation, accelerating vascular stiffness, remodeling, and calcification, altering vessel responsiveness to various vasoactive factors, thus altering vascular tone and blood pressure, and by altering angiogenesis. Here, we review the recent evidence highlighting the impact of vascular mineralocorticoid receptor activation in pathological situations, including kidney injury, vascular injury associated with metabolic diseases, atherosclerosis, cerebral vascular injury during hypertension, vascular stiffening and aging, pulmonary hypertension, vascular calcification, cardiac remodeling, wound healing, inflammation, thrombosis, and disorders related to angiogenic defects in the eye. The possible mechanisms implicating mineralocorticoid receptor activation in various vascular disorders are discussed. Altogether, recent evidence points towards pharmacological mineralocorticoid receptor inhibition as a strategy to treat diseases in which overactivation of the mineralocorticoid receptor in endothelial and/or smooth muscle cells may play a pivotal role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Barrera-Chimal
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Cardiovascular y Trasplante Renal, Unidad de Medicina Traslacional, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Frederic Jaisser
- INSERM U1116, Clinical Investigation Centre, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists) F-CRIN Network, Nancy, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, F-75006, Paris, France.
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