1
|
Sánchez MB, Michel Lara MC, Neira FJ, Rodríguez-Camejo C, Rios JM, Viruel LB, Moreno-Sosa MT, Pietrobon EO, Soaje M, Jahn GA, Hernández A, Valdez SR, Mackern-Oberti JP. Hyperthyroidism keeps immunoglobulin levels but reduces milk fat and CD11b/c + cells on early lactation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024:112370. [PMID: 39276963 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones influence mammary gland differentiation and lactation by binding to thyroid hormone receptors. Hyperthyroidism disrupts pregnancy and lactation, affecting offspring growth and milk production. Despite maternal milk is a vital source of bioactive compounds and nutrients for newborns, it is unclear whether hyperthyroidism alters its composition, mainly immune factors. Therefore, our work aimed to evaluate the influence of hyperthyroidism on milk quality and immunological parameters during early lactation. Twelve-week-old female Wistar rats received daily injections of 0,25 mg/kg T4 (HyperT, n=20) or vehicle (control, n=19) starting 8 days before mating and continuing throughout pregnancy. Rats were euthanized on day 2 of lactation for analyzing the impact of hyperthyroidism on mammary gland, serum and milk samples. HyperT pups exhibited reduced weight, length and head circumference with altered serum hormones, glucose and albumin levels. HyperT mammary gland analysis revealed structural changes, including decreased alveolar area, adipose tissue, increased connective tissue and reduced epithelial elongation, accompanied by decreased TRβ1 RNA expression. HyperT milk displayed lower caloric value and fat concentration. HyperT animals exhibited altered milk immune cell counts, displaying increased numbers of CD45+ and CD3+ cells and decreased CD11b/c+ cells without changes on milk and serum IgA, IgG and IgG2a levels. In summary, we have demonstrated that hyperthyroidism affects mammary gland morphology, disrupts pup development and alters biochemical and immunological parameters. Our findings highlight the impact of maternal hyperthyroidism on offspring early development and milk immune composition, underscoring the importance of thyroid function in maternal and neonatal immune health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Sánchez
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Ambientales, Universidad Juan Agustín Maza, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Michel Lara
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina; Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Juan Agustín Maza, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Flavia Judith Neira
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina; Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Juan Agustín Maza, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Claudio Rodríguez-Camejo
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias/Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Instituto de Higiene, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Manuel Rios
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Luciana Belén Viruel
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Tamara Moreno-Sosa
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Elisa Olivia Pietrobon
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina; Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Marta Soaje
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina; Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Graciela Alma Jahn
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Ana Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias/Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Instituto de Higiene, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Susana Ruth Valdez
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Mackern-Oberti
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina; Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vickers R, Porter W. Immune Cell Contribution to Mammary Gland Development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2024; 29:16. [PMID: 39177859 PMCID: PMC11343902 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-024-09568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Postpartum breast cancer (PPBC) is a unique subset of breast cancer, accounting for nearly half of the women diagnosed during their postpartum years. Mammary gland involution is widely regarded as being a key orchestrator in the initiation and progression of PPBC due to its unique wound-healing inflammatory signature. Here, we provide dialogue suggestive that lactation may also facilitate neoplastic development as a result of sterile inflammation. Immune cells are involved in all stages of postnatal mammary development. It has been proposed that the functions of these immune cells are partially directed by mammary epithelial cells (MECs) and the cytokines they produce. This suggests that a more niche area of exploration aimed at assessing activation of innate immune pathways within MECs could provide insight into immune cell contributions to the developing mammary gland. Immune cell contribution to pubertal development and mammary gland involution has been extensively studied; however, investigations into pregnancy and lactation remain limited. During pregnancy, the mammary gland undergoes dramatic expansion to prepare for lactation. As a result, MECs are susceptible to replicative stress. During lactation, mitochondria are pushed to capacity to fulfill the high energetic demands of producing milk. This replicative and metabolic stress, if unresolved, can elicit activation of innate immune pathways within differentiating MECs. In this review, we broadly discuss postnatal mammary development and current knowledge of immune cell contribution to each developmental stage, while also emphasizing a more unique area of study that will be beneficial in the discovery of novel therapeutic biomarkers of PPBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramiah Vickers
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Weston Porter
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu P, Zhang P, Yuan C, Li J, Yang Q. Mechanism of transepithelial migration of lymphocytes into the milk in porcine mammary glands. J Reprod Immunol 2021; 149:103440. [PMID: 34775290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2021.103440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes in the colostrum play many important roles during lactation, including protecting newborn piglets against infections. The lymphocytes constantly enter the mammary gland from the mother's bloodstream before and during lactation. However, little is known about the mechanism of transport of maternal lymphocytes across the mammary glands into the milk (lumen). In this study, the maternal lymphocytes were detected in sow colostrum by immunofluorescent staining and fluorescence-activated cell sorting and lymphocytes were observed transmigrating into the breast acinar lumen. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining revealed that CD3+ T, γδ+ T, and IgA+ B cells were primarily located at the base area of the mammary gland. Meanwhile, more lactating alveoli and blood capillaries were distributed in this area. Finally, a mammary epithelial cell (EpH4-Ev)/T cell co-culture system was established to explore the mechanism of lymphocyte transmigration across the mammary epithelial cells. The expression of CCL2 and CCL28 in EpH4-Ev cells, which facilitated the transmigration of lymphocytes, significantly increased in the presence of prolactin. Our results provide a better understanding of the concept of lactogenic immunity and pave the way for vaccination strategies for the induction of lactogenic immunity in pregnant swine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Penghao Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Chen Yuan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Jianda Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dill R, Walker AM. Role of Prolactin in Promotion of Immune Cell Migration into the Mammary Gland. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2017; 22:13-26. [PMID: 27900586 PMCID: PMC5313375 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-016-9369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cells in the mammary gland play a number of important roles, including protection against infection during lactation and, after passing into milk, modulation of offspring immunity. However, little is known about the mechanism of recruitment of immune cells to the lactating gland in the absence of infection. Given the importance of prolactin to other aspects of lactation, we hypothesized it would also play a role in immune cell recruitment. Prolactin treatment of adult female mice for a period equivalent to pregnancy and the first week of lactation increased immune cell flux through the mammary gland, as reflected in the number of immune cells in mammary gland-draining, but not other lymph nodes. Conditioned medium from luminal mammary epithelial HC11 cell cultures was chemo-attractive to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells, B cells, macrophages, monocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils. Prolactin did not act as a direct chemo-attractant, but through effects on luminal mammary epithelial cells, increased the chemo-attractant properties of conditioned medium. Macrophages and neutrophils constitute the largest proportion of cells in milk from healthy glands. Depletion of CCL2 and CXCL1 from conditioned medium reduced chemo-attraction of monocytes and neutrophils, and prolactin increased expression of these two chemokines in mammary epithelial cells. We conclude that prolactin is an important player in the recruitment of immune cells to the mammary gland both through its activities to increase epithelial cell number as well as production of chemo-attractants on a per cell basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riva Dill
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, 900 University Ave. 1260 Webber Hall, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Ameae M Walker
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, 900 University Ave. 1260 Webber Hall, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Need EF, Atashgaran V, Ingman WV, Dasari P. Hormonal regulation of the immune microenvironment in the mammary gland. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2014; 19:229-39. [PMID: 24993978 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-014-9324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that the development and homeostasis of the mammary gland are highly dependent upon the actions of ovarian hormones progesterone and estrogen, as well as the availability of prolactin for the pregnant and lactating gland. More recently it has become apparent that immune system cells and cytokines play essential roles in both mammary gland development as well as breast cancer. Here, we review hormonal effects on mammary gland biology during puberty, menstrual cycling, pregnancy, lactation and involution, and dissect how hormonal control of the immune system may contribute to mammary development at each stage via cytokine secretion and recruitment of macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells and lymphocytes. Collectively, these alterations may create an immunotolerant or inflammatory immune environment at specific developmental stages or phases of the menstrual cycle. Of particular interest for further research is investigation of the combinatorial actions of progesterone and estrogen during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and key developmental points where the immune system may play an active role both in mammary development as well as in the creation of an immunotolerant environment, thereby affecting breast cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor F Need
- Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, DX465702, 28 Woodville Road, Woodville, SA, 5011, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|