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Suzuki M, Nakamura A, Matsumoto Y, Kang W, Ichinose M, Kawano N, Yamada M, Shindo M, Katano D, Saito T, Harada Y, Miyado M, Miyado K. Identification of a syncytin gene in a non-rodent laboratory mammal, Suncus murinus. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:912-920. [PMID: 37438116 PMCID: PMC10539813 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
An endogenous retrovirus-derived membrane protein, syncytin (SYN), contributes to placental function via trophoblast fusion. Multinuclear trophoblasts (syncytiotrophoblasts) physically and functionally mediate the interaction between fetal and maternal vessels in various ways. Suncus murinus (suncus) is a small mammalian species with a pregnancy duration of approximately 30 days, 1.5 times longer than mice. However, the molecular basis for the longer pregnancy duration is unknown. In this study, we first isolated two genes that encoded putative SYN proteins expressed in the suncus placenta, which were named syncytin-1-like proteins 1 and 2 (SYN1L1 and SYN1L2). When their expression vectors were introduced into cultured cells, suncus SYN1L2 was found to be active in cell fusion. Moreover, the SYN1L2 protein was homologous to a SYN1-like protein identified in greater mouse-eared bats (bat SYN1L) and was structurally compared with bat SYN1L and other SYN proteins, implying the presence of structural features of the SYN1L2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Suzuki
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakamura
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yu Matsumoto
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Woojin Kang
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Ichinose
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kawano
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Shindo
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiki Katano
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takako Saito
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichirou Harada
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Beppu University, Oita, Japan
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Diversity Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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Tarulli GA, Cripps SM, Pask AJ, Renfree MB. Spatiotemporal map of key signaling factors during early penis development. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:609-624. [PMID: 34697862 PMCID: PMC9539974 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of the external genitalia is a highly complex developmental process, considering it involves a wide range of cell types and results in sexually dimorphic outcomes. Development is controlled by several secreted signalling factors produced in complex spatiotemporal patterns, including the hedgehog (HH), bone morphogenic protein (BMP), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and WNT signalling families. Many of these factors act on or are influenced by the actions of the androgen receptor (AR) that is critical to masculinisation. This complexity of expression makes it difficult to conceptualise patterns of potential importance. Mapping expression during key stages of development is needed to develop a comprehensive model of how different cell types interact in formation of external genitalia, and the global regulatory networks at play. This is particularly true in light of the sensitivity of this process to environmental disruption during key stages of development. The goal of this review is to integrate all recent studies on gene expression in early penis development to create a comprehensive spatiotemporal map. This serves as a resource to aid in visualising potentially significant interactions involved in external genital development. Diagrams of published RNA and protein localisation data for key secreted signalling factors during early penis development. Unconventional expression patterns are identified that suggest novel signalling axes during development. Key research gaps and limitations are identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard A Tarulli
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samuel M Cripps
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J Pask
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marilyn B Renfree
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Female congenital aphallia: a unique case of congenital absence of the clitoris with an ectopic labium majorum. Clin Dysmorphol 2021; 30:17-21. [PMID: 33136658 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The spectrum of disorders of sexual development includes anatomical abnormalities of the external genitalia, the phenotypic variability of which and the underlying causes are numerous. However, female aphallia and ectopia of the labium majorum appear to be some of the rarest forms of external genitalia malformations. Aphallia is mostly described in males with a frequency of less than one per 40 000 male newborns. Although syndromic forms of aphallia in females have been reported, for example, in Robinow, CHARGE, and Prader-Willi syndrome, reports of isolated female aphallia are meager. Here, we describe the first case of isolated agenesis of the clitoris with an ectopic labium majorum and review the literature of this uncommon malformation and its potential dysmorphogenetic mechanism. We emphasize the need for a routine exhaustive physical examination to identify and characterize this unusual malformation correctly so that families can be appropriately counseled as to cause and potential complications.
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Wang S, Zheng Z. Differential cell proliferation and cell death during the urethral groove formation in guinea pig model. Pediatr Res 2019; 86:452-459. [PMID: 30467344 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urethral groove (UG) formation is an important step in penile formation. Because commonly used animal models do not have UG, the mechanisms of UG formation have never been discovered. We aim to discover the cellular mechanism of the UG formation using guinea pig model. METHODS Histology was used to study the ontogeny of UG. BrdU immunofluorescence was used to label proliferating cells, cell death was determined using LysoTracker Red and TUNEL staining, and stereology was used for quantification. To reveal Shh mRNA expression patterns, in situ hybridization was performed in guinea pig genital tubercles (GTs) and ShhGFPcre-LacZ-reporter mice were used for comparison. RESULTS Cell proliferation in the outer layers and programmed cell death in the inner layers of urethral epithelium played key roles during urethral canal movement from dorsal to ventral aspect and final opening to form UG. Shh mRNA expression domain shifted out to the ventral surface of GT from proximal throughout to distal in guinea pigs, but was excluded from the ventral surface epithelium in midshaft and distal of mouse GT. CONCLUSION Differential cell proliferation and cell death in developing urethral epithelium lead to UG formation and Shh expression in ventral surface epithelium of GT may play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Zhengui Zheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.
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