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Yin Y, Koenitzer JR, Patra D, Dietmann S, Bayguinov P, Hagan AS, Ornitz DM. Identification of a myofibroblast differentiation program during neonatal lung development. Development 2024:dev.202659. [PMID: 38602479 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Alveologenesis is the final stage of lung development in which the internal surface area of the lung is increased to facilitate efficient gas exchange in the mature organism. The first phase of alveologenesis involves the formation of septal ridges (secondary septae) and the second phase involves thinning of the alveolar septa. Within secondary septa, mesenchymal cells include a transient population of alveolar myofibroblasts (MyoFB) and a stable but poorly described population of lipid rich cells that have been referred to as lipofibroblasts or matrix fibroblasts (MatFB). Using a unique Fgf18CreER lineage trace mouse line, cell sorting, single cell RNA sequencing, and primary cell culture, we have identified multiple subtypes of mesenchymal cells in the neonatal lung, including an immature progenitor cell that gives rise to mature MyoFB. We also show that the endogenous and targeted ROSA26 locus serves as a sensitive reporter for MyoFB maturation. These studies identify a MyoFB differentiation program that is distinct from other mesenchymal cell types and increases the known repertoire of mesenchymal cell types in the neonatal lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Yin
- Departments of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Koenitzer
- Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Debabrata Patra
- Departments of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Departments of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Institute for Informatics, Data Science & Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Peter Bayguinov
- Departments of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrew S Hagan
- Departments of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Departments of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Bodmer NK, Knutsen RH, Roth RA, Castile RM, Brodt MD, Gierasch CM, Broekelmann TJ, Gibson MA, Haspel JA, Lake SP, Brody SL, Silva MJ, Mecham RP, Ornitz DM. Multi-organ phenotypes in mice lacking latent TGFβ binding protein 2 (LTBP2). Dev Dyn 2024; 253:233-254. [PMID: 37688792 PMCID: PMC10842386 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Latent TGFβ binding protein-2 (LTBP2) is a fibrillin 1 binding component of the microfibril. LTBP2 is the only LTBP protein that does not bind any isoforms of TGFβ, although it may interfere with the function of other LTBPs or interact with other signaling pathways. RESULTS Here, we investigate mice lacking Ltbp2 (Ltbp2-/- ) and identify multiple phenotypes that impact bodyweight and fat mass, and affect bone and skin development. The alterations in skin and bone development are particularly noteworthy since the strength of these tissues is differentially affected by loss of Ltbp2. Interestingly, some tissues that express high levels of Ltbp2, such as the aorta and lung, do not have a developmental or homeostatic phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of these mice show that LTBP2 has complex effects on development through direct effects on the extracellular matrix (ECM) or on signaling pathways that are known to regulate the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K. Bodmer
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Russell H. Knutsen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Robyn A. Roth
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Ryan M. Castile
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University School of Engineering
| | - Michael D. Brodt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carrie M. Gierasch
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine
| | | | - Mark A. Gibson
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Jeffrey A. Haspel
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Spencer P. Lake
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University School of Engineering
| | - Steven L. Brody
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Matthew J. Silva
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert P. Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine
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Yin Y, Koenitzer JR, Patra D, Dietmann S, Bayguinov P, Hagan AS, Ornitz DM. Identification of a myofibroblast differentiation program during neonatal lung development. bioRxiv 2023:2023.12.28.573370. [PMID: 38234814 PMCID: PMC10793446 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.28.573370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Alveologenesis is the final stage of lung development in which the internal surface area of the lung is increased to facilitate efficient gas exchange in the mature organism. The first phase of alveologenesis involves the formation of septal ridges (secondary septae) and the second phase involves thinning of the alveolar septa. Within secondary septa, mesenchymal cells include a transient population of alveolar myofibroblasts (MyoFB) and a stable but poorly described population of lipid rich cells that have been referred to as lipofibroblasts or matrix fibroblasts (MatFB). Using a unique Fgf18CreER lineage trace mouse line, cell sorting, single cell RNA sequencing, and primary cell culture, we have identified multiple subtypes of mesenchymal cells in the neonatal lung, including an immature progenitor cell that gives rise to mature MyoFB. We also show that the endogenous and targeted ROSA26 locus serves as a sensitive reporter for MyoFB maturation. These studies identify a myofibroblast differentiation program that is distinct form other mesenchymal cells types and increases the known repertoire of mesenchymal cell types in the neonatal lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Yin
- Departments of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | | | - Debabrata Patra
- Departments of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Departments of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Institute for Informatics, Data Science & Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Peter Bayguinov
- Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Andrew S. Hagan
- Departments of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Departments of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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Wernlé KK, Sonnenfelt MA, Leek CC, Ganji E, Sullivan AL, Offutt C, Shuff J, Ornitz DM, Killian ML. Loss of Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 in Scleraxis-lineage cells leads to enlarged bone eminences and attachment cell death. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:1180-1188. [PMID: 37212424 PMCID: PMC10524747 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tendons and ligaments attach to bone are essential for joint mobility and stability in vertebrates. Tendon and ligament attachments (ie, entheses) are found at bony protrusions (ie, eminences), and the shape and size of these protrusions depend on both mechanical forces and cellular cues during growth. Tendon eminences also contribute to mechanical leverage for skeletal muscle. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling plays a critical role in bone development, and Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 are highly expressed in the perichondrium and periosteum of bone where entheses can be found. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We used transgenic mice for combinatorial knockout of Fgfr1 and/or Fgfr2 in tendon/attachment progenitors (ScxCre) and measured eminence size and shape. Conditional deletion of both, but not individual, Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 in Scx progenitors led to enlarged eminences in the postnatal skeleton and shortening of long bones. In addition, Fgfr1/Fgfr2 double conditional knockout mice had more variation collagen fibril size in tendon, decreased tibial slope, and increased cell death at ligament attachments. These findings identify a role for FGFR signaling in regulating growth and maintenance of tendon/ligament attachments and the size and shape of bony eminences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra K. Wernlé
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, Delaware, 19716
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael A. Sonnenfelt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - Connor C. Leek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, Delaware, 19716
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Elahe Ganji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, Delaware, 19716
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, 130 Academy St, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Anna Lia Sullivan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - Claudia Offutt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - Jordan Shuff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri, 63110
| | - Megan L. Killian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, Delaware, 19716
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Lee C, Chen R, Sun G, Liu X, Lin X, He C, Xing L, Liu L, Jensen LD, Kumar A, Langer HF, Ren X, Zhang J, Huang L, Yin X, Kim J, Zhu J, Huang G, Li J, Lu W, Chen W, Liu J, Hu J, Sun Q, Lu W, Fang L, Wang S, Kuang H, Zhang Y, Tian G, Mi J, Kang BA, Narazaki M, Prodeus A, Schoonjans L, Ornitz DM, Gariepy J, Eelen G, Dewerchin M, Yang Y, Ou JS, Mora A, Yao J, Zhao C, Liu Y, Carmeliet P, Cao Y, Li X. VEGF-B prevents excessive angiogenesis by inhibiting FGF2/FGFR1 pathway. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:305. [PMID: 37591843 PMCID: PMC10435562 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01539-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although VEGF-B was discovered as a VEGF-A homolog a long time ago, the angiogenic effect of VEGF-B remains poorly understood with limited and diverse findings from different groups. Notwithstanding, drugs that inhibit VEGF-B together with other VEGF family members are being used to treat patients with various neovascular diseases. It is therefore critical to have a better understanding of the angiogenic effect of VEGF-B and the underlying mechanisms. Using comprehensive in vitro and in vivo methods and models, we reveal here for the first time an unexpected and surprising function of VEGF-B as an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis by inhibiting the FGF2/FGFR1 pathway when the latter is abundantly expressed. Mechanistically, we unveil that VEGF-B binds to FGFR1, induces FGFR1/VEGFR1 complex formation, and suppresses FGF2-induced Erk activation, and inhibits FGF2-driven angiogenesis and tumor growth. Our work uncovers a previously unrecognized novel function of VEGF-B in tethering the FGF2/FGFR1 pathway. Given the anti-angiogenic nature of VEGF-B under conditions of high FGF2/FGFR1 levels, caution is warranted when modulating VEGF-B activity to treat neovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsik Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Rongyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Guangli Sun
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Xialin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Xianchai Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Chang He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Liying Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases,Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lasse D Jensen
- Department of Health, Medical and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anil Kumar
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Harald F Langer
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Mannheim/ Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Xiangrong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Xiangke Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - JongKyong Kim
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Juanhua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Guanqun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Jiani Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Juanxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Qihang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Weisi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Lekun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, Guangdong Research Institute of Gastroenterology, Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Haiqing Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Yihan Zhang
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry (Fudan University) and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Geng Tian
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, P. R. China
| | - Jia Mi
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, P. R. China
| | - Bi-Ang Kang
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, NHC key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Masashi Narazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Aaron Prodeus
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Luc Schoonjans
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology (CCB), VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jean Gariepy
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Guy Eelen
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology (CCB), VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Mieke Dewerchin
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology (CCB), VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Yunlong Yang
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Song Ou
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, NHC key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Antonio Mora
- Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University and Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Xinzao, Panyu district, Guangzhou, 511436, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Yao
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry (Fudan University) and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, 200031, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology (CCB), VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Heterogeneity, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yihai Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Xuri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China.
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6
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Willet SG, Thanintorn N, McNeill H, Huh SH, Ornitz DM, Huh WJ, Hoft SG, DiPaolo RJ, Mills JC. SOX9 Governs Gastric Mucous Neck Cell Identity and Is Required for Injury-Induced Metaplasia. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:325-339. [PMID: 37270061 PMCID: PMC10444955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Acute and chronic gastric injury induces alterations in differentiation within the corpus of the stomach called pyloric metaplasia. Pyloric metaplasia is characterized by the death of parietal cells and reprogramming of mitotically quiescent zymogenic chief cells into proliferative, mucin-rich spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) cells. Overall, pyloric metaplastic units show increased proliferation and specific expansion of mucous lineages, both by proliferation of normal mucous neck cells and recruitment of SPEM cells. Here, we identify Sox9 as a potential gene of interest in the regulation of mucous neck and SPEM cell identity in the stomach. METHODS We used immunostaining and electron microscopy to characterize the expression pattern of SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9) during murine gastric development, homeostasis, and injury in homeostasis, after genetic deletion of Sox9 and after targeted genetic misexpression of Sox9 in the gastric epithelium and chief cells. RESULTS SOX9 is expressed in all early gastric progenitors and strongly expressed in mature mucous neck cells with minor expression in the other principal gastric lineages during adult homeostasis. After injury, strong SOX9 expression was induced in the neck and base of corpus units in SPEM cells. Adult corpus units derived from Sox9-deficient gastric progenitors lacked normal mucous neck cells. Misexpression of Sox9 during postnatal development and adult homeostasis expanded mucous gene expression throughout corpus units including within the chief cell zone in the base. Sox9 deletion specifically in chief cells blunts their reprogramming into SPEM. CONCLUSIONS Sox9 is a master regulator of mucous neck cell differentiation during gastric development. Sox9 also is required for chief cells to fully reprogram into SPEM after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer G Willet
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | - Nattapon Thanintorn
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Helen McNeill
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sung-Ho Huh
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Won Jae Huh
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Stella G Hoft
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Richard J DiPaolo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jason C Mills
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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7
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Matsiukevich D, Kovacs A, Li T, Kokkonen-Simon K, Matkovich SJ, Oladipupo S, Ornitz DM. Characterization of a robust mouse model of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37204871 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00038.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality particularly in older adults and patients with multiple metabolic comorbidities. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a clinical syndrome with multisystem organ dysfunction in which patients develop symptoms of HF as a result of high left ventricular (LV) diastolic pressure in the context of normal or near normal LV ejection fraction (LVEF; ≥50 percent). Challenges to create and reproduce a robust rodent phenotype that recapitulates the multiple comorbidities that exist in this disease explain the presence of various animal models that fail to satisfy all the criteria of HFpEF. Using a continuous infusion of angiotensin II and phenylephrine (AngII/PE), we demonstrate a strong HFpEF phenotype satisfying major clinically relevant manifestations and criteria of this disease, including exercise intolerance, pulmonary edema, concentric myocardial hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, histological signs of microvascular impairment, and fibrosis. Conventional echocardiographic analysis of diastolic dysfunction identified early stages of HFpEF development and speckle tracking echocardiography analysis including the left atrium (LA) identified strain abnormalities indicative of contraction-relaxation cycle impairment. Diastolic dysfunction was validated by cardiac catheterization and analysis of LV end diastolic pressure (LVEDP). Among mice that developed HFpEF, two major subgroups were identified with predominantly perivascular fibrosis and interstitial myocardial fibrosis. In addition to major phenotypic criteria of HFpEF that were evident at early stages of this model, accompanying RNAseq data demonstrate activation of pathways associated with myocardial metabolic changes, activation of ECM deposition, microvascular rarefaction, and pressure and volume related myocardial stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dzmitry Matsiukevich
- Pediatrics, Dept. of Developmental Biology & Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. louis, MO, United States
| | - Attila Kovacs
- Dept. of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Tiandao Li
- Dept. of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, United States
| | | | | | | | - David M Ornitz
- Dept. of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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8
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Ganji E, Leek C, Duncan W, Patra D, Ornitz DM, Killian ML. Targeted deletion of Fgf9 in tendon disrupts mineralization of the developing enthesis. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22777. [PMID: 36734881 PMCID: PMC10108073 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201614r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The enthesis is a transitional tissue between tendon and bone that matures postnatally. The development and maturation of the enthesis involve cellular processes likened to an arrested growth plate. In this study, we explored the role of fibroblast growth factor 9 (Fgf9), a known regulator of chondrogenesis and vascularization during bone development, on the structure and function of the postnatal enthesis. First, we confirmed spatial expression of Fgf9 in the tendon and enthesis using in situ hybridization. We then used Cre-lox recombinase to conditionally knockout Fgf9 in mouse tendon and enthesis (Scx-Cre) and characterized enthesis morphology as well as mechanical properties in Fgf9ScxCre and wild-type (WT) entheses. Fgf9ScxCre mice had smaller calcaneal and humeral apophyses, thinner cortical bone at the attachment, increased cellularity, and reduced failure load in mature entheses compared to WT littermates. During postnatal development, we found reduced chondrocyte hypertrophy and disrupted type X collagen (Col X) in Fgf9ScxCre entheses. These findings support that tendon-derived Fgf9 is important for functional development of the enthesis, including its postnatal mineralization. Our findings suggest the potential role of FGF signaling during enthesis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Ganji
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Delaware, Newark, USA.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, IL, Urbana, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Delaware, Newark, USA
| | - Connor Leek
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Delaware, Newark, USA
| | - William Duncan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Delaware, Newark, USA
| | - Debabrata Patra
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri, St Louis, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri, St Louis, USA
| | - Megan L Killian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Delaware, Newark, USA
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9
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Patzek S, Liu Z, de la O S, Chang S, Byrnes LE, Zhang X, Ornitz DM, Sneddon JB. Loss of Fgf9 in mice leads to pancreatic hypoplasia and asplenia. iScience 2023; 26:106500. [PMID: 37096042 PMCID: PMC10121468 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic development requires spatially and temporally controlled expression of growth factors derived from mesenchyme. Here, we report that in mice the secreted factor Fgf9 is expressed principally by mesenchyme and then mesothelium during early development, then subsequently by both mesothelium and rare epithelial cells by E12.5 and onwards. Global knockout of the Fgf9 gene resulted in the reduction of pancreas and stomach size, as well as complete asplenia. The number of early Pdx1+ pancreatic progenitors was reduced at E10.5, as was proliferation of mesenchyme at E11.5. Although loss of Fgf9 did not interfere with differentiation of later epithelial lineages, single-cell RNA-Sequencing identified transcriptional programs perturbed upon loss of Fgf9 during pancreatic development, including loss of the transcription factor Barx1. Lastly, we identified conserved expression patterns of FGF9 and receptors in human fetal pancreas, suggesting that FGF9 expressed by pancreatic mesenchyme may similarly affect the development of the human pancreas.
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10
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Matsiukevich D, House SL, Weinheimer C, Kovacs A, Ornitz DM. Fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling in cardiomyocytes is protective in the acute phase following ischemia-reperfusion injury. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1011167. [PMID: 36211556 PMCID: PMC9539275 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1011167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are expressed in multiple cell types in the adult heart. Previous studies have shown a cardioprotective effect of some FGF ligands in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and a protective role for endothelial FGFRs in post-ischemic vascular remodeling. To determine the direct role FGFR signaling in cardiomyocytes in acute cardiac I/R injury, we inactivated Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 (CM-DCKO) or activated FGFR1 (CM-caFGFR1) in cardiomyocytes in adult mice prior to I/R injury. In the absence of injury, inactivation of Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 in adult cardiomyocytes had no effect on cardiac morphometry or function. When subjected to I/R injury, compared to controls, CM-DCKO mice had significantly increased myocyte death 1 day after reperfusion, and increased infarct size, cardiac dysfunction, and myocyte hypertrophy 7 days after reperfusion. No genotype-dependent effect was observed on post-ischemic cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area and vessel density in areas remote to the infarct. By contrast, transient activation of FGFR1 signaling in cardiomyocytes just prior to the onset of ischemia did not affect outcomes after cardiac I/R injury at 1 day and 7 days after reperfusion. These data demonstrate that endogenous cell-autonomous cardiomyocyte FGFR signaling supports the survival of cardiomyocytes in the acute phase following cardiac I/R injury and that this cardioprotection results in continued improved outcomes during cardiac remodeling. Combined with the established protective role of some FGF ligands and endothelial FGFR signaling in I/R injury, this study supports the development of therapeutic strategies that promote cardiomyocyte FGF signaling after I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dzmitry Matsiukevich
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Dzmitry Matsiukevich
| | - Stacey L. House
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Carla Weinheimer
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Attila Kovacs
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- David M. Ornitz
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11
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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12
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Hiller BE, Yin Y, Perng YC, de Araujo Castro Í, Fox LE, Locke MC, Monte KJ, López CB, Ornitz DM, Lenschow DJ. Fibroblast growth factor-9 expression in airway epithelial cells amplifies the type I interferon response and alters influenza A virus pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010228. [PMID: 35675358 PMCID: PMC9212157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) preferentially infects conducting airway and alveolar epithelial cells in the lung. The outcome of these infections is impacted by the host response, including the production of various cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Fibroblast growth factor-9 (FGF9) is required for lung development, can display antiviral activity in vitro, and is upregulated in asymptomatic patients during early IAV infection. We therefore hypothesized that FGF9 would protect the lungs from respiratory virus infection and evaluated IAV pathogenesis in mice that overexpress FGF9 in club cells in the conducting airway epithelium (FGF9-OE mice). However, we found that FGF9-OE mice were highly susceptible to IAV and Sendai virus infection compared to control mice. FGF9-OE mice displayed elevated and persistent viral loads, increased expression of cytokines and chemokines, and increased numbers of infiltrating immune cells as early as 1 day post-infection (dpi). Gene expression analysis showed an elevated type I interferon (IFN) signature in the conducting airway epithelium and analysis of IAV tropism uncovered a dramatic shift in infection from the conducting airway epithelium to the alveolar epithelium in FGF9-OE lungs. These results demonstrate that FGF9 signaling primes the conducting airway epithelium to rapidly induce a localized IFN and proinflammatory cytokine response during viral infection. Although this response protects the airway epithelial cells from IAV infection, it allows for early and enhanced infection of the alveolar epithelium, ultimately leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Our study illuminates a novel role for FGF9 in regulating respiratory virus infection and pathogenesis. Influenza viruses are respiratory viruses that cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the lungs, influenza A virus primarily infects epithelial cells that line the conducting airways and alveoli. Fibroblast growth factor-9 (FGF9) is a growth factor that has been shown to have antiviral activity and is upregulated during early IAV infection in asymptomatic patients, leading us to hypothesize that FGF9 would protect the lung epithelium from IAV infection. However, mice that express and secrete FGF9 from club cells in the conducting airway had more severe respiratory virus infection and a hyperactive inflammatory immune response as early as 1 day post-infection. Analysis of the FGF9-expressing airway epithelial cells found an elevated antiviral and inflammatory interferon signature, which protected these cells from severe IAV infection. However, heightened infection of alveolar cells resulted in excessive inflammation in the alveoli, resulting in more severe disease and death. Our study identifies a novel antiviral and inflammatory role for FGFs in the lung airway epithelium and confirms that early and robust IAV infection of alveolar cells results in more severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley E Hiller
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yongjun Yin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, Unites States of America
| | - Yi-Chieh Perng
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ítalo de Araujo Castro
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Women Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, Unites States of America
| | - Lindsey E Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Marissa C Locke
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kristen J Monte
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carolina B López
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Women Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, Unites States of America
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, Unites States of America
| | - Deborah J Lenschow
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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13
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Jones MR, Lingampally A, Ahmadvand N, Chong L, Wu J, Wilhem J, Vazquez-Armendariz AI, Ansari M, Herold S, Ornitz DM, Schiller HB, Chao CM, Zhang JS, Carraro G, Bellusci S. FGFR2b signalling restricts lineage-flexible alveolar progenitors during mouse lung development and converges in mature alveolar type 2 cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:609. [PMID: 36445537 PMCID: PMC9708820 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04626-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The specification, characterization, and fate of alveolar type 1 and type 2 (AT1 and AT2) progenitors during embryonic lung development are poorly defined. Current models of distal epithelial lineage formation fail to capture the heterogeneity and dynamic contribution of progenitor pools present during early development. Furthermore, few studies explore the pathways involved in alveolar progenitor specification and fate. In this paper, we build upon our previously published work on the regulation of airway epithelial progenitors by fibroblast growth factor receptor 2b (FGFR2b) signalling during early (E12.5) and mid (E14.5) pseudoglandular stage lung development. Our results suggest that a significant proportion of AT2 and AT1 progenitors are lineage-flexible during late pseudoglandular stage development, and that lineage commitment is regulated in part by FGFR2b signalling. We have characterized a set of direct FGFR2b targets at E16.5 which are likely involved in alveolar lineage formation. These signature genes converge on a subpopulation of AT2 cells later in development and are downregulated in AT2 cells transitioning to the AT1 lineage during repair after injury in adults. Our findings highlight the extensive heterogeneity of pneumocytes by elucidating the role of FGFR2b signalling in these cells during early airway epithelial lineage formation, as well as during repair after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Jones
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Arun Lingampally
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Negah Ahmadvand
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lei Chong
- China National Key Clinical Specialty of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children′s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027 Zhejiang China
| | - Jin Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Jochen Wilhem
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany ,Institute of Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany
| | - Ana Ivonne Vazquez-Armendariz
- Institute of Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany ,Department of Medicine V, Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Meshal Ansari
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Institute of Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany ,Department of Medicine V, Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Herbert B. Schiller
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Cho-Ming Chao
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany ,Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Centre for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jin-San Zhang
- The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People′s Hospital, 324000 Quzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Gianni Carraro
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Lung and Regenerative Medicine Institutes, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People′s Hospital, 324000 Quzhou, Zhejiang China ,Laboratory of Extracellular Lung Matrix Remodelling, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardio-Pulmonary Institute and Institute for Lung Health, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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14
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Woo KV, Shen IY, Weinheimer CJ, Kovacs A, Nigro J, Lin CY, Chakinala M, Byers DE, Ornitz DM. Endothelial FGF signaling is protective in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:141467. [PMID: 34623323 DOI: 10.1172/jci141467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) is one of the most common and deadliest forms of PH. Fibroblast growth factor receptors 1 and 2 (FGFR1/2) are elevated in patients with PH and in mice exposed to chronic hypoxia. Endothelial FGFR1/2 signaling is important for the adaptive response to several injury types and we hypothesized that endothelial FGFR1/2 signaling would protect against hypoxia-induced PH. Mice lacking endothelial FGFR1/2, mice with activated endothelial FGFR signaling, and human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) were challenged with hypoxia. We assessed the effect of FGFR activation and inhibition on right ventricular pressure, vascular remodeling, and endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), a known pathologic change seen in patients with PH. Hypoxia-exposed mice lacking endothelial FGFRs developed increased PH, while mice overexpressing a constitutively active FGFR in endothelial cells did not develop PH. Mechanistically, lack of endothelial FGFRs or inhibition of FGFRs in HPAECs led to increased TGF-β signaling and increased EndMT in response to hypoxia. These phenotypes were reversed in mice with activated endothelial FGFR signaling, suggesting that FGFR signaling inhibits TGF-β pathway-mediated EndMT during chronic hypoxia. Consistent with these observations, lung tissue from patients with PH showed activation of FGFR and TGF-β signaling. Collectively, these data suggest that activation of endothelial FGFR signaling could be therapeutic for hypoxia-induced PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kel Vin Woo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics.,Department of Developmental Biology
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Murali Chakinala
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Derek E Byers
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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15
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DeSalvo J, Ban Y, Li L, Sun X, Jiang Z, Kerr DA, Khanlari M, Boulina M, Capecchi MR, Partanen JM, Chen L, Kondo T, Ornitz DM, Trent JC, Eid JE. ETV4 and ETV5 drive synovial sarcoma through cell cycle and DUX4 embryonic pathway control. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:141908. [PMID: 33983905 DOI: 10.1172/jci141908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synovial sarcoma is an aggressive malignancy with no effective treatments for patients with metastasis. The synovial sarcoma fusion SS18-SSX, which recruits the SWI/SNF-BAF chromatin remodeling and polycomb repressive complexes, results in epigenetic activation of FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling. In genetic FGFR-knockout models, culture, and xenograft synovial sarcoma models treated with the FGFR inhibitor BGJ398, we show that FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR3 were crucial for tumor growth. Transcriptome analyses of BGJ398-treated cells and histological and expression analyses of mouse and human synovial sarcoma tumors revealed prevalent expression of two ETS factors and FGFR targets, ETV4 and ETV5. We further demonstrate that ETV4 and ETV5 acted as drivers of synovial sarcoma growth, most likely through control of the cell cycle. Upon ETV4 and ETV5 knockdown, we observed a striking upregulation of DUX4 and its transcriptional targets that activate the zygotic genome and drive the atrophy program in facioscapulohumeral dystrophy patients. In addition to demonstrating the importance of inhibiting all three FGFRs, the current findings reveal potential nodes of attack for the cancer with the discovery of ETV4 and ETV5 as appropriate biomarkers and molecular targets, and activation of the embryonic DUX4 pathway as a promising approach to block synovial sarcoma tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna DeSalvo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Yuguang Ban
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and.,Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Luyuan Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | | | - Zhijie Jiang
- University of Miami Center for Computational Science, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Maria Boulina
- Analytical Imaging Core Facility, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mario R Capecchi
- Department of Human Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Juha M Partanen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lin Chen
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tadashi Kondo
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jonathan C Trent
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Josiane E Eid
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
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16
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Leek CC, Soulas JM, Bhattacharya I, Ganji E, Locke RC, Smith MC, Bhavsar JD, Polson SW, Ornitz DM, Killian ML. Deletion of Fibroblast growth factor 9 globally and in skeletal muscle results in enlarged tuberosities at sites of deltoid tendon attachments. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1778-1795. [PMID: 34091985 PMCID: PMC8639753 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growth of most bony tuberosities, like the deltoid tuberosity (DT), rely on the transmission of muscle forces at the tendon-bone attachment during skeletal growth. Tuberosities distribute muscle forces and provide mechanical leverage at attachment sites for joint stability and mobility. The genetic factors that regulate tuberosity growth remain largely unknown. In mouse embryos with global deletion of fibroblast growth factor 9 (Fgf9), the DT size is notably enlarged. In this study, we explored the tissue-specific regulation of DT size using both global and targeted deletion of Fgf9. RESULTS We showed that cell hypertrophy and mineralization dynamics of the DT, as well as transcriptional signatures from skeletal muscle but not bone, were influenced by the global loss of Fgf9. Loss of Fgf9 during embryonic growth led to increased chondrocyte hypertrophy and reduced cell proliferation at the DT attachment site. This endured hypertrophy and limited proliferation may explain the abnormal mineralization patterns and locally dysregulated expression of markers of endochondral development in Fgf9null attachments. We then showed that targeted deletion of Fgf9 in skeletal muscle leads to postnatal enlargement of the DT. CONCLUSION Taken together, we discovered that Fgf9 may play an influential role in muscle-bone cross-talk during embryonic and postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor C Leek
- College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jaclyn M Soulas
- College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.,College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Iman Bhattacharya
- College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.,Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Elahe Ganji
- College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ryan C Locke
- College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Megan C Smith
- College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jaysheel D Bhavsar
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Shawn W Polson
- College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.,Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Megan L Killian
- College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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17
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Ishioka K, Yasuda H, Hamamoto J, Terai H, Emoto K, Kim TJ, Hirose S, Kamatani T, Mimaki S, Arai D, Ohgino K, Tani T, Masuzawa K, Manabe T, Shinozaki T, Mitsuishi A, Ebisudani T, Fukushima T, Ozaki M, Ikemura S, Kawada I, Naoki K, Nakamura M, Ohtsuka T, Asamura H, Tsuchihara K, Hayashi Y, Hegab AE, Kobayashi SS, Kohno T, Watanabe H, Ornitz DM, Betsuyaku T, Soejima K, Fukunaga K. Upregulation of FGF9 in Lung Adenocarcinoma Transdifferentiation to Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Res 2021; 81:3916-3929. [PMID: 34083250 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-4048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transdifferentiation of lung adenocarcinoma to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has been reported in a subset of lung cancer cases that bear EGFR mutations. Several studies have reported the prerequisite role of TP53 and RB1 alterations in transdifferentiation. However, the mechanism underlying transdifferentiation remains understudied, and definitive additional events, the third hit, for transdifferentiation have not yet been identified. In addition, no prospective experiments provide direct evidence for transdifferentiation. In this study, we show that FGF9 upregulation plays an essential role in transdifferentiation. An integrative omics analysis of paired tumor samples from a patient with transdifferentiated SCLC exhibited robust upregulation of FGF9. Furthermore, FGF9 upregulation was confirmed at the protein level in four of six (66.7%) paired samples. FGF9 induction transformed mouse lung adenocarcinoma-derived cells to SCLC-like tumors in vivo through cell autonomous activation of the FGFR pathway. In vivo treatment of transdifferentiated SCLC-like tumors with the pan-FGFR inhibitor AZD4547 inhibited growth. In addition, FGF9 induced neuroendocrine differentiation, a pathologic characteristic of SCLC, in established human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Thus, the findings provide direct evidence for FGF9-mediated SCLC transdifferentiation and propose the FGF9-FGFR axis as a therapeutic target for transdifferentiated SCLC. SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates that FGF9 plays a role in the transdifferentiation of lung adenocarcinoma to small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Ishioka
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yasuda
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Junko Hamamoto
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Terai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsura Emoto
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tae-Jung Kim
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Yeouido St. Mary Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Shigemichi Hirose
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamatani
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Mimaki
- Division of Translational Genomics, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Arai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Ohgino
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Tani
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keita Masuzawa
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Manabe
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Shinozaki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akifumi Mitsuishi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Ebisudani
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fukushima
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Ozaki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Ikemura
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Keio Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kawada
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Naoki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Keio Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Morio Nakamura
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohtsuka
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisao Asamura
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuya Tsuchihara
- Division of Translational Genomics, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hayashi
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ahmed E Hegab
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu S Kobayashi
- Division of Translational Genomics, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Takashi Kohno
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Watanabe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Tomoko Betsuyaku
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenzo Soejima
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukunaga
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Su Y, Yang LM, Ornitz DM. FGF20-FGFR1 signaling through MAPK and PI3K controls sensory progenitor differentiation in the organ of Corti. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:134-144. [PMID: 32735383 PMCID: PMC8415122 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast Growth Factor 20 (FGF20)-FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) signaling is essential for cochlear hair cell (HC) and supporting cell (SC) differentiation. In other organ systems, FGFR1 signals through several intracellular pathways including MAPK (ERK), PI3K, phospholipase C ɣ (PLCɣ), and p38. Previous studies implicated MAPK and PI3K pathways in HC and SC development. We hypothesized that one or both would be important downstream mediators of FGF20-FGFR1 signaling for HC differentiation. RESULTS By inhibiting pathways downstream of FGFR1 in cochlea explant cultures, we established that both MAPK and PI3K pathways are required for HC differentiation while PLCɣ and p38 pathways are not. Examining the canonical PI3K pathway, we found that while AKT is necessary for HC differentiation, it is not sufficient to rescue the Fgf20-/- phenotype. To determine whether PI3K functions downstream of FGF20, we inhibited Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog (PTEN) in Fgf20-/- explants. Overactivation of PI3K resulted in a partial rescue of the Fgf20-/- phenotype, demonstrating a requirement for PI3K downstream of FGF20. Consistent with a requirement for the MAPK pathway for FGF20-regulated HC differentiation, we show that treating Fgf20-/- explants with FGF9 increased levels of dpERK. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data provide evidence that both MAPK and PI3K are important downstream mediators of FGF20-FGFR1 signaling during HC and SC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Su
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lu M Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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19
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Weant J, Eveleth DD, Subramaniam A, Jenkins-Eveleth J, Blaber M, Li L, Ornitz DM, Alimardanov A, Broadt T, Dong H, Vyas V, Yang X, Bradshaw RA. Regenerative responses of rabbit corneal endothelial cells to stimulation by fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) derivatives, TTHX1001 and TTHX1114. Growth Factors 2021; 39:14-27. [PMID: 34879776 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2021.2012468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Utilising rabbit corneal endothelial cells (CEC) in three different paradigms, two human FGF1 derivatives (TTHX1001 and TTHX1114), engineered to exhibit greater stability, were tested as proliferative agents. Primary CECs and mouse NIH 3T3 cells treated with the two FGF1 derivatives showed equivalent EC50 ranges (3.3-24 vs.1.9-16. ng/mL) and, in organ culture, chemically lesioned corneas regained half of the lost endothelial layer in three days after treatment with the FGF1 derivatives as compared to controls. In vivo, following cryolesioning, the CEC monolayer, as judged by specular microscopy, regenerated 10-11 days faster when treated with TTHX1001. Over two weeks, all treated eyes showed clearing of opacity about twice that of untreated controls. In all three rabbit models, both FGF1 derivatives were effective in inducing CEC proliferation over control conditions, supporting the prediction that these stabilised FGF1 derivatives can potentially regenerate corneal endothelial deficits in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael Blaber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Asaf Alimardanov
- Therapeutics Development Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Trevor Broadt
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, Advanced Technology Research Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Hui Dong
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, Advanced Technology Research Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Vinay Vyas
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, Advanced Technology Research Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Yang
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, Advanced Technology Research Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ralph A Bradshaw
- Trefoil Therapeutics, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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20
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Stone SI, Wegner DJ, Wambach JA, Cole FS, Urano F, Ornitz DM. Digenic Variants in the FGF21 Signaling Pathway Associated with Severe Insulin Resistance and Pseudoacromegaly. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa138. [PMID: 33210059 PMCID: PMC7653638 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-mediated pseudoacromegaly (IMPA) is a rare disease of unknown etiology. Here we report a 12-year-old female with acanthosis nigricans, hirsutism, and acromegalic features characteristic of IMPA. The subject was noted to have normal growth hormone secretion, with extremely elevated insulin levels. Studies were undertaken to determine a potential genetic etiology for IMPA. The proband and her family members underwent whole exome sequencing. Functional studies were undertaken to validate the pathogenicity of candidate variant alleles. Whole exome sequencing identified monoallelic, predicted deleterious variants in genes that mediate fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) signaling, FGFR1 and KLB, which were inherited in trans from each parent. FGF21 has multiple metabolic functions but no known role in human insulin resistance syndromes. Analysis of the function of the FGFR1 and KLB variants in vitro showed greatly attenuated ERK phosphorylation in response to FGF21, but not FGF2, suggesting that these variants act synergistically to inhibit endocrine FGF21 signaling but not canonical FGF2 signaling. Therefore, digenic variants in FGFR1 and KLB provide a potential explanation for the subject's severe insulin resistance and may represent a novel category of insulin resistance syndromes related to FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen I Stone
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, US
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, US
| | - Daniel J Wegner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, US
| | - Jennifer A Wambach
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, US
| | - F Sessions Cole
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, US
| | - Fumihiko Urano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, US
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, US
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, US
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21
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Boylan M, Anderson MJ, Ornitz DM, Lewandoski M. The Fgf8 subfamily (Fgf8, Fgf17 and Fgf18) is required for closure of the embryonic ventral body wall. Development 2020; 147:dev189506. [PMID: 32907848 PMCID: PMC7595690 DOI: 10.1242/dev.189506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The closure of the embryonic ventral body wall in amniotes is an important morphogenetic event and is essential for life. Defects in human ventral wall closure are a major class of birth defect and a significant health burden. Despite this, very little is understood about how the ventral body wall is formed. Here, we show that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) ligands FGF8, FGF17 and FGF18 are essential for this process. Conditional mouse mutants for these genes display subtle migratory defects in the abdominal muscles of the ventral body wall and an enlarged umbilical ring, through which the internal organs are extruded. By refining where and when these genes are required using different Cre lines, we show that Fgf8 and Fgf17 are required in the presomitic mesoderm, whereas Fgf18 is required in the somites. This study identifies complex and multifactorial origins of ventral wall defects and has important implications for understanding their origins during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Boylan
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Matthew J Anderson
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mark Lewandoski
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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22
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Dorry SJ, Ansbro BO, Ornitz DM, Mutlu GM, Guzy RD. FGFR2 Is Required for AEC2 Homeostasis and Survival after Bleomycin-induced Lung Injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:608-621. [PMID: 31860803 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0079oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) injury is central to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Epithelial FGF (fibroblast growth factor) signaling is essential for recovery from hyperoxia- and influenza-induced lung injury, and treatment with FGFs is protective in experimental lung injury. The cell types involved in the protective effect of FGFs are not known. We hypothesized that FGF signaling in type II AECs (AEC2s) is critical in bleomycin-induced lung injury and fibrosis. To test this hypothesis, we generated mice with tamoxifen-inducible deletion of FGFR1-3 (fibroblast growth factor receptors 1, 2, and 3) in surfactant protein C-positive (SPC+) AEC2s (SPC triple conditional knockout [SPC-TCKO]). In the absence of injury, SPC-TCKO mice had fewer AEC2s, decreased Sftpc (surfactant protein C gene) expression, increased alveolar diameter, and increased collagen deposition. After intratracheal bleomycin administration, SPC-TCKO mice had increased mortality, lung edema, and BAL total protein, and flow cytometry and immunofluorescence revealed a loss of AEC2s. To reduce mortality of SPC-TCKO mice to less than 50%, a 25-fold dose reduction of bleomycin was required. Surviving bleomycin-injured SPC-TCKO mice had increased collagen deposition, fibrosis, and ACTA2 expression and decreased epithelial gene expression. Inducible inactivation of individual Fgfr2 or Fgfr3 revealed that Fgfr2, but not Fgfr3, was responsible for the increased mortality and lung injury after bleomycin administration. In conclusion, AEC2-specific FGFR2 is critical for survival in response to bleomycin-induced lung injury. These data also suggest that a population of SPC+ AEC2s require FGFR2 signaling for maintenance in the adult lung. Preventing epithelial FGFR inhibition and/or activating FGFRs in alveolar epithelium may therefore represent a novel approach to treating lung injury and reducing fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Dorry
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Brandon O Ansbro
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Gökhan M Mutlu
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Robert D Guzy
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
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23
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Wu J, Tian Y, Han L, Liu C, Sun T, Li L, Yu Y, Lamichhane B, D'Souza RN, Millar SE, Krumlauf R, Ornitz DM, Feng JQ, Klein O, Zhao H, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Wang X. FAM20B-catalyzed glycosaminoglycans control murine tooth number by restricting FGFR2b signaling. BMC Biol 2020; 18:87. [PMID: 32664967 PMCID: PMC7359594 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00813-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation of supernumerary teeth is an excellent model for studying the molecular mechanisms that control stem/progenitor cell homeostasis needed to generate a renewable source of replacement cells and tissues. Although multiple growth factors and transcriptional factors have been associated with supernumerary tooth formation, the regulatory inputs of extracellular matrix in this regenerative process remains poorly understood. RESULTS In this study, we present evidence that disrupting glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the dental epithelium of mice by inactivating FAM20B, a xylose kinase essential for GAG assembly, leads to supernumerary tooth formation in a pattern reminiscent of replacement teeth. The dental epithelial GAGs confine murine tooth number by restricting the homeostasis of Sox2(+) dental epithelial stem/progenitor cells in a non-autonomous manner. FAM20B-catalyzed GAGs regulate the cell fate of dental lamina by restricting FGFR2b signaling at the initial stage of tooth development to maintain a subtle balance between the renewal and differentiation of Sox2(+) cells. At the later cap stage, WNT signaling functions as a relay cue to facilitate the supernumerary tooth formation. CONCLUSIONS The novel mechanism we have characterized through which GAGs control the tooth number in mice may also be more broadly relevant for potentiating signaling interactions in other tissues during development and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Wu
- Southern Medical University Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.,West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Han
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.,West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.,Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Tianyu Sun
- Southern Medical University Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Bikash Lamichhane
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Rena N D'Souza
- School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Sarah E Millar
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Robb Krumlauf
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Ophir Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Hu Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.
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24
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Yang LM, Stout L, Rauchman M, Ornitz DM. Analysis of FGF20-regulated genes in organ of Corti progenitors by translating ribosome affinity purification. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:1217-1242. [PMID: 32492250 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the mechanisms that regulate hair cell (HC) differentiation in the organ of Corti (OC) is essential to designing genetic therapies for hearing loss due to HC loss or damage. We have previously identified Fibroblast Growth Factor 20 (FGF20) as having a key role in HC and supporting cell differentiation in the mouse OC. To investigate the genetic landscape regulated by FGF20 signaling in OC progenitors, we employ Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification combined with Next Generation RNA Sequencing (TRAPseq) in the Fgf20 lineage. RESULTS We show that TRAPseq targeting OC progenitors effectively enriched for RNA from this rare cell population. TRAPseq identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) downstream of FGF20, including Etv4, Etv5, Etv1, Dusp6, Hey1, Hey2, Heyl, Tectb, Fat3, Cpxm2, Sall1, Sall3, and cell cycle regulators such as Cdc20. Analysis of Cdc20 conditional-null mice identified decreased cochlea length, while analysis of Sall1-null and Sall1-ΔZn2-10 mice, which harbor a mutation that causes Townes-Brocks syndrome, identified a decrease in outer hair cell number. CONCLUSIONS We present two datasets: genes with enriched expression in OC progenitors, and DEGs downstream of FGF20 in the embryonic day 14.5 cochlea. We validate select DEGs via in situ hybridization and in vivo functional studies in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu M Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lisa Stout
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael Rauchman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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25
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Lewis EMA, Sankar S, Tong C, Patterson ES, Waller LE, Gontarz P, Zhang B, Ornitz DM, Kroll KL. Geminin is required for Hox gene regulation to pattern the developing limb. Dev Biol 2020; 464:11-23. [PMID: 32450229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of the complex structure of the vertebrate limb requires carefully orchestrated interactions between multiple regulatory pathways and proteins. Among these, precise regulation of 5' Hox transcription factor expression is essential for proper limb bud patterning and elaboration of distinct limb skeletal elements. Here, we identified Geminin (Gmnn) as a novel regulator of this process. A conditional model of Gmnn deficiency resulted in loss or severe reduction of forelimb skeletal elements, while both the forelimb autopod and hindlimb were unaffected. 5' Hox gene expression expanded into more proximal and anterior regions of the embryonic forelimb buds in this Gmnn-deficient model. A second conditional model of Gmnn deficiency instead caused a similar but less severe reduction of hindlimb skeletal elements and hindlimb polydactyly, while not affecting the forelimb. An ectopic posterior SHH signaling center was evident in the anterior hindlimb bud of Gmnn-deficient embryos in this model. This center ectopically expressed Hoxd13, the HOXD13 target Shh, and the SHH target Ptch1, while these mutant hindlimb buds also had reduced levels of the cleaved, repressor form of GLI3, a SHH pathway antagonist. Together, this work delineates a new role for Gmnn in modulating Hox expression to pattern the vertebrate limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M A Lewis
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Savita Sankar
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Caili Tong
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ethan S Patterson
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Laura E Waller
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Paul Gontarz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kristen L Kroll
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) 9 and 10 are essential during the pseudoglandular stage of lung development. Mesothelium-produced FGF9 is principally responsible for mesenchymal growth, whereas epithelium-produced FGF9 and mesenchyme-produced FGF10 guide lung epithelial development, and loss of either of these ligands affects epithelial branching. Because FGF9 and FGF10 activate distinct FGF receptors (FGFRs), we hypothesized that they would control distinct developmental processes. Here, we found that FGF9 signaled through epithelial FGFR3 to directly promote distal epithelial fate specification and inhibit epithelial differentiation. By contrast, FGF10 signaled through epithelial FGFR2b to promote epithelial proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, FGF9-FGFR3 signaling functionally opposed FGF10-FGFR2b signaling, and FGFR3 preferentially used downstream phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways, whereas FGFR2b relied on downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. These data demonstrate that, within lung epithelial cells, different FGFRs function independently; they bind receptor-specific ligands and direct distinct developmental functions through the activation of distinct downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Yin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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27
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Hagan AS, Zhang B, Ornitz DM. Identification of a FGF18-expressing alveolar myofibroblast that is developmentally cleared during alveologenesis. Development 2020; 147:dev.181032. [PMID: 31862844 DOI: 10.1242/dev.181032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alveologenesis is an essential developmental process that increases the surface area of the lung through the formation of septal ridges. In the mouse, septation occurs postnatally and is thought to require the alveolar myofibroblast (AMF). Though abundant during alveologenesis, markers for AMFs are minimally detected in the adult. After septation, the alveolar walls thin to allow efficient gas exchange. Both loss of AMFs or retention and differentiation into another cell type during septal thinning have been proposed. Using a novel Fgf18:CreERT2 allele to lineage trace AMFs, we demonstrate that most AMFs are developmentally cleared during alveologenesis. Lung mesenchyme also contains other poorly described cell types, including alveolar lipofibroblasts (ALF). We show that Gli1:CreERT2 marks both AMFs as well as ALFs, and lineage tracing shows that ALFs are retained in adult alveoli while AMFs are lost. We further show that multiple immune cell populations contain lineage-labeled particles, suggesting a phagocytic role in the clearance of AMFs. The demonstration that the AMF lineage is depleted during septal thinning through a phagocytic process provides a mechanism for the clearance of a transient developmental cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Hagan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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28
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Meyer M, Ben-Yehuda Greenwald M, Rauschendorfer T, Sänger C, Jukic M, Iizuka H, Kubo F, Chen L, Ornitz DM, Werner S. Mouse genetics identifies unique and overlapping functions of fibroblast growth factor receptors in keratinocytes. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:1774-1785. [PMID: 31830366 PMCID: PMC6991627 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are key regulators of tissue development, homeostasis and repair, and abnormal FGF signalling is associated with various human diseases. In human and murine epidermis, FGF receptor 3 (FGFR3) activation causes benign skin tumours, but the consequences of FGFR3 deficiency in this tissue have not been determined. Here, we show that FGFR3 in keratinocytes is dispensable for mouse skin development, homeostasis and wound repair. However, the defect in the epidermal barrier and the resulting inflammatory skin disease that develops in mice lacking FGFR1 and FGFR2 in keratinocytes were further aggravated upon additional loss of FGFR3. This caused fibroblast activation and fibrosis in the FGFR1/FGFR2 double‐knockout mice and even more in mice lacking all three FGFRs, revealing functional redundancy of FGFR3 with FGFR1 and FGFR2 for maintaining the epidermal barrier. Taken together, our study demonstrates that FGFR1, FGFR2 and FGFR3 act together to maintain epidermal integrity and cutaneous homeostasis, with FGFR2 being the dominant receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meyer
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Theresa Rauschendorfer
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Catharina Sänger
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marko Jukic
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Haruka Iizuka
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fumimasa Kubo
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lin Chen
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sabine Werner
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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29
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McKenzie J, Smith C, Karuppaiah K, Langberg J, Silva MJ, Ornitz DM. Osteocyte Death and Bone Overgrowth in Mice Lacking Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors 1 and 2 in Mature Osteoblasts and Osteocytes. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:1660-1675. [PMID: 31206783 PMCID: PMC6744314 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathways have well-established roles in skeletal development, with essential functions in both chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. In mice, previous conditional knockout studies suggested distinct roles for FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) signaling at different stages of osteogenesis and a role for FGFR2 in osteoblast maturation. However, the potential for redundancy among FGFRs and the mechanisms and consequences of stage-specific osteoblast lineage regulation were not addressed. Here, we conditionally inactivate Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 in mature osteoblasts with an Osteocalcin (OC)-Cre or Dentin matrix protein 1 (Dmp1)-CreER driver. We find that young mice lacking both receptors or only FGFR1 are phenotypically normal. However, between 6 and 12 weeks of age, OC-Cre Fgfr1/Fgfr2 double- and Fgfr1 single-conditional knockout mice develop a high bone mass phenotype with increased periosteal apposition, increased and disorganized endocortical bone with increased porosity, and biomechanical properties that reflect increased bone mass but impaired material properties. Histopathological and gene expression analyses show that this phenotype is preceded by a striking loss of osteocytes and accompanied by activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. These data identify a role for FGFR1 signaling in mature osteoblasts/osteocytes that is directly or indirectly required for osteocyte survival and regulation of bone mass during postnatal bone growth. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer McKenzie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Craig Smith
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kannan Karuppaiah
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joshua Langberg
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew J Silva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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30
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Hagan AS, Boylan M, Smith C, Perez-Santamarina E, Kowalska K, Hung IH, Lewis RM, Hajihosseini MK, Lewandoski M, Ornitz DM. Generation and validation of novel conditional flox and inducible Cre alleles targeting fibroblast growth factor 18 (Fgf18). Dev Dyn 2019; 248:882-893. [PMID: 31290205 PMCID: PMC7029619 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18) functions in the development of several tissues, including the lung, limb bud, palate, skeleton, central nervous system, and hair follicle. Mice containing a germline knockout of Fgf18 (Fgf18 -/- ) die shortly after birth. Postnatally, FGF18 is being evaluated for pathogenic roles in fibrosis and several types of cancer. The specific cell types that express FGF18 have been difficult to identify, and the function of FGF18 in postnatal development and tissue homeostasis has been hampered by the perinatal lethality of Fgf18 null mice. RESULTS We engineered a floxed allele of Fgf18 (Fgf18 flox ) that allows conditional gene inactivation and a CreERT2 knockin allele (Fgf18 CreERT2 ) that allows the precise identification of cells that express Fgf18 and their lineage. We validated the Fgf18 flox allele by targeting it in mesenchymal tissue and primary mesoderm during embryonic development, resulting in similar phenotypes to those observed in Fgf18 null mice. We also use the Fgf18 CreERT2 allele, in combination with a conditional fluorescent reporter to confirm known and identify new sites of Fgf18 expression. CONCLUSION These alleles will be useful to investigate FGF18 function during organogenesis and tissue homeostasis, and to target specific cell lineages at embryonic and postnatal time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Hagan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael Boylan
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Craig Smith
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Karolina Kowalska
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Irene H. Hung
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Renate M. Lewis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Mark Lewandoski
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
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31
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Hines EA, Jones MKN, Harvey JF, Perlyn C, Ornitz DM, Sun X, Verheyden JM. Crouzon syndrome mouse model exhibits cartilage hyperproliferation and defective segmentation in the developing trachea. Sci China Life Sci 2019; 62:1375-1380. [PMID: 31463736 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-9568-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Crouzon syndrome is the result of a gain-of-function point mutation in FGFR2. Mimicking the human mutation, a mouse model of Crouzon syndrome (Fgfr2342Y) recapitulates patient deformities, including failed tracheal cartilage segmentation, resulting in a cartilaginous sleeve in the homozygous mutants. We found that the Fgfr2C342Y/C342Y mutants exhibited an increase in chondrocytes prior to segmentation. This increase is due at least in part to over proliferation. Genetic ablation of chondrocytes in the mutant led to restoration of segmentation in the lateral but not central portion of the trachea. These results suggest that in the Fgfr2C342Y/C342Y mutants, increased cartilage cell proliferation precedes and contributes to the disruption of cartilage segmentation in the developing trachea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Hines
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Mary-Kayt N Jones
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Julie F Harvey
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Chad Perlyn
- Department of Surgery, Florida International University College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Xin Sun
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Jamie M Verheyden
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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32
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Kaminskas B, Goodman T, Hagan A, Bellusci S, Ornitz DM, Hajihosseini MK. Characterisation of endogenous players in fibroblast growth factor-regulated functions of hypothalamic tanycytes and energy-balance nuclei. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12750. [PMID: 31111569 PMCID: PMC6772024 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian hypothalamus regulates key homeostatic and neuroendocrine functions ranging from circadian rhythm and energy balance to growth and reproductive cycles via the hypothalamic-pituitary and hypothalamic-thyroid axes. In addition to its neurones, tanycytes are taking centre stage in the short- and long-term augmentation and integration of diverse hypothalamic functions, although the genetic regulators and mediators of their involvement are poorly understood. Exogenous interventions have implicated fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling, although the focal point of the action of FGF and any role for putative endogenous players also remains elusive. We carried out a comprehensive high-resolution screen of FGF signalling pathway mediators and modifiers using a combination of in situ hybridisation, immunolabelling and transgenic reporter mice, aiming to map their spatial distribution in the adult hypothalamus. Our findings suggest that β-tanycytes are the likely focal point of exogenous and endogenous action of FGF in the third ventricular wall, utilising FGF receptor (FGFR)1 and FGFR2 IIIc isoforms, but not FGFR3. Key IIIc-activating endogenous ligands include FGF1, 2, 9 and 18, which are expressed by a subset of ependymal and parenchymal cells. In the parenchymal compartment, FGFR1-3 show divergent patterns, with FGFR1 being predominant in neuronal nuclei and expression of FGFR3 being associated with glial cell function. Intracrine FGFs are also present, suggestive of multiple modes of FGF function. Our findings provide a testable framework for understanding the complex role of FGFs with respect to regulating the metabolic endocrine and neurogenic functions of hypothalamus in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy Goodman
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Andrew Hagan
- Department of Developmental BiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMissouri
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Cardio‐Pulmonary InstituteJustus Liebig UniversityGiessenGermany
- International Collaborative Centre on Growth Factor ResearchLife Science InstituteWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Developmental BiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMissouri
| | - Mohammad K. Hajihosseini
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- International Collaborative Centre on Growth Factor ResearchLife Science InstituteWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
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33
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Yang LM, Cheah KSE, Huh SH, Ornitz DM. Sox2 and FGF20 interact to regulate organ of Corti hair cell and supporting cell development in a spatially-graded manner. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008254. [PMID: 31276493 PMCID: PMC6636783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse organ of Corti, housed inside the cochlea, contains hair cells and supporting cells that transduce sound into electrical signals. These cells develop in two main steps: progenitor specification followed by differentiation. Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) signaling is important in this developmental pathway, as deletion of FGF receptor 1 (Fgfr1) or its ligand, Fgf20, leads to the loss of hair cells and supporting cells from the organ of Corti. However, whether FGF20-FGFR1 signaling is required during specification or differentiation, and how it interacts with the transcription factor Sox2, also important for hair cell and supporting cell development, has been a topic of debate. Here, we show that while FGF20-FGFR1 signaling functions during progenitor differentiation, FGFR1 has an FGF20-independent, Sox2-dependent role in specification. We also show that a combination of reduction in Sox2 expression and Fgf20 deletion recapitulates the Fgfr1-deletion phenotype. Furthermore, we uncovered a strong genetic interaction between Sox2 and Fgf20, especially in regulating the development of hair cells and supporting cells towards the basal end and the outer compartment of the cochlea. To explain this genetic interaction and its effects on the basal end of the cochlea, we provide evidence that decreased Sox2 expression delays specification, which begins at the apex of the cochlea and progresses towards the base, while Fgf20-deletion results in premature onset of differentiation, which begins near the base of the cochlea and progresses towards the apex. Thereby, Sox2 and Fgf20 interact to ensure that specification occurs before differentiation towards the cochlear base. These findings reveal an intricate developmental program regulating organ of Corti development along the basal-apical axis of the cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu M. Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kathryn S. E. Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sung-Ho Huh
- Department of Developmental Biology; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, and the Department of Neurological Sciences; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DMO); (SH)
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DMO); (SH)
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34
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Hegab AE, Ozaki M, Kameyama N, Gao J, Kagawa S, Yasuda H, Soejima K, Yin Y, Guzy RD, Nakamura Y, Ornitz DM, Betsuyaku T. Effect of FGF/FGFR pathway blocking on lung adenocarcinoma and its cancer-associated fibroblasts. J Pathol 2019; 249:193-205. [PMID: 31090071 DOI: 10.1002/path.5290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are known to promote tumourigenesis through various mechanisms. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/FGF receptor (FGFR)-dependent lung cancers have been described. We have developed a mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma that was constructed through the induction of Fgf9 overexpression in type 2 alveolar cells. The expression of Fgf9 in adult lungs resulted in the rapid development of multiple adenocarcinoma-like tumour nodules. Here, we have characterised the contribution of CAFs and the Fgf/Fgfr signalling pathway in maintaining the lung tumours initiated by Fgf9 overexpression. We found that CAF-secreted Fgf2 contributes to tumour cell growth. CAFs overexpressed Tgfb, Mmp7, Fgf9, and Fgf2; synthesised more collagen, and secreted inflammatory cell-recruiting cytokines. CAFs also enhanced the conversion of tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) to the tumour-supportive M2 phenotype but did not influence angiogenesis. In vivo inhibition of Fgfrs during early lung tumour development resulted in significantly smaller and fewer tumour nodules, whereas inhibition in established lung tumours caused a significant reduction in tumour size and number. Fgfr inhibition also influenced tumour stromal cells, as it significantly abolished TAM recruitment and reduced tumour vascularity. However, the withdrawal of the inhibitor caused a significant recurrence/regrowth of Fgf/Fgfr-independent lung tumours. These recurrent tumours did not possess a higher proliferative or propagative potential. Our results provide evidence that fibroblasts associated with the Fgf9-induced lung adenocarcinoma provide multiple means of support to the tumour. Although the Fgfr blocker significantly suppressed the tumour and its stromal cells, it was not sufficient to completely eliminate the tumour, probably due to the emergence of alternative (resistance/maintenance) mechanism(s). This model represents an excellent tool to further study the complex interactions between CAFs, their related chemokines, and the progression of lung adenocarcinoma; it also provides further evidence to support the need for a combinatorial strategy to treat lung cancer. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E Hegab
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Ozaki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naofumi Kameyama
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jingtao Gao
- Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shizuko Kagawa
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yasuda
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenzo Soejima
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yongjun Yin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert D Guzy
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Nakamura
- RIBOMIC Inc., Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tomoko Betsuyaku
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) are expressed throughout all stages of skeletal development. In the limb bud and in cranial mesenchyme, FGF signaling is important for formation of mesenchymal condensations that give rise to bone. Once skeletal elements are initiated and patterned, FGFs regulate both endochondral and intramembranous ossification programs. In this chapter, we review functions of the FGF signaling pathway during these critical stages of skeletogenesis, and explore skeletal malformations in humans that are caused by mutations in FGF signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Pierre J Marie
- UMR-1132 Inserm (Institut national de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) and University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
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36
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Mok KW, Saxena N, Heitman N, Grisanti L, Srivastava D, Muraro MJ, Jacob T, Sennett R, Wang Z, Su Y, Yang LM, Ma'ayan A, Ornitz DM, Kasper M, Rendl M. Dermal Condensate Niche Fate Specification Occurs Prior to Formation and Is Placode Progenitor Dependent. Dev Cell 2018; 48:32-48.e5. [PMID: 30595537 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell fate transitions are essential for specification of stem cells and their niches, but the precise timing and sequence of molecular events during embryonic development are largely unknown. Here, we identify, with 3D and 4D microscopy, unclustered precursors of dermal condensates (DC), signaling niches for epithelial progenitors in hair placodes. With population-based and single-cell transcriptomics, we define a molecular time-lapse from pre-DC fate specification through DC niche formation and establish the developmental trajectory as the DC lineage emerges from fibroblasts. Co-expression of downregulated fibroblast and upregulated DC genes in niche precursors reveals a transitory molecular state following a proliferation shutdown. Waves of transcription factor and signaling molecule expression then coincide with DC formation. Finally, ablation of epidermal Wnt signaling and placode-derived FGF20 demonstrates their requirement for pre-DC specification. These findings uncover a progenitor-dependent niche precursor fate and the transitory molecular events controlling niche formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Wai Mok
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nivedita Saxena
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicholas Heitman
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Laura Grisanti
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Devika Srivastava
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mauro J Muraro
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CT, the Netherlands
| | - Tina Jacob
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 141 83, Sweden
| | - Rachel Sennett
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zichen Wang
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, BD2K-LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center, Knowledge Management Center for Illuminating the Druggable Genome (KMC-IDG), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yutao Su
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lu M Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, BD2K-LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center, Knowledge Management Center for Illuminating the Druggable Genome (KMC-IDG), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maria Kasper
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 141 83, Sweden
| | - Michael Rendl
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Yang LM, Ornitz DM. Sculpting the skull through neurosensory epithelial-mesenchymal signaling. Dev Dyn 2018; 248:88-97. [PMID: 30117627 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate skull is a complex structure housing the brain and specialized sensory organs, including the eye, the inner ear, and the olfactory system. The close association between bones of the skull and the sensory organs they encase has posed interesting developmental questions about how the tissues scale with one another. Mechanisms that regulate morphogenesis of the skull are hypothesized to originate in part from the encased neurosensory organs. Conversely, the developing skull is hypothesized to regulate the growth of neurosensory organs, through mechanical forces or molecular signaling. Here, we review studies of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during inner ear and olfactory system development that may coordinate the growth of the two sensory organs with their surrounding bone. We highlight recent progress in the field and provide evidence that mechanical forces arising from bone growth may affect olfactory epithelium development. Developmental Dynamics 248:88-97, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu M Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Koo HY, El-Baz LM, House SL, Cilvik SN, Dorry SJ, Shoukry NM, Salem ML, Hafez HS, Dulin NO, Ornitz DM, Guzy RD. Fibroblast growth factor 2 decreases bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and inhibits fibroblast collagen production and myofibroblast differentiation. J Pathol 2018; 246:54-66. [PMID: 29873400 PMCID: PMC6175645 DOI: 10.1002/path.5106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Mice lacking FGF2 have increased mortality and impaired epithelial recovery after bleomycin exposure, supporting a protective or reparative function following lung injury. To determine whether FGF2 overexpression reduces bleomycin-induced injury, we developed an inducible genetic system to express FGF2 in type II pneumocytes. Double-transgenic (DTG) mice with doxycycline-inducible overexpression of human FGF2 (SPC-rtTA;TRE-hFGF2) or single-transgenic controls were administered intratracheal bleomycin and fed doxycycline chow, starting at either day 0 or day 7. In addition, wild-type mice received intratracheal or intravenous recombinant FGF2, starting at the time of bleomycin treatment. Compared to controls, doxycycline-induced DTG mice had decreased pulmonary fibrosis 21 days after bleomycin, as assessed by gene expression and histology. This beneficial effect was seen when FGF2 overexpression was induced at day 0 or day 7 after bleomycin. FGF2 overexpression did not alter epithelial gene expression, bronchoalveolar lavage cellularity or total protein. In vitro studies using primary mouse and human lung fibroblasts showed that FGF2 strongly inhibited baseline and TGFβ1-induced expression of alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA), collagen, and connective tissue growth factor. While FGF2 did not suppress phosphorylation of Smad2 or Smad-dependent gene expression, FGF2 inhibited TGFβ1-induced stress fiber formation and serum response factor-dependent gene expression. FGF2 inhibition of stress fiber formation and αSMA requires FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) and downstream MEK/ERK, but not AKT signaling. In summary, overexpression of FGF2 protects against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in vivo and reverses TGFβ1-induced collagen and αSMA expression and stress fiber formation in lung fibroblasts in vitro, without affecting either inflammation or epithelial gene expression. Our results suggest that in the lung, FGF2 is antifibrotic in part through decreased collagen expression and fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Young Koo
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lamis M.F. El-Baz
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Suez University, Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Suez, Egypt
| | - Stacey L. House
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah N. Cilvik
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samuel J. Dorry
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nahla M. Shoukry
- Suez University, Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Suez, Egypt
| | - Mohamed L. Salem
- Tanta University, Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, Faculty of Science, Immunology & Biotechnology Department, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Hani S. Hafez
- Suez University, Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Suez, Egypt
| | - Nickolai O. Dulin
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert D. Guzy
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Yang LM, Huh SH, Ornitz DM. FGF20-Expressing, Wnt-Responsive Olfactory Epithelial Progenitors Regulate Underlying Turbinate Growth to Optimize Surface Area. Dev Cell 2018; 46:564-580.e5. [PMID: 30100263 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory epithelium (OE) is a neurosensory organ required for the sense of smell. Turbinates, bony projections from the nasal cavity wall, increase the surface area within the nasal cavity lined by the OE. Here, we use engineered fibroblast growth factor 20 (Fgf20) knockin alleles to identify a population of OE progenitor cells that expand horizontally during development to populate all lineages of the mature OE. We show that these Fgf20-positive epithelium-spanning progenitor (FEP) cells are responsive to Wnt/β-Catenin signaling. Wnt signaling suppresses FEP cell differentiation into OE basal progenitors and their progeny and positively regulates Fgf20 expression. We further show that FGF20 signals to the underlying mesenchyme to regulate the growth of turbinates. These studies thus identify a population of OE progenitor cells that function to scale OE surface area with the underlying turbinates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu M Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sung-Ho Huh
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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40
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Guzy RD, Li L, Smith C, Dorry SJ, Koo HY, Chen L, Ornitz DM. Pulmonary fibrosis requires cell-autonomous mesenchymal fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:10364-10378. [PMID: 28487375 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.791764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by progressive pulmonary scarring, decline in lung function, and often results in death within 3-5 five years after diagnosis. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of IPF; however, the mechanism through which FGF signaling contributes to pulmonary fibrosis remains unclear. We hypothesized that FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling in fibroblasts is required for the fibrotic response to bleomycin. To test this, mice with mesenchyme-specific tamoxifen-inducible inactivation of FGF receptors 1, 2, and 3 (Col1α2-CreER; TCKO mice) were lineage labeled and administered intratracheal bleomycin. Lungs were collected for histologic analysis, whole lung RNA and protein, and dissociated for flow cytometry and FACS. Bleomycin-treated Col1α2-CreER; TCKO mice have decreased pulmonary fibrosis, collagen production, and fewer α-smooth muscle actin-positive (αSMA+) myofibroblasts compared with controls. Freshly isolated Col1α2-CreER; TCKO mesenchymal cells from bleomycin-treated mice have decreased collagen expression compared with wild type mesenchymal cells. Furthermore, lineage labeled FGFR-deficient fibroblasts have decreased enrichment in fibrotic areas and decreased proliferation. These data identify a cell autonomous requirement for mesenchymal FGFR signaling in the development of pulmonary fibrosis, and for the enrichment of the Col1α2-CreER-positive (Col1α2+) mesenchymal lineage in fibrotic tissue following bleomycin exposure. We conclude that mesenchymal FGF signaling is required for the development of pulmonary fibrosis, and that therapeutic strategies aimed directly at mesenchymal FGF signaling could be beneficial in the treatment of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Guzy
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, .,the Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, and
| | - Ling Li
- the Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, and
| | - Craig Smith
- the Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, and
| | - Samuel J Dorry
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Hyun Young Koo
- From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Lin Chen
- the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - David M Ornitz
- the Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, and
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41
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BonDurant LD, Ameka M, Naber MC, Markan KR, Idiga SO, Acevedo MR, Walsh SA, Ornitz DM, Potthoff MJ. FGF21 Regulates Metabolism Through Adipose-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms. Cell Metab 2017; 25:935-944.e4. [PMID: 28380381 PMCID: PMC5494834 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
FGF21 is an endocrine hormone that regulates energy homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. The mechanism of FGF21 action and the tissues responsible for these effects have been controversial, with both adipose tissues and the central nervous system having been identified as the target site mediating FGF21-dependent increases in insulin sensitivity, energy expenditure, and weight loss. Here we show that, while FGF21 signaling to adipose tissue is required for the acute insulin-sensitizing effects of FGF21, FGF21 signaling to adipose tissue is not required for its chronic effects to increase energy expenditure and lower body weight. Also, in contrast to previous studies, we found that adiponectin is dispensable for the metabolic effects of FGF21 in increasing insulin sensitivity and energy expenditure. Instead, FGF21 acutely enhances insulin sensitivity through actions on brown adipose tissue. Our data reveal that the acute and chronic effects of FGF21 can be dissociated through adipose-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas D BonDurant
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Magdalene Ameka
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Meghan C Naber
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kathleen R Markan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sharon O Idiga
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Michael R Acevedo
- Small Animal Imaging Core, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Susan A Walsh
- Small Animal Imaging Core, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew J Potthoff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Ornitz DM, Legeai-Mallet L. Achondroplasia: Development, pathogenesis, and therapy. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:291-309. [PMID: 27987249 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) cause achondroplasia (Ach), the most common form of dwarfism in humans, and related chondrodysplasia syndromes that include hypochondroplasia (Hch), severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans (SADDAN), and thanatophoric dysplasia (TD). FGFR3 is expressed in chondrocytes and mature osteoblasts where it functions to regulate bone growth. Analysis of the mutations in FGFR3 revealed increased signaling through a combination of mechanisms that include stabilization of the receptor, enhanced dimerization, and enhanced tyrosine kinase activity. Paradoxically, increased FGFR3 signaling profoundly suppresses proliferation and maturation of growth plate chondrocytes resulting in decreased growth plate size, reduced trabecular bone volume, and resulting decreased bone elongation. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that regulate growth plate chondrocytes, the pathogenesis of Ach, and therapeutic approaches that are being evaluated to improve endochondral bone growth in people with Ach and related conditions. Developmental Dynamics 246:291-309, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Laurence Legeai-Mallet
- Imagine Institute, Inserm U1163, Université Paris Descartes, Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
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Zhang H, Kamiya N, Tsuji T, Takeda H, Scott G, Rajderkar S, Ray MK, Mochida Y, Allen B, Lefebvre V, Hung IH, Ornitz DM, Kunieda T, Mishina Y. Elevated Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling Is Critical for the Pathogenesis of the Dwarfism in Evc2/Limbin Mutant Mice. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006510. [PMID: 28027321 PMCID: PMC5189957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ellis-van Creveld (EvC) syndrome is a skeletal dysplasia, characterized by short limbs, postaxial polydactyly, and dental abnormalities. EvC syndrome is also categorized as a ciliopathy because of ciliary localization of proteins encoded by the two causative genes, EVC and EVC2 (aka LIMBIN). While recent studies demonstrated important roles for EVC/EVC2 in Hedgehog signaling, there is still little known about the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the skeletal dysplasia features of EvC patients, and in particular why limb development is affected, but not other aspects of organogenesis that also require Hedgehog signaling. In this report, we comprehensively analyze limb skeletogenesis in Evc2 mutant mice and in cell and tissue cultures derived from these mice. Both in vivo and in vitro data demonstrate elevated Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) signaling in Evc2 mutant growth plates, in addition to compromised but not abrogated Hedgehog-PTHrP feedback loop. Elevation of FGF signaling, mainly due to increased Fgf18 expression upon inactivation of Evc2 in the perichondrium, critically contributes to the pathogenesis of limb dwarfism. The limb dwarfism phenotype is partially rescued by inactivation of one allele of Fgf18 in the Evc2 mutant mice. Taken together, our data uncover a novel pathogenic mechanism to understand limb dwarfism in patients with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghao Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nobuhiro Kamiya
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan, United States of America
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory (RDBL), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Takehito Tsuji
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama City, Japan
| | - Haruko Takeda
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory (RDBL), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Greg Scott
- Knock Out Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sudha Rajderkar
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Manas K. Ray
- Knock Out Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yoshiyuki Mochida
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Allen
- School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Veronique Lefebvre
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Irene H. Hung
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Tetsuo Kunieda
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama City, Japan
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan, United States of America
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory (RDBL), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Knock Out Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Xia X, Kumru OS, Blaber SI, Middaugh CR, Li L, Ornitz DM, Sutherland MA, Tenorio CA, Blaber M. Engineering a Cysteine-Free Form of Human Fibroblast Growth Factor-1 for "Second Generation" Therapeutic Application. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1444-53. [PMID: 27019961 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) has broad therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine but has undesirable biophysical properties of low thermostability and 3 buried cysteine (Cys) residues (at positions 16, 83, and 117) that interact to promote irreversible protein unfolding under oxidizing conditions. Mutational substitution of such Cys residues eliminates reactive buried thiols but cannot be accomplished simultaneously at all 3 positions without also introducing further substantial instability. The mutational introduction of a novel Cys residue (Ala66Cys) that forms a stabilizing disulfide bond (i.e., cystine) with one of the extant Cys residues (Cys83) effectively eliminates one Cys while increasing overall stability. This increase in stability offsets the associated instability of remaining Cys substitution mutations and permits production of a Cys-free form of FGF-1 (Cys16Ser/Ala66Cys/Cys117Ala) with only minor overall instability. The addition of a further stabilizing mutation (Pro134Ala) creates a Cys-free FGF-1 mutant with essentially wild-type biophysical properties. The elimination of buried free thiols in FGF-1 can substantially increase the protein half-life in cell culture. Here, we show that the effective cell survival/mitogenic functional activity of a fully Cys-free form is also substantially increased and is equivalent to wild-type FGF-1 formulated in the presence of heparin sulfate as a stabilizing agent. The results identify this Cys-free FGF-1 mutant as an advantageous "second generation" form of FGF-1 for therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Ozan S Kumru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Sachiko I Blaber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Mason A Sutherland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Connie A Tenorio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Michael Blaber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306.
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Xia X, Kumru OS, Blaber SI, Middaugh CR, Li L, Ornitz DM, Suh JM, Atkins AR, Downes M, Evans RM, Tenorio CA, Bienkiewicz E, Blaber M. An S116R Phosphorylation Site Mutation in Human Fibroblast Growth Factor-1 Differentially Affects Mitogenic and Glucose-Lowering Activities. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:3507-3519. [PMID: 27773526 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1), a potent human mitogen and insulin sensitizer, signals through both tyrosine kinase receptor-mediated autocrine/paracrine pathways as well as a nuclear intracrine pathway. Phosphorylation of FGF-1 at serine 116 (S116) has been proposed to regulate intracrine signaling. Position S116 is located within a ∼17 amino acid C-terminal loop that contains a rich set of functional determinants including heparin∖heparan sulfate affinity, thiol reactivity, nuclear localization, pharmacokinetics, functional half-life, nuclear ligand affinity, stability, and structural dynamics. Mutational targeting of specific functionality in this region without perturbing other functional determinants is a design challenge. S116R is a non-phosphorylatable variant present in bovine FGF-1 and other members of the human FGF family. We show that the S116R mutation in human FGF-1 is accommodated with no perturbation of biophysical or structural properties, and is therefore an attractive mutation with which to elucidate the functional role of phosphorylation. Characterization of S116R shows reduction in NIH 3T3 fibroblast mitogenic stimulation, increase in fibroblast growth factor receptor-1c activation, and prolonged duration of glucose lowering in ob/ob hyperglycemic mice. A novel FGF-1/fibroblast growth factor receptor-1c dimerization interaction combined with non-phosphorylatable intracrine signaling is hypothesized to be responsible for these observed functional effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Ozan S Kumru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 60047
| | - Sachiko I Blaber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 60047
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Jae Myoung Suh
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Annette R Atkins
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Connie A Tenorio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Ewa Bienkiewicz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Michael Blaber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306.
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46
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Öztürk E, Arlov Ø, Aksel S, Li L, Ornitz DM, Skjåk-Bræk G, Zenobi-Wong M. Sulfated hydrogel matrices direct mitogenicity and maintenance of chondrocyte phenotype through activation of FGF signaling. Adv Funct Mater 2016; 26:3649-3662. [PMID: 28919847 PMCID: PMC5597002 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201600092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering the roles of chemical and physical features of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is vital for developing biomimetic materials with desired cellular responses in regenerative medicine. Here, we demonstrate that sulfation of biopolymers, mimicking the proteoglycans in native tissues, induces mitogenicity, chondrogenic phenotype, and suppresses catabolic activity of chondrocytes, a cell type that resides in a highly sulfated tissue. We show through tunable modification of alginate that increased sulfation of the microenvironment promotes FGF signaling-mediated proliferation of chondrocytes in a three-dimensional (3D) matrix independent of stiffness, swelling, and porosity. Furthermore, we show for the first time that a biomimetic hydrogel acts as a 3D signaling matrix to mediate a heparan sulfate/heparin-like interaction between FGF and its receptor leading to signaling cascades inducing cell proliferation, cartilage matrix production, and suppression of de-differentiation markers. Collectively, this study reveals important insights on mimicking the ECM to guide self-renewal of cells via manipulation of distinct signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Öztürk
- Cartilage Engineering+ Regeneration, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Øystein Arlov
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Seda Aksel
- Department of Materials, Polymer Technology Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gudmund Skjåk-Bræk
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
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47
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Yin Y, Ren X, Smith C, Guo Q, Malabunga M, Guernah I, Zhang Y, Shen J, Sun H, Chehab N, Loizos N, Ludwig DL, Ornitz DM. Inhibition of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3-dependent lung adenocarcinoma with a human monoclonal antibody. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:563-71. [PMID: 27056048 PMCID: PMC4892666 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.024760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) have been identified in multiple types of human cancer and in congenital birth defects. In human lung cancer, fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9), a high-affinity ligand for FGFR3, is overexpressed in 10% of primary resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) specimens. Furthermore, in a mouse model where FGF9 can be induced in lung epithelial cells, epithelial proliferation and ensuing tumorigenesis is dependent on FGFR3. To develop new customized therapies for cancers that are dependent on FGFR3 activation, we have used this mouse model to evaluate a human monoclonal antibody (D11) with specificity for the extracellular ligand-binding domain of FGFR3, that recognizes both human and mouse forms of the receptor. Here, we show that D11 effectively inhibits signaling through FGFR3 in vitro, inhibits the growth of FGFR3-dependent FGF9-induced lung adenocarcinoma in mice, and reduces tumor-associated morbidity. Given the potency of FGF9 in this mouse model and the absolute requirement for signaling through FGFR3, this study validates the D11 antibody as a potentially useful and effective reagent for treating human cancers or other pathologies that are dependent on activation of FGFR3. Summary: This study validates the FGF9 lung adenocarcinoma mouse model as a tool to screen and evaluate potential therapeutics that are designed to inhibit FGF9 or its target receptor, FGFR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Yin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xiaodi Ren
- Department of Quantitative Biology, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Craig Smith
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Qianxu Guo
- Department of Cancer Angiogenesis, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Maria Malabunga
- Department of Immunology, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ilhem Guernah
- Department of Immunology, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- Department of Antibody Technology, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Juqun Shen
- Department of Antibody Technology, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Haijun Sun
- Department of Bioprocess Sciences, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Nabil Chehab
- Department of Immunology, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Nick Loizos
- Department of Immunology, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dale L Ludwig
- Department of Bioprocess Sciences, Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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48
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Karuppaiah K, Yu K, Lim J, Chen J, Smith C, Long F, Ornitz DM. FGF signaling in the osteoprogenitor lineage non-autonomously regulates postnatal chondrocyte proliferation and skeletal growth. Development 2016; 143:1811-22. [PMID: 27052727 DOI: 10.1242/dev.131722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is important for skeletal development; however, cell-specific functions, redundancy and feedback mechanisms regulating bone growth are poorly understood. FGF receptors 1 and 2 (Fgfr1 and Fgfr2) are both expressed in the osteoprogenitor lineage. Double conditional knockout mice, in which both receptors were inactivated using an osteoprogenitor-specific Cre driver, appeared normal at birth; however, these mice showed severe postnatal growth defects that include an ∼50% reduction in body weight and bone mass, and impaired longitudinal bone growth. Histological analysis showed reduced cortical and trabecular bone, suggesting cell-autonomous functions of FGF signaling during postnatal bone formation. Surprisingly, the double conditional knockout mice also showed growth plate defects and an arrest in chondrocyte proliferation. We provide genetic evidence of a non-cell-autonomous feedback pathway regulating Fgf9, Fgf18 and Pthlh expression, which led to increased expression and signaling of Fgfr3 in growth plate chondrocytes and suppression of chondrocyte proliferation. These observations show that FGF signaling in the osteoprogenitor lineage is obligately coupled to chondrocyte proliferation and the regulation of longitudinal bone growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Karuppaiah
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kai Yu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Joohyun Lim
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jianquan Chen
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Craig Smith
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Fanxin Long
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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49
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Redmann V, Lamb CA, Hwang S, Orchard RC, Kim S, Razi M, Milam A, Park S, Yokoyama CC, Kambal A, Kreamalmeyer D, Bosch MK, Xiao M, Green K, Kim J, Pruett-Miller SM, Ornitz DM, Allen PM, Beatty WL, Schmidt RE, DiAntonio A, Tooze SA, Virgin HW. Clec16a is Critical for Autolysosome Function and Purkinje Cell Survival. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23326. [PMID: 26987296 PMCID: PMC4796910 DOI: 10.1038/srep23326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CLEC16A is in a locus genetically linked to autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis, but the function of this gene in the nervous system is unknown. Here we show that two mouse strains carrying independent Clec16a mutations developed neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor impairments and loss of Purkinje cells. Neurons from Clec16a-mutant mice exhibited increased expression of the autophagy substrate p62, accumulation of abnormal intra-axonal membranous structures bearing the autophagy protein LC3, and abnormal Golgi morphology. Multiple aspects of endocytosis, lysosome and Golgi function were normal in Clec16a-deficient murine embryonic fibroblasts and HeLa cells. However, these cells displayed abnormal bulk autophagy despite unimpaired autophagosome formation. Cultured Clec16a-deficient cells exhibited a striking accumulation of LC3 and LAMP-1 positive autolysosomes containing undigested cytoplasmic contents. Therefore Clec16a, an autophagy protein that is critical for autolysosome function and clearance, is required for Purkinje cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Redmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christopher A. Lamb
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Seungmin Hwang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Robert C. Orchard
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sungsu Kim
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Minoo Razi
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Ashley Milam
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sunmin Park
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christine C. Yokoyama
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amal Kambal
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Darren Kreamalmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marie K. Bosch
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maolei Xiao
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Karen Green
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jungsu Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Shondra M. Pruett-Miller
- Genome Engineering and iPSC Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul M. Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wandy L. Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert E. Schmidt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aaron DiAntonio
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sharon A. Tooze
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Herbert W. Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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50
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Hung IH, Schoenwolf GC, Lewandoski M, Ornitz DM. A combined series of Fgf9 and Fgf18 mutant alleles identifies unique and redundant roles in skeletal development. Dev Biol 2016; 411:72-84. [PMID: 26794256 PMCID: PMC4801039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is a critical regulator of skeletal development. Fgf9 and Fgf18 are the only FGF ligands with identified functions in embryonic bone growth. Mice lacking Fgf9 or Fgf18 have distinct skeletal phenotypes; however, the extent of overlapping or redundant functions for these ligands and the stage-specific contributions of FGF signaling to chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are not known. To identify separate versus shared roles for FGF9 and FGF18, we generated a combined series of Fgf9 and Fgf18 null alleles. Analysis of embryos lacking alleles of Fgf9 and Fgf18 shows that both encoded ligands function redundantly to control all stages of skeletogenesis; however, they have variable potencies along the proximodistal limb axis, suggesting gradients of activity during formation of the appendicular skeleton. Congenital absence of both Fgf9 and Fgf18 results in a striking osteochondrodysplasia and revealed functions for FGF signaling in early proximal limb chondrogenesis. Additional defects were also noted in craniofacial bones, vertebrae, and ribs. Loss of alleles of Fgf9 and Fgf18 also affect the expression of genes encoding other key intrinsic skeletal regulators, including IHH, PTHLH (PTHrP), and RUNX2, revealing potential direct, indirect, and compensatory mechanisms to coordinate chondrogenesis and osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene H Hung
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States; Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, United States; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Gary C Schoenwolf
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States
| | - Mark Lewandoski
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, United States
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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