1
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Hendrix SV, Mreyoud Y, McNehlan ME, Smirnov A, Chavez SM, Hie B, Chamberland MM, Bradstreet TR, Webber AM, Kreamalmeyer D, Taneja R, Bryson BD, Edelson BT, Stallings CL. BHLHE40 Regulates Myeloid Cell Polarization through IL-10-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms. J Immunol 2024:ji2200819. [PMID: 38683120 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Better understanding of the host responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections is required to prevent tuberculosis and develop new therapeutic interventions. The host transcription factor BHLHE40 is essential for controlling M. tuberculosis infection, in part by repressing Il10 expression, where excess IL-10 contributes to the early susceptibility of Bhlhe40-/- mice to M. tuberculosis infection. Deletion of Bhlhe40 in lung macrophages and dendritic cells is sufficient to increase the susceptibility of mice to M. tuberculosis infection, but how BHLHE40 impacts macrophage and dendritic cell responses to M. tuberculosis is unknown. In this study, we report that BHLHE40 is required in myeloid cells exposed to GM-CSF, an abundant cytokine in the lung, to promote the expression of genes associated with a proinflammatory state and better control of M. tuberculosis infection. Loss of Bhlhe40 expression in murine bone marrow-derived myeloid cells cultured in the presence of GM-CSF results in lower levels of proinflammatory associated signaling molecules IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, inducible NO synthase, IL-2, KC, and RANTES, as well as higher levels of the anti-inflammatory-associated molecules MCP-1 and IL-10 following exposure to heat-killed M. tuberculosis. Deletion of Il10 in Bhlhe40-/- myeloid cells restored some, but not all, proinflammatory signals, demonstrating that BHLHE40 promotes proinflammatory responses via both IL-10-dependent and -independent mechanisms. In addition, we show that macrophages and neutrophils within the lungs of M. tuberculosis-infected Bhlhe40-/- mice exhibit defects in inducible NO synthase production compared with infected wild-type mice, supporting that BHLHE40 promotes proinflammatory responses in innate immune cells, which may contribute to the essential role for BHLHE40 during M. tuberculosis infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skyler V Hendrix
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington, University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Yassin Mreyoud
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington, University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael E McNehlan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington, University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Asya Smirnov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington, University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sthefany M Chavez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington, University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Brian Hie
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Megan M Chamberland
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington, University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Tara R Bradstreet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Ashlee M Webber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Darren Kreamalmeyer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington, University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Reshma Taneja
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bryan D Bryson
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Brian T Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Christina L Stallings
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington, University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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2
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Feng S, McNehlan ME, Kinsella RL, Sur Chowdhury C, Chavez SM, Naik SK, McKee SR, Van Winkle JA, Dubey N, Samuels A, Swain A, Cui X, Hendrix SV, Woodson R, Kreamalmeyer D, Smirnov A, Artyomov MN, Virgin HW, Wang YT, Stallings CL. Autophagy promotes efficient T cell responses to restrict high-dose Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:684-697. [PMID: 38413834 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01608-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Although autophagy sequesters Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in in vitro cultured macrophages, loss of autophagy in macrophages in vivo does not result in susceptibility to a standard low-dose Mtb infection until late during infection, leaving open questions regarding the protective role of autophagy during Mtb infection. Here we report that loss of autophagy in lung macrophages and dendritic cells results in acute susceptibility of mice to high-dose Mtb infection, a model mimicking active tuberculosis. Rather than observing a role for autophagy in controlling Mtb replication in macrophages, we find that autophagy suppresses macrophage responses to Mtb that otherwise result in accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and subsequent defects in T cell responses. Our finding that the pathogen-plus-susceptibility gene interaction is dependent on dose has important implications both for understanding how Mtb infections in humans lead to a spectrum of outcomes and for the potential use of autophagy modulators in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Feng
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Michael E McNehlan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel L Kinsella
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chanchal Sur Chowdhury
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sthefany M Chavez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sumanta K Naik
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samuel R McKee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jacob A Van Winkle
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Neha Dubey
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amanda Samuels
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amanda Swain
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Skyler V Hendrix
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Reilly Woodson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Darren Kreamalmeyer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Asya Smirnov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ya-Ting Wang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
| | - Christina L Stallings
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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3
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Naik SK, McNehlan ME, Mreyoud Y, Kinsella RL, Smirnov A, Chowdhury CS, McKee SR, Dubey N, Woodson R, Kreamalmeyer D, Stallings CL. Type I IFN signaling in the absence of IRGM1 promotes M. tuberculosis replication in immune cells by suppressing T cell responses. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.03.560720. [PMID: 37873329 PMCID: PMC10592944 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.03.560720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the IRGM gene are associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis in humans. A murine ortholog of Irgm, Irgm1, is also essential for controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in mice. Multiple processes have been associated with IRGM1 activity that could impact the host response to Mtb infection, including roles in autophagy-mediated pathogen clearance and expansion of activated T cells. However, what IRGM1-mediated pathway is necessary to control Mtb infection in vivo and the mechanistic basis for this control remains unknown. We dissected the contribution of IRGM1 to immune control of Mtb pathogenesis in vivo and found that Irgm1 deletion leads to higher levels of IRGM3-dependent type I interferon signaling. The increased type I interferon signaling precludes T cell expansion during Mtb infection. The absence of Mtb-specific T cell expansion in Irgm1-/- mice results in uncontrolled Mtb infection in neutrophils and alveolar macrophages, which directly contributes to susceptibility to infection. Together, our studies reveal that IRGM1 is required to promote T cell-mediated control of Mtb infection in neutrophils, which is essential for the survival of Mtb-infected mice. These studies also uncover new ways type I interferon signaling can impact TH1 immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta K. Naik
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael E. McNehlan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yassin Mreyoud
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rachel L. Kinsella
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Asya Smirnov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chanchal Sur Chowdhury
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Samuel R. McKee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Neha Dubey
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Reilly Woodson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Darren Kreamalmeyer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christina L. Stallings
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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4
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Kinsella RL, Kimmey JM, Smirnov A, Woodson R, Gaggioli MR, Chavez SM, Kreamalmeyer D, Stallings CL. Autophagy prevents early proinflammatory responses and neutrophil recruitment during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection without affecting pathogen burden in macrophages. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002159. [PMID: 37319285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection determines tuberculosis disease outcomes, yet we have an incomplete understanding of what immune factors contribute to a protective immune response. Neutrophilic inflammation has been associated with poor disease prognosis in humans and in animal models during M. tuberculosis infection and, therefore, must be tightly regulated. ATG5 is an essential autophagy protein that is required in innate immune cells to control neutrophil-dominated inflammation and promote survival during M. tuberculosis infection; however, the mechanistic basis for how ATG5 regulates neutrophil recruitment is unknown. To interrogate what innate immune cells require ATG5 to control neutrophil recruitment during M. tuberculosis infection, we used different mouse strains that conditionally delete Atg5 in specific cell types. We found that ATG5 is required in CD11c+ cells (lung macrophages and dendritic cells) to control the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines during M. tuberculosis infection, which would otherwise promote neutrophil recruitment. This role for ATG5 is autophagy dependent, but independent of mitophagy, LC3-associated phagocytosis, and inflammasome activation, which are the most well-characterized ways that autophagy proteins regulate inflammation. In addition to the increased proinflammatory cytokine production from macrophages during M. tuberculosis infection, loss of ATG5 in innate immune cells also results in an early induction of TH17 responses. Despite prior published in vitro cell culture experiments supporting a role for autophagy in controlling M. tuberculosis replication in macrophages, the effects of autophagy on inflammatory responses occur without changes in M. tuberculosis burden in macrophages. These findings reveal new roles for autophagy proteins in lung resident macrophages and dendritic cells that are required to suppress inflammatory responses that are associated with poor control of M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Kinsella
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline M Kimmey
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Asya Smirnov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Reilly Woodson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Margaret R Gaggioli
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sthefany M Chavez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Darren Kreamalmeyer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christina L Stallings
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Women's Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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5
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Wang YT, Zaitsev K, Lu Q, Li S, Schaiff WT, Kim KW, Droit L, Wilen CB, Desai C, Balce DR, Orchard RC, Orvedahl A, Park S, Kreamalmeyer D, Handley SA, Pfeifer JD, Baldridge MT, Artyomov MN, Stallings CL, Virgin HW. Select autophagy genes maintain quiescence of tissue-resident macrophages and increase susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:272-281. [PMID: 31959973 PMCID: PMC7147835 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune responses that prime myeloid cells, such as macrophages, protect against pathogens1,2. However, if left uncontrolled, these responses may lead to detrimental inflammation3. Macrophages, particularly those resident in tissues, must therefore remain quiescent between infections despite chronic stimulation by commensal microorganisms. The genes required for quiescence of tissue-resident macrophages are not well understood. Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved cellular process by which cytoplasmic contents are targeted for lysosomal digestion, has homeostatic functions including maintenance of protein and organelle integrity and regulation of metabolism4. Recent research has shown that degradative autophagy, as well as various combinations of autophagy genes, regulate immunity and inflammation5-12. Here, we delineate a function of the autophagy proteins Beclin 1 and FIP200-but not of other essential autophagy components ATG5, ATG16L1 or ATG7-in mediating quiescence of tissue-resident macrophages by limiting the effects of systemic interferon-γ. The perturbation of quiescence in mice that lack Beclin 1 or FIP200 in myeloid cells results in spontaneous immune activation and resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection. While antibiotic-treated wild-type mice display diminished macrophage responses to inflammatory stimuli, this is not observed in mice that lack Beclin 1 in myeloid cells, establishing the dominance of this gene over effects of the bacterial microbiota. Thus, select autophagy genes, but not all genes essential for degradative autophagy, have a key function in maintaining immune quiescence of tissue-resident macrophages, resulting in genetically programmed susceptibility to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ting Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Konstantin Zaitsev
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Computer Technologies Department, ITMO University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - W Timothy Schaiff
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ki-Wook Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lindsay Droit
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chandni Desai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dale R Balce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert C Orchard
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Anthony Orvedahl
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sunmin Park
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Darren Kreamalmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Scott A Handley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - John D Pfeifer
- Lauren V. Ackerman Laboratory of Surgical Pathology, Division of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University Medical Center, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christina L Stallings
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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6
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Redmann V, Lamb CA, Hwang S, Orchard RC, Kim S, Razi M, Milam A, Park S, Yokoyama CC, Kambal A, Kreamalmeyer D, Bosch MK, Xiao M, Green K, Kim J, Pruett-Miller SM, Ornitz DM, Allen PM, Beatty WL, Schmidt RE, DiAntonio A, Tooze SA, Virgin HW. Clec16a is Critical for Autolysosome Function and Purkinje Cell Survival. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23326. [PMID: 26987296 PMCID: PMC4796910 DOI: 10.1038/srep23326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CLEC16A is in a locus genetically linked to autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis, but the function of this gene in the nervous system is unknown. Here we show that two mouse strains carrying independent Clec16a mutations developed neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor impairments and loss of Purkinje cells. Neurons from Clec16a-mutant mice exhibited increased expression of the autophagy substrate p62, accumulation of abnormal intra-axonal membranous structures bearing the autophagy protein LC3, and abnormal Golgi morphology. Multiple aspects of endocytosis, lysosome and Golgi function were normal in Clec16a-deficient murine embryonic fibroblasts and HeLa cells. However, these cells displayed abnormal bulk autophagy despite unimpaired autophagosome formation. Cultured Clec16a-deficient cells exhibited a striking accumulation of LC3 and LAMP-1 positive autolysosomes containing undigested cytoplasmic contents. Therefore Clec16a, an autophagy protein that is critical for autolysosome function and clearance, is required for Purkinje cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Redmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christopher A. Lamb
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Seungmin Hwang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Robert C. Orchard
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sungsu Kim
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Minoo Razi
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Ashley Milam
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sunmin Park
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christine C. Yokoyama
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amal Kambal
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Darren Kreamalmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marie K. Bosch
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maolei Xiao
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Karen Green
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jungsu Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Shondra M. Pruett-Miller
- Genome Engineering and iPSC Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul M. Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wandy L. Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert E. Schmidt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aaron DiAntonio
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sharon A. Tooze
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Herbert W. Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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7
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Lu Q, Yokoyama CC, Williams JW, Baldridge MT, Jin X, DesRochers B, Bricker T, Wilen CB, Bagaitkar J, Loginicheva E, Sergushichev A, Kreamalmeyer D, Keller BC, Zhao Y, Kambal A, Green DR, Martinez J, Dinauer MC, Holtzman MJ, Crouch EC, Beatty W, Boon ACM, Zhang H, Randolph GJ, Artyomov MN, Virgin HW. Homeostatic Control of Innate Lung Inflammation by Vici Syndrome Gene Epg5 and Additional Autophagy Genes Promotes Influenza Pathogenesis. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 19:102-13. [PMID: 26764600 PMCID: PMC4714358 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the autophagy gene EPG5 are linked to the multisystem human disease Vici syndrome, which is characterized in part by pulmonary abnormalities, including recurrent infections. We found that Epg5-deficient mice exhibited elevated baseline innate immune cellular and cytokine-based lung inflammation and were resistant to lethal influenza virus infection. Lung transcriptomics, bone marrow transplantation experiments, and analysis of cellular cytokine expression indicated that Epg5 plays a role in lung physiology through its function in macrophages. Deletion of other autophagy genes including Atg14, Fip200, Atg5, and Atg7 in myeloid cells also led to elevated basal lung inflammation and influenza resistance. This suggests that Epg5 and other Atg genes function in macrophages to limit innate immune inflammation in the lung. Disruption of this normal homeostatic dampening of lung inflammation results in increased resistance to influenza, suggesting that normal homeostatic mechanisms that limit basal tissue inflammation support some infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Lu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christine C Yokoyama
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jesse W Williams
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xiaohua Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brittany DesRochers
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Traci Bricker
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Juhi Bagaitkar
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pediatrics (Hematology/Oncology), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ekaterina Loginicheva
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alexey Sergushichev
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Computer Technologies Department, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Darren Kreamalmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian C Keller
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Amal Kambal
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27703, USA
| | - Mary C Dinauer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pediatrics (Hematology/Oncology), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Erika C Crouch
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wandy Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Adrianus C M Boon
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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O'Mara LA, Norian LA, Kreamalmeyer D, White JM, Allen PM. T cell-mediated delay of spontaneous mammary tumor onset: increased efficacy with in vivo versus in vitro activation. J Immunol 2005; 174:4662-9. [PMID: 15814690 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.4662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral tolerance to shared Ags expressed on both tumors and normal self-tissues presents a major barrier to T cell-based immunotherapy as a treatment for cancer. To assess the activity of tumor-specific T cells against spontaneously arising carcinomas in the context of shared Ag expression, we developed a model system whereby an identified tumor Ag, tumor ERK (tERK), is expressed transgenically on both normal mammary tissue and spontaneous mammary carcinomas. Transfer of in vitro-activated, tERK-specific DUC18 T cells delayed spontaneous tumor development in tERK-expressing mice when T cells were given before the development of palpable carcinomas. However, antitumor activity mediated by in vitro-activated DUC18 T cells, as measured by responsiveness against a transplanted tERK-expressing fibrosarcoma challenge, was lost within days of transfer. This loss was due to expression of tERK as a self-Ag on normal tissues and was independent of the presence of mammary tumors. In contrast, transferred naive DUC18 T cells maintained a long-term protective function in tERK-expressing mice. Ten-fold fewer naive T cells activated in vivo were able to replicate the delay in spontaneous tumor development achieved by in vitro-activated T cells. These results are in contrast to our earlier studies using transplanted tumors alone, in which in vitro-activated DUC18 T cells were more efficacious than naive DUC18 T cells and highlight the need to perform tumor studies in the presence of tumor Ag expression on normal self-tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A O'Mara
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Abstract
The nude locus encodes Whn, a transcription factor of the forkhead/winged-helix class. Mutations in Whn cause failure of differentiation of thymic epithelium with a corresponding lack of intrathymic T-cell development; in the skin, differentiation of follicular keratinocytes is disturbed resulting, in the formation of fragile hair shafts. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of a novel nude allele, nu(StL). nu(StL) encodes a truncated Whn transcription factor protein, designated Whn(StL), lacking the activation domain but retaining the characteristic DNA binding domain. In contrast, the previously described Whn(nu) mutant protein lacks both domains. nu(StL)/nu(StL) mice show an alymphoid thymic rudiment and lack of peripheral T cells, similar to nu/nu mice. In the skin, impaired expression of hair keratin genes mHa1, mHa2, mHa3 and mHa4, mHb3, mHb4, mHb5, and mHb6 is observed in a pattern that parallels that of nu/nu mice: both mutant alleles behave as hypomorphs with respect to the expression of these hair keratin genes. However, a significant difference between these two alleles exists for mHa5 expression, which is reduced in nu(StL)/nu(StL) but not in nu/nu mice. We show that the mutant Whn protein in nu/nu mice cannot enter the nucleus, whereas the mutant Whn protein in nu(StL)/nu(StL) mice is present in the nucleus. The antimorphic characteristic of the activation-deficient Whn(StL) protein with respect to mHa5 expression is therefore most likely caused by its non-productive interaction with other proteins at cis-regulatory regions of the mHa5 gene. Our results indicate that the molecular consequences of mutations of the Whn gene can be different and demonstrate an unexpected complexity of transcriptional control mechanisms of hair keratin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schorpp
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology, Freiburg, Germany
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