1
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Aoi Y, Shilatifard A. Transcriptional elongation control in developmental gene expression, aging, and disease. Mol Cell 2023; 83:3972-3999. [PMID: 37922911 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The elongation stage of transcription by RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II) is central to the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental cues in metazoan. Dysregulated transcriptional elongation has been associated with developmental defects as well as disease and aging processes. Decades of genetic and biochemical studies have painstakingly identified and characterized an ensemble of factors that regulate RNA Pol II elongation. This review summarizes recent findings taking advantage of genetic engineering techniques that probe functions of elongation factors in vivo. We propose a revised model of elongation control in this accelerating field by reconciling contradictory results from the earlier biochemical evidence and the recent in vivo studies. We discuss how elongation factors regulate promoter-proximal RNA Pol II pause release, transcriptional elongation rate and processivity, RNA Pol II stability and RNA processing, and how perturbation of these processes is associated with developmental disorders, neurodegenerative disease, cancer, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Aoi
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ali Shilatifard
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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2
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Cicconardi F, Milanetti E, Pinheiro de Castro EC, Mazo-Vargas A, Van Belleghem SM, Ruggieri AA, Rastas P, Hanly J, Evans E, Jiggins CD, Owen McMillan W, Papa R, Di Marino D, Martin A, Montgomery SH. Evolutionary dynamics of genome size and content during the adaptive radiation of Heliconiini butterflies. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5620. [PMID: 37699868 PMCID: PMC10497600 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Heliconius butterflies, a speciose genus of Müllerian mimics, represent a classic example of an adaptive radiation that includes a range of derived dietary, life history, physiological and neural traits. However, key lineages within the genus, and across the broader Heliconiini tribe, lack genomic resources, limiting our understanding of how adaptive and neutral processes shaped genome evolution during their radiation. Here, we generate highly contiguous genome assemblies for nine Heliconiini, 29 additional reference-assembled genomes, and improve 10 existing assemblies. Altogether, we provide a dataset of annotated genomes for a total of 63 species, including 58 species within the Heliconiini tribe. We use this extensive dataset to generate a robust and dated heliconiine phylogeny, describe major patterns of introgression, explore the evolution of genome architecture, and the genomic basis of key innovations in this enigmatic group, including an assessment of the evolution of putative regulatory regions at the Heliconius stem. Our work illustrates how the increased resolution provided by such dense genomic sampling improves our power to generate and test gene-phenotype hypotheses, and precisely characterize how genomes evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cicconardi
- School of Biological Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom.
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Edoardo Milanetti
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Italian Institute of Technology, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anyi Mazo-Vargas
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Steven M Van Belleghem
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, PR, Puerto Rico
- Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Pasi Rastas
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joseph Hanly
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, WA, 20052, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Elizabeth Evans
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, PR, Puerto Rico
| | - Chris D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - W Owen McMillan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Riccardo Papa
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, PR, Puerto Rico
- Molecular Sciences and Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, Puerto Rico
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, Puerto Rico
| | - Daniele Di Marino
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
- Neuronal Death and Neuroprotection Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research-IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milano, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Arnaud Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, WA, 20052, USA
| | - Stephen H Montgomery
- School of Biological Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom.
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama.
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3
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Park J, Park S, Lee JS. Role of the Paf1 complex in the maintenance of stem cell pluripotency and development. FEBS J 2023; 290:951-961. [PMID: 35869661 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell identity is determined by the transcriptional regulation of a cell-type-specific gene group. The Paf1 complex (Paf1C), an RNA polymerase II-associating factor, is an important transcriptional regulator that not only participates in transcription elongation and termination but also affects transcription-coupled histone modifications and chromatin organisation. Recent studies have shown that Paf1C is involved in the expression of genes required for self-renewal and pluripotency in stem cells and tumorigenesis. In this review, we focused on the role of Paf1C as a critical transcriptional regulator in cell fate decisions. Paf1C affects the pluripotency of stem cells by regulating the expression of core transcription factors such as Oct4 and Nanog. In addition, Paf1C directly binds to the promoters or distant elements of target genes, thereby maintaining the pluripotency in embryonic stem cells derived from an early stage of the mammalian embryo. Paf1C is upregulated in cancer stem cells, as compared with that in cancer cells, suggesting that Paf1C may be a target for cancer therapy. Interestingly, Paf1C is involved in multiple developmental stages in Drosophila, zebrafish, mice and even humans, thereby displaying a trend for the correlation between Paf1C and cell fate. Thus, we propose that Paf1C is a critical contributor to cell differentiation, cell specification and its characteristics and could be employed as a therapeutic target in developmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Park
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Korea
| | - Shinae Park
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Korea
| | - Jung-Shin Lee
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Korea
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4
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Deng Q, Wang C, Koe CT, Heinen JP, Tan YS, Li S, Gonzalez C, Sung WK, Wang H. Parafibromin governs cell polarity and centrosome assembly in Drosophila neural stem cells. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001834. [PMID: 36223339 PMCID: PMC9555638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) divide asymmetrically to balance their self-renewal and differentiation, an imbalance in which can lead to NSC overgrowth and tumor formation. The functions of Parafibromin, a conserved tumor suppressor, in the nervous system are not established. Here, we demonstrate that Drosophila Parafibromin/Hyrax (Hyx) inhibits ectopic NSC formation by governing cell polarity. Hyx is essential for the asymmetric distribution and/or maintenance of polarity proteins. hyx depletion results in the symmetric division of NSCs, leading to the formation of supernumerary NSCs in the larval brain. Importantly, we show that human Parafibromin rescues the ectopic NSC phenotype in Drosophila hyx mutant brains. We have also discovered that Hyx is required for the proper formation of interphase microtubule-organizing center and mitotic spindles in NSCs. Moreover, Hyx is required for the proper localization of 2 key centrosomal proteins, Polo and AurA, and the microtubule-binding proteins Msps and D-TACC in dividing NSCs. Furthermore, Hyx directly regulates the polo and aurA expression in vitro. Finally, overexpression of polo and aurA could significantly suppress ectopic NSC formation and NSC polarity defects caused by hyx depletion. Our data support a model in which Hyx promotes the expression of polo and aurA in NSCs and, in turn, regulates cell polarity and centrosome/microtubule assembly. This new paradigm may be relevant to future studies on Parafibromin/HRPT2-associated cancers. This study shows that the conserved tumor suppressor Parafibromin plays an important role in Drosophila neural stem cell function, regulating the expression of the centrosomal proteins Polo and AurA, modulating centrosome and microtubule assembly, and ultimately influencing neural stem cell polarity during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Deng
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Cheng Wang
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Chwee Tat Koe
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jan Peter Heinen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ye Sing Tan
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Song Li
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Cayetano Gonzalez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wing-Kin Sung
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Genome, Singapore
- Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Dept. of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School—Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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5
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Suzuki H, Aoki K, Kurosawa K, Imagawa K, Ohto T, Yamada M, Takenouchi T, Kosaki K, Ishitani T. De novo non-synonymous CTR9 variants are associated with motor delay and macrocephaly: human genetic and zebrafish experimental evidence. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:3846-3854. [PMID: 35717577 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CTR9 is one of five genes that form the PAF1 complex, which binds to RNA polymerase II and plays critical roles in transcriptional elongation and transcription-coupled histone modifications including histone H3K4me3 and H3K36me3. In this study, de novo CTR9 non-synonymous variants (p.(Glu15Asp) and p.(Pro25Arg)) were detected in two unrelated patients with macrocephaly, motor delay, and intellectual disability. A pull-down assay showed that the mutant CTR9 proteins had stronger affinities to the PAF1 protein than the wild-type protein. Functional analyses using zebrafish showed that the knockout of ctr9 gene caused motor defects and enlargement of telencephalon, which is homologous to the mammalian cerebrum. The rescue experiment, in which the human CTR9 mutants were introduced into ctr9-knockout zebrafish, failed to maintain the swimming posture of the ctr9-knockout fish, suggesting that the human CTR9 mutant proteins do not function normally in vivo. In addition, the overexpression of human CTR9 mutant mRNA caused telencephalon enlargement in zebrafish larvae, suggesting that the human CTR9 mutant proteins interfered with normal endogenous CTR9 function. We concluded that the two missense variants in CTR9 (p.(Glu15Asp) and p.(Pro25Arg)) cause a new syndrome involving macrocephaly, motor delay, and intellectual disability through the loss of the normal function of CTR9 and the inhibition of the normal intrinsic CTR9 function of the contralateral allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Suzuki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kana Aoki
- Department of Homeostatic Regulation, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Kurosawa
- Division of Medical Genetics, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Imagawa
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Ohto
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mamiko Yamada
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Takenouchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kosaki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Ishitani
- Department of Homeostatic Regulation, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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6
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Eigenhuis KN, Somsen HB, van den Berg DLC. Transcription Pause and Escape in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:846272. [PMID: 35615272 PMCID: PMC9125161 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.846272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription pause-release is an important, highly regulated step in the control of gene expression. Modulated by various factors, it enables signal integration and fine-tuning of transcriptional responses. Mutations in regulators of pause-release have been identified in a range of neurodevelopmental disorders that have several common features affecting multiple organ systems. This review summarizes current knowledge on this novel subclass of disorders, including an overview of clinical features, mechanistic details, and insight into the relevant neurodevelopmental processes.
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7
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Meuwissen M, Verstraeten A, Ranza E, Iwaszkiewicz J, Bastiaansen M, Mateiu L, Nemegeer M, Meester JAN, Afenjar A, Amaral M, Ballhausen D, Barnett S, Barth M, Asselbergh B, Spaas K, Heeman B, Bassetti J, Blackburn P, Schaer M, Blanc X, Zoete V, Casas K, Courtin T, Doummar D, Guerry F, Keren B, Pappas J, Rabin R, Begtrup A, Shinawi M, Vulto-van Silfhout AT, Kleefstra T, Wagner M, Ziegler A, Schaefer E, Gerard B, De Bie CI, Holwerda SJB, Abbot MA, Antonarakis SE, Loeys B. Heterozygous variants in CTR9, which encodes a major component of the PAF1 complex, are associated with a neurodevelopmental disorder. Genet Med 2022; 24:1583-1591. [PMID: 35499524 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE CTR9 is a subunit of the PAF1 complex (PAF1C) that plays a crucial role in transcription regulation by binding CTR9 to RNA polymerase II. It is involved in transcription-coupled histone modification through promoting H3K4 and H3K36 methylation. We describe the clinical and molecular studies in 13 probands, harboring likely pathogenic CTR9 missense variants, collected through GeneMatcher. METHODS Exome sequencing was performed in all individuals. CTR9 variants were assessed through 3-dimensional modeling of the activated human transcription complex Pol II-DSIF-PAF-SPT6 and the PAF1/CTR9 complex. H3K4/H3K36 methylation analysis, mitophagy assessment based on tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester perchlorate immunofluorescence, and RNA-sequencing in skin fibroblasts from 4 patients was performed. RESULTS Common clinical findings were variable degrees of intellectual disability, hypotonia, joint hyperlaxity, speech delay, coordination problems, tremor, and autism spectrum disorder. Mild dysmorphism and cardiac anomalies were less frequent. For 11 CTR9 variants, de novo occurrence was shown. Three-dimensional modeling predicted a likely disruptive effect of the variants on local CTR9 structure and protein interaction. Additional studies in fibroblasts did not unveil the downstream functional consequences of the identified variants. CONCLUSION We describe a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by (mainly) de novo variants in CTR9, likely affecting PAF1C function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Meuwissen
- Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Aline Verstraeten
- Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Emmanuelle Ranza
- Medigenome, Swiss Institute of Genomic Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Justyna Iwaszkiewicz
- Molecular Modeling Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maaike Bastiaansen
- Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Ligia Mateiu
- Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Merlijn Nemegeer
- Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Josephina A N Meester
- Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Afenjar
- Centre de Référence Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet et Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Département de Génétique et Embryologie Médicale, Hôpital Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - Diana Ballhausen
- Pediatric Metabolic Unit, Pediatrics, Woman-Mother-Child Department, University of Lausanne and University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Barnett
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Magalie Barth
- Biochemistry and Genetics Department, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Bob Asselbergh
- Neuromics Support Facility, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Katrien Spaas
- Neuromics Support Facility, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bavo Heeman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Applied and Translational Neurogenomics, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Bassetti
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Patrick Blackburn
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Marie Schaer
- Autism Brain & Behavior Laboratory, Department Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Blanc
- Medigenome, Swiss Institute of Genomic Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Molecular Modeling Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Fundamental Oncology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University, Epalinges, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kari Casas
- Medical Genetics, Sanford Broadway Clinic, Fargo, ND
| | - Thomas Courtin
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Paris
| | - Diane Doummar
- Neuropédiatrie, AP-HP, Hôpital d'enfants Armand Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, Paris
| | - Frédéric Guerry
- Medigenome, Swiss Institute of Genomic Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Boris Keren
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Paris
| | | | | | | | - Marwan Shinawi
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Matias Wagner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University München, Munich, Germany; Institute for Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alban Ziegler
- Biochemistry and Genetics Department, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Elise Schaefer
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benedicte Gerard
- Laboratoires de Diagnostic Génétique, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Charlotte I De Bie
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd J B Holwerda
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mary Alice Abbot
- Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA
| | | | - Bart Loeys
- Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Xu Y, Chen J, He G, Zhang Y. CTR9-mediated JAK2/STAT3 pathway promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of human glioma cells. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23943. [PMID: 34369006 PMCID: PMC8418497 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CTR9 (Cln three requiring 9) has been reported to be implicated in protein modification and oncogenesis of several human cancers. However, the protein expression and mechanism of CTR9 in glioma progression remain unclear. Methods We analyzed mRNA expression of CTR9 and CTR9‐related survival curves in the public database. Then, we detected CTR9 expression in glioma tissues and constructed U251 and U87 cells with stable silencing or overexpression of CTR9. Cell function tests and Western blot were conducted to explore the effects of CTR9 on glioma proliferation, invasion and migration, and the specific mechanism. All the date was presented as means ± SEM. Two‐sample t test and one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to identify whether there was a significant difference between each group of data. Results We found that CTR9 was overexpressed in glioma and inversely associated with glioma patient survival. The results manifested that knockdown of CTR9 suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioma cells, while overexpression facilitated them. The underlying molecular mechanism may involve the regulation of JAK2/STAT3 pathway by CTR9. Conclusion Our present study indicates that CTR9 is highly expressed in glioma and related to glioma grading and prognosis. CTR9 regulates malignant behaviors of glioma cells by activating JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Therefore, CTR9 may be a promising biomarker for the targeted therapy and prognosis evaluation of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of neurosurgery, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaguo Chen
- Department of neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gao He
- Breast Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhai Zhang
- Department of neurosurgery, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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9
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The Five Faces of Notch Signalling During Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic CNS Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1218:39-58. [PMID: 32060870 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34436-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During central nervous system (CNS) development, a complex series of events play out, starting with the establishment of neural progenitor cells, followed by their asymmetric division and formation of lineages and the differentiation of neurons and glia. Studies in the Drosophila melanogaster embryonic CNS have revealed that the Notch signal transduction pathway plays at least five different and distinct roles during these events. Herein, we review these many faces of Notch signalling and discuss the mechanisms that ensure context-dependent and compartment-dependent signalling. We conclude by discussing some outstanding issues regarding Notch signalling in this system, which likely have bearing on Notch signalling in many species.
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Jurynec MJ, Bai X, Bisgrove BW, Jackson H, Nechiporuk A, Palu RAS, Grunwald HA, Su YC, Hoshijima K, Yost HJ, Zon LI, Grunwald DJ. The Paf1 complex and P-TEFb have reciprocal and antagonist roles in maintaining multipotent neural crest progenitors. Development 2019; 146:dev.180133. [PMID: 31784460 DOI: 10.1242/dev.180133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Multipotent progenitor populations are necessary for generating diverse tissue types during embryogenesis. We show the RNA polymerase-associated factor 1 complex (Paf1C) is required to maintain multipotent progenitors of the neural crest (NC) lineage in zebrafish. Mutations affecting each Paf1C component result in near-identical NC phenotypes; alyron mutant embryos carrying a null mutation in paf1 were analyzed in detail. In the absence of zygotic paf1 function, definitive premigratory NC progenitors arise but fail to maintain expression of the sox10 specification gene. The mutant NC progenitors migrate aberrantly and fail to differentiate appropriately. Blood and germ cell progenitor development is affected similarly. Development of mutant NC could be rescued by additional loss of positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) activity, a key factor in promoting transcription elongation. Consistent with the interpretation that inhibiting/delaying expression of some genes is essential for maintaining progenitors, mutant embryos lacking the CDK9 kinase component of P-TEFb exhibit a surfeit of NC progenitors and their derivatives. We propose Paf1C and P-TEFb act antagonistically to regulate the timing of the expression of genes needed for NC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Jurynec
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Xiaoying Bai
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brent W Bisgrove
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Haley Jackson
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Alex Nechiporuk
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Rebecca A S Palu
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Hannah A Grunwald
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Yi-Chu Su
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Kazuyuki Hoshijima
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - H Joseph Yost
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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11
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Oya E, Durand-Dubief M, Cohen A, Maksimov V, Schurra C, Nakayama JI, Weisman R, Arcangioli B, Ekwall K. Leo1 is essential for the dynamic regulation of heterochromatin and gene expression during cellular quiescence. Epigenetics Chromatin 2019; 12:45. [PMID: 31315658 PMCID: PMC6636030 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-019-0292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cellular quiescence is a reversible differentiation state during which cells modify their gene expression program to inhibit metabolic functions and adapt to a new cellular environment. The epigenetic changes accompanying these alterations are not well understood. We used fission yeast cells as a model to study the regulation of quiescence. When these cells are starved for nitrogen, the cell cycle is arrested in G1, and the cells enter quiescence (G0). A gene regulatory program is initiated, including downregulation of thousands of genes—for example, those related to cell proliferation—and upregulation of specific genes—for example, autophagy genes—needed to adapt to the physiological challenge. These changes in gene expression are accompanied by a marked alteration of nuclear organization and chromatin structure. Results Here, we investigated the role of Leo1, a subunit of the conserved RNA polymerase-associated factor 1 (Paf1) complex, in the quiescence process using fission yeast as the model organism. Heterochromatic regions became very dynamic in fission yeast in G0 during nitrogen starvation. The reduction of heterochromatin in early G0 was correlated with reduced target of rapamycin complex 2 (TORC2) signaling. We demonstrated that cells lacking Leo1 show reduced survival in G0. In these cells, heterochromatic regions, including subtelomeres, were stabilized, and the expression of many genes, including membrane transport genes, was abrogated. TOR inhibition mimics the effect of nitrogen starvation, leading to the expression of subtelomeric genes, and this effect was suppressed by genetic deletion of leo1. Conclusions We identified a protein, Leo1, necessary for survival during quiescence. Leo1 is part of a conserved protein complex, Paf1C, linked to RNA polymerase II. We showed that Leo1, acting downstream of TOR, is crucial for the dynamic reorganization of chromosomes and the regulation of gene expression during cellular quiescence. Genes encoding membrane transporters are not expressed in quiescent leo1 mutant cells, and cells die after 2 weeks of nitrogen starvation. Taken together, our results suggest that Leo1 is essential for the dynamic regulation of heterochromatin and gene expression during cellular quiescence. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13072-019-0292-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Oya
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, NEO Building, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mickaël Durand-Dubief
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, NEO Building, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Adiel Cohen
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, Israel
| | - Vladimir Maksimov
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, NEO Building, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Catherine Schurra
- Unite Dynamique du Génome, Département Génomes et Génétique, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jun-Ichi Nakayama
- Division of Chromatin Regulation, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Ronit Weisman
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, Israel
| | - Benoit Arcangioli
- Unite Dynamique du Génome, Département Génomes et Génétique, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Karl Ekwall
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, NEO Building, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden.
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12
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Bivik Stadler C, Arefin B, Ekman H, Thor S. PIP degron-stabilized Dacapo/p21 Cip1 and mutations in ago act in an anti- versus pro-proliferative manner, yet both trigger an increase in Cyclin E levels. Development 2019; 146:146/13/dev175927. [PMID: 31289041 DOI: 10.1242/dev.175927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During cell cycle progression, the activity of the CycE-Cdk2 complex gates S-phase entry. CycE-Cdk2 is inhibited by CDK inhibitors (CKIs) of the Cip/Kip family, which include the human p21Cip1 and Drosophila Dacapo (Dap) proteins. Both the CycE and Cip/Kip family proteins are under elaborate control via protein degradation, mediated by the Cullin-RING ligase (CRL) family of ubiquitin ligase complexes. The CRL complex SCFFbxw7/Ago targets phosphorylated CycE, whereas p21Cip1 and Dap are targeted by the CRL4Cdt2 complex, binding to the PIP degron. The role of CRL-mediated degradation of CycE and Cip/Kip proteins during CNS development is not well understood. Here, we analyse the role of ago (Fbxw7)-mediated CycE degradation, and of Dap and p21Cip1 degradation during Drosophila CNS development. We find that ago mutants display over-proliferation, accompanied by elevated CycE expression levels. By contrast, expression of PIP degron mutant Dap and p21Cip1 transgenes inhibit proliferation. However, surprisingly, this is also accompanied by elevated CycE levels. Hence, ago mutation and PIP degron Cip/Kip transgenic expression trigger opposite effects on proliferation, but similar effects on CycE levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bivik Stadler
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, SE-58185 Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Badrul Arefin
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, SE-58185 Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Helen Ekman
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, SE-58185 Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Stefan Thor
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, SE-58185 Linkoping, Sweden .,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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13
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Goodman LD, Prudencio M, Kramer NJ, Martinez-Ramirez LF, Srinivasan AR, Lan M, Parisi MJ, Zhu Y, Chew J, Cook CN, Berson A, Gitler AD, Petrucelli L, Bonini NM. Toxic expanded GGGGCC repeat transcription is mediated by the PAF1 complex in C9orf72-associated FTD. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:863-874. [PMID: 31110321 PMCID: PMC6535128 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0396-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An expanded GGGGCC hexanucleotide of more than 30 repeats (termed (G4C2)30+) within C9orf72 is the most prominent mutation in familial frontotemporal degeneration (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (termed C9+). Through an unbiased large-scale screen of (G4C2)49-expressing Drosophila we identify the CDC73/PAF1 complex (PAF1C), a transcriptional regulator of RNA polymerase II, as a suppressor of G4C2-associated toxicity when knocked-down. Depletion of PAF1C reduces RNA and GR dipeptide production from (G4C2)30+ transgenes. Notably, in Drosophila, the PAF1C components Paf1 and Leo1 appear to be selective for the transcription of long, toxic repeat expansions, but not shorter, nontoxic expansions. In yeast, PAF1C components regulate the expression of both sense and antisense repeats. PAF1C is upregulated following (G4C2)30+ expression in flies and mice. In humans, PAF1 is also upregulated in C9+-derived cells, and its heterodimer partner, LEO1, binds C9+ repeat chromatin. In C9+ FTD, PAF1 and LEO1 are upregulated and their expression positively correlates with the expression of repeat-containing C9orf72 transcripts. These data indicate that PAF1C activity is an important factor for transcription of the long, toxic repeat in C9+ FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey D. Goodman
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Nicholas J. Kramer
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Matthews Lan
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael J. Parisi
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yongqing Zhu
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jeannie Chew
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Casey N. Cook
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Amit Berson
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aaron D. Gitler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Nancy M. Bonini
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,corresponding author,
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14
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Liu M, Fang L, Liu S, Pan MG, Seroussi E, Cole JB, Ma L, Chen H, Liu GE. Array CGH-based detection of CNV regions and their potential association with reproduction and other economic traits in Holsteins. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:181. [PMID: 30845913 PMCID: PMC6407259 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5552-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copy number variations (CNVs) are structural variants consisting of large-scale insertions and deletions of genomic fragments. Exploring CNVs and estimating their effects on phenotypes are useful for genome selection but remain challenging in the livestock. RESULTS We identified 1043 CNV regions (CNVRs) from array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) data of 47 Holstein bulls. Using a probe-based CNV association approach, we detected 87 CNVRs significantly (Bonferroni-corrected P value < 0.05) associated with at least one out of 41 complex traits. Within them, 39 CNVRs were simultaneously associated with at least 2 complex traits. Notably, 24 CNVRs were markedly related to daughter pregnancy rate (DPR). For example, CNVR661 containing CYP4A11 and CNVR213 containing CTR9, respectively, were associated with DPR and other traits related to reproduction, production, and body conformation. CNVR758 was also significantly related to DPR, with a nearby gene CAPZA3, encoding one of F-actin-capping proteins which play a role in determining sperm architecture and male fertility. We corroborated these CNVRs by examining their overlapped quantitative trait loci and comparing with previously published CNV results. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is one of the first genome-wide association studies based on CNVs called by array CGH in Holstein cattle. Our results contribute substantial information about the potential CNV impacts on reproduction, health, production, and body conformation traits, which lay the foundation for incorporating CNV into the future dairy cattle breeding program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Molecular Biology, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Lingzhao Fang
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Shuli Liu
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Michael G. Pan
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Eyal Seroussi
- Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Institute of Animal Science, Department of Quantitative and Molecular Genetics, HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, 7528809 Rishon LeTsiyon, Israel
| | - John B. Cole
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Molecular Biology, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - George E. Liu
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
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15
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Kuzin A, Smith S, Brody T, Odenwald WF. Structure and cis-regulatory analysis of a Drosophila grainyhead neuroblast enhancer. Genesis 2018; 56:e23094. [PMID: 29417712 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary analysis of cis-regulatory DNA reveals that enhancers consist of clusters of conserved sequence blocks (CSBs) that are made up of both unique and repeated sequence elements. This study seeks to address the basis for spatial and temporal regulation of neuroblas. A search for temporally restricted CNS NB enhancers identified one within the transcription factor grainyhead (grh) gene locus. The intronic enhancer, grh-15, contains two separable semi-autonomous activities, one that drives expression predominantly within the developing brain NBs and another in ventral cord NBs. To gain insight into the function of the CSBs constituting the brain-specific enhancer, we have systematically deleted each CSB and compared the activity of the altered enhancer to that of the full brain-specific enhancer. While our results indicate that information regulating enhancer activity is highly redundant, we have found that individual CSBs convey expression in subsets of larval lineages that are generated from either Type I or Type II NBs. These studies also highlight how evolutionary sequence conservation can be used as a guide the functional analysis of cis-regulatory DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kuzin
- Neural Cell-Fate Determinants Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Svetlana Smith
- Neural Cell-Fate Determinants Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Thomas Brody
- Neural Cell-Fate Determinants Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ward F Odenwald
- Neural Cell-Fate Determinants Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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16
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Martins AG, Pinto AT, Domingues R, Cavaco BM. Identification of a novel CTR9 germline mutation in a family with Wilms tumor. Eur J Med Genet 2018; 61:294-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Van Oss SB, Cucinotta CE, Arndt KM. Emerging Insights into the Roles of the Paf1 Complex in Gene Regulation. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:788-798. [PMID: 28870425 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The conserved, multifunctional Polymerase-Associated Factor 1 complex (Paf1C) regulates all stages of the RNA polymerase (Pol) II transcription cycle. In this review, we examine a diverse set of recent studies from various organisms that build on foundational studies in budding yeast. These studies identify new roles for Paf1C in the control of gene expression and the regulation of chromatin structure. In exploring these advances, we find that various functions of Paf1C, such as the regulation of promoter-proximal pausing and development in higher eukaryotes, are complex and context dependent. As more becomes known about the role of Paf1C in human disease, interest in the molecular mechanisms underpinning Paf1C function will continue to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Branden Van Oss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Christine E Cucinotta
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Karen M Arndt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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18
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Clark JP, Rahman R, Yang N, Yang LH, Lau NC. Drosophila PAF1 Modulates PIWI/piRNA Silencing Capacity. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2718-2726.e4. [PMID: 28844648 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To test the directness of factors in initiating PIWI-directed gene silencing, we employed a Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA)-targeted reporter assay in Drosophila ovary somatic sheet (OSS) cells [1]. This assay confirmed direct silencing roles for piRNA biogenesis factors and PIWI-associated factors [2-12] but suggested that chromatin-modifying proteins may act downstream of the initial silencing event. Our data also revealed that RNA-polymerase-II-associated proteins like PAF1 and RTF1 antagonize PIWI-directed silencing. PAF1 knockdown enhances PIWI silencing of reporters when piRNAs target the transcript region proximal to the promoter. Loss of PAF1 suppresses endogenous transposable element (TE) transcript maturation, whereas a subset of gene transcripts and long-non-coding RNAs adjacent to TE insertions are affected by PAF1 knockdown in a similar fashion to piRNA-targeted reporters. Additionally, transcription activation at specific TEs and TE-adjacent loci during PIWI knockdown is suppressed when PIWI and PAF1 levels are both reduced. Our study suggests a mechanistic conservation between fission yeast PAF1 repressing AGO1/small interfering RNA (siRNA)-directed silencing [13, 14] and Drosophila PAF1 opposing PIWI/piRNA-directed silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef P Clark
- Department of Biology and Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Reazur Rahman
- Department of Biology and Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Nachen Yang
- Department of Biology and Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Linda H Yang
- Department of Biology and Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Nelson C Lau
- Department of Biology and Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA.
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19
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Monedero Cobeta I, Salmani BY, Thor S. Anterior-Posterior Gradient in Neural Stem and Daughter Cell Proliferation Governed by Spatial and Temporal Hox Control. Curr Biol 2017; 27:1161-1172. [PMID: 28392108 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A readily evident feature of animal central nervous systems (CNSs), apparent in all vertebrates and many invertebrates alike, is its "wedge-like" appearance, with more cells generated in anterior than posterior regions. This wedge could conceivably be established by an antero-posterior (A-P) gradient in the number of neural progenitor cells, their proliferation behaviors, and/or programmed cell death (PCD). However, the contribution of each of these mechanisms, and the underlying genetic programs, are not well understood. Building upon recent progress in the Drosophila melanogaster (Drosophila) ventral nerve cord (VNC), we address these issues in a comprehensive manner. We find that, although PCD plays a role in controlling cell numbers along the A-P axis, the main driver of the wedge is a gradient of daughter proliferation, with divisions directly generating neurons (type 0) being more prevalent posteriorly and dividing daughters (type I) more prevalent anteriorly. In addition, neural progenitor (NB) cell-cycle exit occurs earlier posteriorly. The gradient of type I > 0 daughter proliferation switch and NB exit combine to generate radically different average lineage sizes along the A-P axis, differing by more than 3-fold in cell number. We find that the Hox homeotic genes, expressed in overlapping A-P gradients and with a late temporal onset in NBs, trigger the type I > 0 daughter proliferation switch and NB exit. Given the highly evolutionarily conserved expression of overlapping Hox homeotic genes in the CNS, our results point to a common mechanism for generating the CNS wedge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Monedero Cobeta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, 58185 Linkoping, Sweden
| | | | - Stefan Thor
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, 58185 Linkoping, Sweden.
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20
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Jensen GS, Fal K, Hamant O, Haswell ES. The RNA Polymerase-Associated Factor 1 Complex Is Required for Plant Touch Responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:499-511. [PMID: 28204553 PMCID: PMC5441907 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Thigmomorphogenesis is a stereotypical developmental alteration in the plant body plan that can be induced by repeatedly touching plant organs. To unravel how plants sense and record multiple touch stimuli we performed a novel forward genetic screen based on the development of a shorter stem in response to repetitive touch. The touch insensitive (ths1) mutant identified in this screen is defective in some aspects of shoot and root thigmomorphogenesis. The ths1 mutant is an intermediate loss-of-function allele of VERNALIZATION INDEPENDENCE 3 (VIP3), a previously characterized gene whose product is part of the RNA polymerase II-associated factor 1 (Paf1) complex. The Paf1 complex is found in yeast, plants and animals, and has been implicated in histone modification and RNA processing. Several components of the Paf1 complex are required for reduced stem height in response to touch and normal root slanting and coiling responses. Global levels of histone H3K36 trimethylation are reduced in VIP3 mutants. In addition, THS1/VIP3 is required for wild type histone H3K36 trimethylation at the TOUCH3 (TCH3) and TOUCH4 (TCH4) loci and for rapid touch-induced upregulation of TCH3 and TCH4 transcripts. Thus, an evolutionarily conserved chromatin-modifying complex is required for both short- and long-term responses to mechanical stimulation, providing insight into how plants record mechanical signals for thigmomorphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Jensen
- Department of Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kateryna Fal
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Lyon, France
| | - Elizabeth S Haswell
- Department of Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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