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O’Leary ST, Campbell JD, Ardura MI, Banerjee R, Bryant KA, Caserta MT, Frenck RW, Gerber JS, John CC, Kourtis AP, Myers A, Pannaraj P, Ratner AJ, Shah SS, Bryant KA, Hofstetter AM, Chaparro JD, Michel JJ, Kimberlin DW, Barnett ED, Lynfield R, Sawyer MH, Bernstein HH, Cardemil CV, Farizo KM, Kafer LM, Kim D, López Medina E, Moore D, Panagiotakopoulos L, Romero JR, Sauvé L, Starke JR, Thompson J, Wharton M, Woods CR, Frantz JM, Gibbs G. Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Influenza in Children, 2023-2024. Pediatrics 2023; 152:e2023063772. [PMID: 37641879 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2023-063772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This statement updates the recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics for the routine use of influenza vaccine and antiviral medications in the prevention and treatment of influenza in children during the 2023-2024 influenza season. A detailed review of the evidence supporting these recommendations is published in the accompanying technical report (www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2023-063773). The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends annual influenza vaccination of all children without medical contraindications starting at 6 months of age. Children are at risk for hospitalization and death from influenza. Influenza vaccination is an important strategy for protecting children and the broader community, as well as reducing the overall burden of respiratory illnesses when other viruses are cocirculating. Any licensed influenza vaccine appropriate for age and health status can be administered, ideally as soon as possible in the season, without preference for one product or formulation over another. Antiviral treatment of influenza is recommended for children with suspected (eg, influenza-like illness [fever with either cough or sore throat]) or confirmed influenza who are hospitalized, have severe or progressive disease, or have underlying conditions that increase their risk of complications of influenza, regardless of duration of illness. Antiviral treatment should be initiated as soon as possible. Antiviral treatment may be considered in the outpatient setting for symptomatic children with suspected or confirmed influenza disease who are not at high risk for influenza complications, if treatment can be initiated within 48 hours of illness onset. Antiviral treatment may also be considered for children with suspected or confirmed influenza disease whose siblings or household contacts either are younger than 6 months or have a high-risk condition that predisposes them to complications of influenza. Antiviral chemoprophylaxis is recommended for the prevention of influenza virus infection as an adjunct to vaccination in certain individuals, especially exposed children who are at high risk for influenza complications but have not yet been immunized or those who are not expected to mount an effective immune response.
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Dahm MR, Bull R, Sadow L, Tran D, Zurynski Y, Amin J, Hadley F, Harrison LJ, Waniganayake M, Wong S, Degotardi S. Readability and beyond - Health literacy and numeracy and COVID-19 communications in early childhood education: Are we communicating effectively? Patient Educ Couns 2023; 114:107823. [PMID: 37270932 PMCID: PMC10210820 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2023.107823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Analyse the linguistic and numerical complexity of COVID-19-related health information communicated from Australian national and state governments and health agencies to national and local early childhood education (ECE) settings. METHODS Publicly available health information (n = 630) was collected from Australian national and state governments and health agencies, and ECE agencies and service providers. A purposive sample of documents (n = 33) from 2020 to 2021 was analysed inductively and deductively combining readability, health numeracy and linguistic analyses and focusing on the most frequent actionable health advice topics. RESULTS COVID-19 health advice most frequently related to hygiene, distancing and exclusion. Readability scores in 79% (n = 23) of documents were above the recommended grade 6 reading level for the public. Advice was delivered using direct linguistic strategies (n = 288), indirect strategies (n = 73), and frequent mitigating hedges (n = 142). Most numerical concepts were relatively simple, but lacked elaborative features (e.g., analogies) and/or required subjective interpretation. CONCLUSION COVID-19 health advice available to the ECE sector included linguistic and numerical information open to mis/interpretation making it difficult to understand and implement. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Combining readability scores with measures of linguistic and numerical complexity offers a more holistic approach to assessing accessibility of health advice and improving health literacy among its recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Dahm
- Institute for Communication in Health Care, College of Arts and Social Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Rebecca Bull
- Macquarie School of Education, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lauren Sadow
- Institute for Communication in Health Care, College of Arts and Social Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; Macquarie School of Education, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dung Tran
- Macquarie School of Education, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yvonne Zurynski
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation and the NHMRC Partnership Centre for Health System Sustainability, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Janaki Amin
- Department of Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fay Hadley
- Macquarie School of Education, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Linda J Harrison
- Macquarie School of Education, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Sandie Wong
- Macquarie School of Education, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sheila Degotardi
- Macquarie School of Education, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Wrotek A, Jackowska T. Capillary Blood Gas in Children Hospitalized Due to Influenza Predicts the Risk of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12. [PMID: 36292102 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12102412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Influenza may impair respiratory exchange in the case of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). Capillary blood gas (CBG) reflects arterial blood values but is a less invasive method than arterial blood sampling. We aimed to retrospectively verify the usefulness of CBG in pediatric influenza. Material and methods: CBG parameters (pH, pCO2, pO2, SatO2) in laboratory confirmed influenza cases hospitalized in 2013−2020 were verified in terms of LRTI, chest X-ray (CXR) performance, radiologically confirmed pneumonia (CXR + Pneumonia), prolonged hospitalization, and intensive care transfer. A theoretical CBG-based model for CXR performance was created and the odds ratios were compared to the factual CXR performance. Results: Among 409 children (aged 13 days−17 years 3/12, median 31 months), the usefulness of CBG decreased with the age. The SatO2 predicted the LRTI with AUC = 0.74 (95%CI: 0.62−0.86), AUC = 0.71 (0.61−0.82), and AUC = 0.602 (0.502−0.702) in children aged <6 months old (mo), 6−23 mo, 24−59 mo, respectively, while pO2 revealed AUC = 0.73 (0.6−0.85), AUC = 0.67 (0.56−0.78), and AUC = 0.601 (0.501−0.702), respectively. The pCO2 predicted the LRTI most precisely in children <6 months with AUC = 0.75 (0.63−0.87), yet not in older children. A high negative predictive value for CXR + Pneumonia was seen for SatO2 < 6 mo (96.7%), SatO2 6−23 mo (89.6%), pO2 < 6 mo (94.3%), pO2 6−23 mo (88.9%). The use of a CBG-driven CXR protocol (based on SatO2 and pO2) would decrease the odds of an unnecessary CXR in children <2 years old (yo) by 84.15% (74.5−90.14%) and 86.15% (66.46−94.28%), respectively. SatO2 and pO2 also predicted a prolonged hospitalization <6 mo AUC = 0.71 (0.59−0.83) and AUC = 0.73 (0.61−0.84), respectively, and in 6−23 mo AUC = 0.66 (0.54−0.78) and AUC = 0.63 (0.52−0.75), respectively. Conclusions: The CBG is useful mainly in children under two years, predicts the risk of LRTI, and can help exclude the risk of CXR + pneumonia. Children under six months of age represent the group that would benefit the most from CBG. A CBG-based protocol for the performance of CXR could significantly decrease the number of unnecessary CXRs.
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Abstract
This statement updates the recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics for the routine use of influenza vaccine and antiviral medications in the prevention and treatment of influenza in children during the 2022-2023 influenza season. A detailed review of the evidence supporting these recommendations is published in the accompanying technical report (http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2022-059275). The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends annual influenza vaccination of all children without medical contraindications starting at 6 months of age. Influenza vaccination is an important strategy for protecting children and the broader community, as well as reducing the overall burden of respiratory illnesses when other viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2, are cocirculating. Any licensed influenza vaccine appropriate for age and health status can be administered, ideally as soon as possible in the season, without preference for one product or formulation over another. Antiviral treatment of influenza with any US Food and Drug Administration-approved, age-appropriate influenza antiviral medication is recommended for children with suspected or confirmed influenza who are hospitalized, have severe or progressive disease, or have underlying conditions that increase their risk of complications of influenza, regardless of duration of illness. Antiviral treatment should be initiated as soon as possible. Antiviral treatment may be considered in the outpatient setting for symptomatic children with suspected or confirmed influenza disease who are not at high risk for influenza complications, if treatment can be initiated within 48 hours of illness onset, and for children with suspected or confirmed influenza disease whose siblings or household contacts either are younger than 6 months or have a high-risk condition that predisposes them to complications of influenza. Antiviral chemoprophylaxis is recommended for the prevention of influenza virus infection as an adjunct to vaccination in certain individuals, especially exposed children who are at high risk for influenza complications but have not yet been immunized or who lack a sufficient immune response.
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Hemmerich F, Erdem-Möbius H, Burghardt L, Anders Y. Reasons Given by ECEC Professionals for (Not) Being in Contact With Parents During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2021; 12:701888. [PMID: 34819893 PMCID: PMC8606416 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.701888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the German government took drastic measures and ordered the temporary closure of early childhood education and care services (apart from emergency care). Most pedagogical professionals in early childhood education and care (ECEC) settings were unable to provide institutional care for children during this period, and thus experienced difficulties fulfilling their legally mandated professional obligation to educate children. Building on the importance of professional–parent collaboration, this study investigates the reasons ECEC professionals gave for (not) being in contact with parents during the pandemic. The database comprises a nationwide survey conducted between April and May 2020 (n = 2,560 ECEC professionals). The results show that the vast majority of respondents were in contact with parents; their stated motives include providing informational or emotional support for parents and children, maintaining a relationship, or inquiring about family wellbeing. The explanations for not being in contact with parents include already existing contact with parents by another member of the ECEC staff, an employer-mandated contact ban, problems on the parents’ side, or personal reasons. We find some differences between managers in center-based childcare, pedagogical employes in center-based childcare, and professionals in family based childcare. Practical implications concerning professional–parent collaboration and the temporary closure of ECEC services are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Hemmerich
- Chair of Early Childhood Education, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Hande Erdem-Möbius
- Chair of Early Childhood Education, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.,Department of Early Childhood Education, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Burghardt
- Chair of Early Childhood Education, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Anders
- Chair of Early Childhood Education, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
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Shope TR, Walker BH, Aird L, Southward L, Martin JM. Influenza Vaccine Requirements in United States Child Care Centers. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2020; 9:566-572. [PMID: 31828319 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piz078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza vaccine is the most effective means to prevent influenza for the high-risk population of child care attendees. This national survey assessed child care center directors' reports of seasonal influenza vaccine requirements for children and adult caregivers. METHODS This was a 2016 telephone-based survey of child care center directors randomly selected from a national database of licensed United States child care centers and queried about influenza vaccine requirements. Conceptually related items were grouped into 4 indexes: general infection control, use of health consultants, quality of child care, and pandemic influenza preparedness. These indexes, along with other center and director characteristics, were used to predict director-reported influenza vaccine requirements. RESULTS Of 518 child care center directors, only 24.5% and 13.1% reported an influenza vaccine requirement for children and adult caregivers, respectively. Center and director characteristics and the indexes were not associated with a director-reported influenza vaccine requirement. After adjusting for covariates, only having a state influenza vaccine law for children and an adult influenza vaccine requirement predicted having a child influenza vaccine requirement. Only having a child influenza vaccine requirement predicted having an adult vaccine requirement. CONCLUSIONS Director-reported influenza vaccine requirements for children and adult caregivers were influenced primarily by state influenza vaccine laws. Given the high risk of children in child care and low director-reported influenza vaccine requirements, more states should pass laws requiring influenza vaccine for children and adult caregivers at child care programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Shope
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benjamin H Walker
- Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Laura Aird
- Department of Healthy, Resilient Children, Youth, and Families, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois, USA
| | - Linda Southward
- Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Judith M Martin
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Hashikawa AN, Sells JM, DeJonge PM, Alkon A, Martin ET, Shope TR. Child Care in the Time of Coronavirus Disease-19: A Period of Challenge and Opportunity. J Pediatr 2020; 225:239-245. [PMID: 32687914 PMCID: PMC7366077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Hashikawa
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Children's Emergency Services, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI.
| | - Jill M Sells
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Peter M DeJonge
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Abbey Alkon
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Emily T Martin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Timothy R Shope
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Pramling Samuelsson I, Wagner JT, Eriksen Ødegaard E. The Coronavirus Pandemic and Lessons Learned in Preschools in Norway, Sweden and the United States: OMEP Policy Forum. Int J Early Child 2020; 52:129-144. [PMID: 32836368 PMCID: PMC7299556 DOI: 10.1007/s13158-020-00267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus, also known as COVID-19, has moved rapidly across the world in 2020. This article reports on the recent consequences of the pandemic for early childhood education in Sweden, Norway, and the United States. The authors illustrate the effects of the pandemic on preschools in their countries, against a backdrop of frequent changes in infection and mortality rates, epidemiological understandings, government strategies, and mitigation strategies regarding preschool closures. Teachers report their experiences and actions in specific early childhood education settings, across the three national contexts. These experiential snapshots identify program priorities, parents' and children's reactions, and the commitment and concerns of teachers. The conversations reveal culturally situated similarities of early childhood educational practices but also differences across contexts. Teachers report on the challenges of their experiences but also benefits for their practice and how they engage with children and their families. Ideas about future preparedness for such pandemics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Pramling Samuelsson
- Department of Education, Communication and Learning, Gothenburg University, Box 300, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Judith T. Wagner
- Emerita Professor of Education and Child Development, Broadoaks Children’s School, Whittier, CA USA
| | - Elin Eriksen Ødegaard
- KINDknow Research Center, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
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Abstract
This statement updates the recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics for the routine use of influenza vaccines and antiviral medications in the prevention and treatment of influenza in children during the 2019-2020 season. The American Academy of Pediatrics continues to recommend routine influenza immunization of all children without medical contraindications, starting at 6 months of age. Any licensed, recommended, age-appropriate vaccine available can be administered, without preference of one product or formulation over another. Antiviral treatment of influenza with any licensed, recommended, age-appropriate influenza antiviral medication continues to be recommended for children with suspected or confirmed influenza, particularly those who are hospitalized, have severe or progressive disease, or have underlying conditions that increase their risk of complications of influenza.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Age Factors
- Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage
- Antiviral Agents/adverse effects
- Breast Feeding
- Cause of Death
- Child
- Child, Hospitalized
- Child, Preschool
- Contraindications
- Disease Progression
- Drug Resistance, Viral
- Egg Hypersensitivity
- Female
- Humans
- Immunocompromised Host
- Infant
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/adverse effects
- Influenza, Human/complications
- Influenza, Human/drug therapy
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Pediatrics
- Pregnancy
- United States/epidemiology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
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