Evaluación de parámetros hematológicos en trabajadores expuestos a pesticidas organofosforados, carbamatos y piretroides, Cundinamarca 2016-2017

Hematological changes in the blood of experimental male and female albino rats on exposure to pesticide, dimethoate

OBJECTIVE

Evaluating pesticides' impacts on human health, ecological balance, and agricultural production is the main focus of research on pesticides. The present study aims to investigate the hematological parameters of both genders of albino rats after exposure to dimethoate pesticides.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

There was a total of eight groups of albino rats, there were two control groups, and treatment groups were further divided into six groups. A low dose of: 5ml was given to the T1 group, a medium dose of 10ml was given to the T2 group, and a high dose of 20 ml was given to the T3 group. Each group contained nine rats in them (n=9). The first two groups of albino rats were taken as the control group and placed in normal conditions. The other six groups of albino rats were administered sub-lethal doses of dimethoate pesticide by mixing this pesticide in food by oral gavage for 90 days.

RESULTS

The study showed that the number of white blood cells, platelets count, granulocyte count and lymphocyte count in both genders of albino rats after 30-, 60- and 90-days exposure to dimethoate was significantly increased where simultaneously the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin level, mean corpuscle hemoglobin count, and mean corpuscle hemoglobin concentration count was decreased considerably due to exposure of dimethoate pesticide in both genders of albino rats. No changes observed in the control group of male and female albino rats. This study concluded that dimethoate pesticide effects the blood parameter of male and female albino rats.

CONCLUSION

The study's findings highlight the importance of strict regulatory policies and thorough risk assessment techniques in order to reduce the harmful impacts of pesticides on the health of people and the environment.

Environmental pesticide exposure and its association with hematological parameters and inflammation indices among school-aged children in Mexico

Few studies have investigated the association between pesticide exposure and immune-inflammatory indices in children. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 369 school-aged children from three Mexican communities with varying levels of agricultural production. Blood samples were collected to calculate immune-inflammatory indices, and pooled hand-washing samples from 30 randomly selected children per community were analyzed for pesticide metabolites. Urinary dialkylphosphates (DAP) were determined in pooled samples per community. Multivariable logistic regression models assessed associations between pesticide exposure and immune-inflammatory indices (>median vs. Collapse

Key Words

• Children
• DAP
• Inflammation indices
• Pesticide

Collapse

MESH Headings

• Humans
• Mexico/epidemiology
• Male
• Child
• Female
• Environmental Exposure/adverse effects
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Pesticides/urine
• Pesticides/adverse effects
• Pesticides/toxicity
• Inflammation/blood
• Inflammation/chemically induced
• Inflammation/epidemiology
• Biomarkers/blood
• Biomarkers/urine
• Environmental Monitoring
• Environmental Pollutants/urine
• Pesticide Residues
• Adolescent

Collapse

Grants Collapse

Affiliation(s)

Miguel Alfonso Ruiz-Arias Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Área de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit, Mexico; Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado. Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P, Tepic, Nayarit 63000, Mexico
Yael Yvette Bernal-Hernández Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado. Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P, Tepic, Nayarit 63000, Mexico
Irma Martha Medina-Díaz Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado. Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P, Tepic, Nayarit 63000, Mexico
Ana M Mora Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
José Francisco Herrera-Moreno Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado. Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P, Tepic, Nayarit 63000, Mexico; Secretaría de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnología e Innovación (SECIHTI), Padrón de Investigadoras e Investigadores por México, Mexico
Briscia Socorro Barrón-Vivanco Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado. Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P, Tepic, Nayarit 63000, Mexico
Cyndia Azucena González-Arias Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado. Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P, Tepic, Nayarit 63000, Mexico
Francisco Alberto Verdín-Betancourt Unidad Especializada de Ciencias Ambientales. CENITT, Av. Emilio M. González S/N. Ciudad del Conocimiento, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
José Antonio Aguilar-Bañuelos Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Área de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Nayarit, Mexico; Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado. Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P, Tepic, Nayarit 63000, Mexico
Juan Manuel Agraz-Cibrián Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic 63000, Mexico
José Francisco Zambrano-Zaragoza Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic 63000, Mexico
Pedro de Jesús Bastidas-Bastidas Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria (Residuos de Plaguicidas), Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Unidad Culiacán, Carretera a Eldorado Km. 5.5, Mexico
Aurora Elizabeth Rojas-García Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental. Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado. Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Centro, C.P, Tepic, Nayarit 63000, Mexico.

Collapse

Collaborators Collapse

Toxicological risk assessment of triadimenol for human exposure, broiler health, and food safety

Triadimenol, a widely used triazole fungicide, leaves residues that pose risks to broiler health, food safety, and human health. Current studies focus on lab animals, leaving limited data regarding its impact on non-target organisms in agricultural ecosystems. Moreover, the doses in current studies often exceed typical agricultural pollution levels of triadimenol. Therefore, this study evaluates the toxic effects of triadimenol by exposing broilers to different concentrations (0.05-20 mg/kg) in their feed for 42 days, assessing growth performance, organ index, hematological parameters, histopathology, jejunum morphology, and tissue residues. The results show that triadimenol contamination at 0.05-20 mg/kg in feed does not significantly affect broiler growth performance. However, the significant changes in hematological parameters suggest the potential hematological toxicity of triadimenol in broilers. Triadimenol at 1 mg/kg or higher induces hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects, and significantly alters kidney organ index and histopathology in broilers. Additionally, when the triadimenol contamination level in feed exceeds 1 mg/kg, the residues in edible tissues of broilers exceed the limits set by the EU and China. Overall, our study indicates that even low-dose exposure to triadimenol poses potential risks, highlighting the need for strict regulation of its use in agriculture to protect food safety and human health.

Impact of sub chronic administration of deltamethrin on autoimmune activity in rat

Deltamethrin (DLM) is a newer kind of insecticide that is used on pets, livestock, and crops, as well as to combat malaria vectors and household pests. It belongs to the synthetic pyrethroid group and is being promoted as an alternative to organophosphate chemicals due to its persistent and destructive effects. The current study aimed to evaluate the impact of sub-chronic oral exposure to DLM on autoimmune activity in rats. Three groups of male albino rats (15 rats/group) including the control group, the ethanol-treated group (1 ml/rat), and the DLM-treated group (5 mg/kg b.w). Samples of blood were taken from all groups at 4-, 8- and 12-week intervals for the determination of hematological, cytokines, and immunological parameters. T lymphocyte subsets and Treg lymphocytes were determined in serum using flow cytometric acquisition. The results revealed that DLM significantly increased TNF-α, IL-33, IL-6, IL-17, IgG, IgM, WBCs, differential count, and platelets while decreasing Hb concentration and RBCs. Additionally, DLM decreased the number of T-cell subsets (CD3, CD4, CD5, and CD8) and Treg lymphocytes. All of these impacts became more severe over time. It is possible to conclude that the sub-chronic oral exposure to DLM disturbed autoimmune activity through the disturbances in immunological indices, CDs subset Treg lymphocytes.

Clinical Assessment of Acute Organophosphorus Pesticide Poisoning in Pediatric Patients Admitted to the Toxicology Emergency Department

Pesticide poisoning in pediatric patients is still an important reason for presenting to the emergency department in Romania. In this context, the present study aims to raise awareness of the toxicological impact of pesticides on human health in pediatrics. For this purpose, the demographic characteristics, clinical assessment, and outcome of pediatric patients with acute pesticide poisoning admitted to the toxicology department of "Saint Mary" Emergency Children's Hospital from Iasi, were analyzed. This retrospective study focused on the clinical and laboratory data of patients aged under 18 years diagnosed with acute pesticide poisoning between 2010-2020. The statistical analysis was performed using the Statistica 10 package. A total of 49 patients presented with manifestations of acute pesticide poisoning, and the most common pesticide involved was diazinon. The most frequent exposure route was accidentally ingesting pesticide products (95%). The primary clinical manifestations were toxic encephalopathy, coma, depressive disorder, gastric disorders, and respiratory failure. Changes in the glycemic status, liver, and kidney damage were also present. Treatment included decontamination, administration of antidote, supportive care, and recommendations to be closely monitored to avoid a new incident. These results highlight the toxic potential of pesticides on human health and their biological consequences, which require an increase in consciousness of the precautions imposed on their use, especially when children are nearby.

Health Effects of Pesticide Exposure in Latin American and the Caribbean Populations: A Scoping Review

BACKGROUND

Multiple epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to pesticides is associated with adverse health outcomes. However, the literature on pesticide-related health effects in the Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) region, an area of intensive agricultural and residential pesticide use, is sparse. We conducted a scoping review to describe the current state of research on the health effects of pesticide exposure in LAC populations with the goal of identifying knowledge gaps and research capacity building needs.

METHODS

We searched PubMed and SciELO for epidemiological studies on pesticide exposure and human health in LAC populations published between January 2007 and December 2021. We identified 233 publications from 16 countries that met our inclusion criteria and grouped them by health outcome (genotoxicity, neurobehavioral outcomes, placental outcomes and teratogenicity, cancer, thyroid function, reproductive outcomes, birth outcomes and child growth, and others).

RESULTS

Most published studies were conducted in Brazil (37%, n = 88 ) and Mexico (20%, n = 46 ), were cross-sectional in design (72%, n = 167 ), and focused on farmworkers (45%, n = 105 ) or children (21%, n = 48 ). The most frequently studied health effects included genotoxicity (24%, n = 62 ) and neurobehavioral outcomes (21%, n = 54 ), and organophosphate (OP) pesticides were the most frequently examined (26%, n = 81 ). Forty-seven percent (n = 112 ) of the studies relied only on indirect pesticide exposure assessment methods. Exposure to OP pesticides, carbamates, or to multiple pesticide classes was consistently associated with markers of genotoxicity and adverse neurobehavioral outcomes, particularly among children and farmworkers.

DISCUSSION

Our scoping review provides some evidence that exposure to pesticides may adversely impact the health of LAC populations, but methodological limitations and inconsistencies undermine the strength of the conclusions. It is critical to increase capacity building, integrate research initiatives, and conduct more rigorous epidemiological studies in the region to address these limitations, better inform public health surveillance systems, and maximize the impact of research on public policies. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9934.

Evaluation of hematological indices among insecticides factory workers

Insecticides are commonly used pesticides in the world. Chronic exposure to insecticides has adverse effects on various human body organs. In this study, hematological findings were assessed in workers in an insecticide manufacturing plant. Hematological parameters and clinical symptoms were recorded in 99 workers exposed to insecticides and 107 workers not exposed to them in a cross-sectional study. Assessment of the hematological results showed a higher prevalence of thrombocytosis in the exposed group than the non-exposed group (P < 0.05). Mean white blood cell (WBC) and platelet counts, anisocytosis of red blood cells (RBCs), and neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio (NLR) were significantly higher in the exposed group compared to the non-exposed group (P < 0.05). Prevalence rates of headache, itchy skin, cough, and sleep disorders were higher in the exposed group than in the non-exposed group (P < 0.05). Chronic exposure to insecticides can alter hematological parameters in the normal range. Occupational exposure to insecticides may increase WBCs, platelet count, NLR, and red cell distribution width (RDW). It can also cause thrombocytosis. Complete blood count (CBC), as an inexpensive and accessible tool, can help monitor workers' health status exposed to insecticides properly.

A comparative study: rural versus urban children as regard exposure to organophosphorus pesticides using cholinesterase enzyme activity

Background

The uncontrolled long-term exposure to organophosphorus (OP) pesticides is hazardous to health especially in children. The present study aimed to determine the acetyl cholinesterase enzyme serum level in exposure and non-exposure children groups, to explore other clinical and laboratory outcomes of organophosphorus pesticides exposure on children living in rural versus urban areas, and to establish the hemotoxic alterations as a result of the exposure. A ninety clinically free children—forty-five from rural areas and forty-five children from urban areas—were assessed, and the clinical and laboratory effects of their exposure to organophosphorus pesticides were evaluated via measuring acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity.

Results

Significant differences between the two areas of residence were found in weight %, visits to the field, eating vegetables without washing, presence of insecticides at home, and previous organophosphorus pesticides toxicity of the patients and their families. Eye, respiratory, cardiac, nervous, muscle, gastrointestinal, and urinary symptoms were more common in the rural residence group which shows more exposure to pesticides. The mean level of the AChE enzyme was less in the rural residence group than the other one, and it showed significant correlations with the anemia indicating parameters. A weak positive correlation was found with platelets count.

Conclusions

Chronic organophosphorus toxicity that is more prevalent in rural areas may result in many transient neglected symptoms, unrevealed acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) enzyme deficiency, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Acetyl cholinesterase enzyme serum level can be used as a screening test for organophosphorus pesticides exposure.

Cytogenetic markers and their spatial distribution in a population living in proximity to areas sprayed with pesticides

Human populations are in contact with potentially toxic substances in varying amounts, if the exposure is work-related or direct, generally the amount of toxin is usually greater than if the exposure is environmental through the drifts that occur. It was proposed to determine the existence of genotoxic damage evaluated through Chromosomal Aberrations and Micronuclei assays and their spatial distribution pattern, as well as the possible relationship between that damage and the values found in biochemical biomarkers, in groups of individuals environmental exposure (respiratory exposure) to mixtures of pesticides, in the province of Córdoba-Argentina. Biochemical and hematological determinations were made in each samples. The results reveal that the monitoring of human populations through the analysis of cytogenetic markers enabled the detection of direct damage in man caused by polluting substances and the results were obtained rapidly. The disadvantage of this type of study is the inability to estimate the degree of exposure.

Association between Haematological Parameters and Exposure to a Mixture of Organophosphate and Neonicotinoid Insecticides among Male Farmworkers in Northern Thailand

Exposure to insecticides may result in various health problems. This study investigated the association between haematological parameters and exposure to a mixture of organophosphate (OP) and neonicotinoid (NEO) insecticides among male farmworkers in Fang district, Chiang Mai province, northern Thailand. Concentrations of urinary dialkylphosphates, non-specific metabolites of OPs, and NEOs and their metabolites and haematological parameters were measured in 143 male farmworkers. The Bayesian kernel machine regression model was employed to evaluate the associations. Exposure to a mixture of insecticides was significantly associated with the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) when the concentrations of all the compounds and their metabolites were at the 60th percentile or higher compared with the 50th percentile. Furthermore, exposure to clothianidin (CLO) showed a decreasing association with MCHC when all the other insecticides were at their mean concentrations. CLO was the most likely compound to reduce MCHC, and this was confirmed by sensitivity analysis. These findings suggest that exposure to NEO insecticides, especially CLO, affects the haematological status relating to haemoglobin parameters.