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Lu Y, Shih MC, Tan S, Grotevent MJ, Wang L, Zhu H, Zhang R, Lee JH, Lee JW, Bulović V, Bawendi MG. Rational Design of a Chemical Bath Deposition Based Tin Oxide Electron-Transport Layer for Perovskite Photovoltaics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304168. [PMID: 37463679 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Chemical bath deposition (CBD) is widely used to deposit tin oxide (SnOx ) as an electron-transport layer in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The conventional recipe uses thioglycolic acid (TGA) to facilitate attachments of SnOx particles onto the substrate. However, nonvolatile TGA is reported to harm the operational stability of PSCs. In this work, a volatile oxalic acid (OA) is introduced as an alternative to TGA. OA, a dicarboxylic acid, functions as a chemical linker for the nucleation and attachment of particles to the substrate in the chemical bath. Moreover, OA can be readily removed through thermal annealing followed by a mild H2 O2 treatment, as shown by FTIR measurements. Synergistically, the mild H2 O2 treatment selectively oxidizes the surface of the SnOx layer, minimizing nonradiative interface carrier recombination. EELS (electron-energy-loss spectroscopy) confirms that the SnOx surface is dominated by Sn4+ , while the bulk is a mixture of Sn2+ and Sn4+ . This rational design of a CBD SnOx layer leads to devices with T85 ≈1500 h, a significant improvement over the TGA-based device with T80 ≈250 h. The champion device reached a power conversion efficiency of 24.6%. This work offers a rationale for optimizing the complex parameter space of CBD SnOx to achieve efficient and stable PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Meng-Chen Shih
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Shaun Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Matthias J Grotevent
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Ruiqi Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Joo-Hong Lee
- Department of Nano Science and Technology and Department of Nanoengineering, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Lee
- Department of Nano Science and Technology and Department of Nanoengineering, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science & Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Vladimir Bulović
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
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Gao Y, Masuda Y, Koumoto K. Micropatterning of lanthanum-based oxide thin film on self-assembled monolayers. J Colloid Interface Sci 2004; 274:392-7. [PMID: 15144810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2004.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2003] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We studied the direct micropatterning of a lanthanum-based thin film on a template of self-assembled monolayers in an aqueous solution at 80 degrees C. The template composed of silanol and octadecyl areas was prepared by UV-modified octadecyltrichlorosilane SAMs through a photomask. The amorphous La(2)O(CO(3))(2) x H(2)O thin films were selectively deposited in the silanol regions. Crystallized La(2)O(3) was obtained after heating at 800 degrees C in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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