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Abid MA, Khani MK, Abid MB. Pakistan’s battle against HIV. Int J STD AIDS 2023:9564624231166433. [PMID: 36997477 DOI: 10.1177/09564624231166433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abbas Abid
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 9615The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Bilal Abid
- Divisions of Hematology / Oncology and Infectious Diseases, BMT and Cellular Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, 5506Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Anjum A, Rehman AU, Siddique H, Rabaan AA, Alhumaid S, Garout M, Almuthree SA, Halwani MA, Turkistani SA, Qutob H, Albayat H, Aljeldah M, Shammari BRA, Alshahrani FS, Alghamdi AS, Alduwaihi SM, Alibraheem AA, Zeb S, Zeshan B. Evaluation of Hematological, Biochemical Profiles and Molecular Detection of Envelope Gene (gp-41) in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) among Newly Diagnosed Patients. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 59:medicina59010093. [PMID: 36676716 PMCID: PMC9860646 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a highly morphic, retrovirus that rapidly evolves through mutation as well as recombination. Because of the immunocompromised status in HIV patients, there is often a higher chance of acquiring different secondary infections followed by liver cirrhosis, hepatitis B & C, and HIV-associated nephropathy. The current study was conducted to see the prevalence of secondary infections, hematological and biochemical markers for liver and renal associated diseases, and to detect the envelope gene (GP41) in newly diagnosed HIV patients. A total of 37 samples were collected from HIV-positive patients registered in different hospital settings under the National AIDS control program. The collected samples were processed for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hematological analysis, and biochemical analysis. To identify the envelope gene in newly diagnosed HIV patients, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using four gene-specific primers. The HIV infections were seen more in male as compared to females. A significant decrease in complete blood count was observed in HIV patients when compared to healthy individuals. There was a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, and creatinine observed in HIV patients. No significant difference was observed in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, and albumin levels when compared to healthy control. Anemia was observed in 59.4% of HIV patients. A total of three (8.1%) patients were found to be co-infected with hepatitis B and one (2.7 %) was co-infected with hepatitis C. Out of these 37 tested samples, a total of four showed the successful amplification of the envelope gene. This study provides platform for the health care facilitators to regularly monitor the signs, symptoms and clinical biomarkers of HIV-associated infections to prevent toxicity at an early stage to improve the quality of life (QoL) and minimize the mortality rate in HIV patients. Envelope gene mutating frequently results in drug resistance, and thus future research on polymorphism analysis will reveal points of substitutions to improve drug designing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asfa Anjum
- Department of Medical Education, University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Abaid ur Rehman
- Department of Medical Education, Sheikh Zayed Medical College, Rahim Yar Khan 06426, Pakistan
| | - Hina Siddique
- Department of Medical Education, Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (A.A.R.); (B.Z.)
| | - Saad Alhumaid
- Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Garout
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Souad A. Almuthree
- Department of Infectious Disease, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah 43442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad A. Halwani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Al Baha 4781, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Haitham Qutob
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 25732, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hawra Albayat
- Infectious Disease Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 7790, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Aljeldah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39831, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basim R. Al Shammari
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah S. Alshahrani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 12477, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S. Alghamdi
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 12477, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami M. Alduwaihi
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 12477, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adil A. Alibraheem
- ENT Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 12477, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shah Zeb
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Science, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Basit Zeshan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, University Malaysia Sabah, Sandakan Campus, Locked Bag No. 3, Sandakan 90509, Sabah, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.A.R.); (B.Z.)
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Healthcare Professionals’ Practice of HIV Post-Exposure Prophylaxis in Clinical Settings in Karachi, Pakistan. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10020277. [PMID: 35206891 PMCID: PMC8871552 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an important public health concern that has become more prevalent in Pakistan in recent decades. Healthcare professionals (HCPs) are frequently exposed to many HIV-infected patients; as a result, they are more vulnerable to HIV infection due to occupational exposure. Hence, the current study was executed to evaluate HCPs’ knowledge, attitude and practice in terms of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV. This cross-sectional study was carried out in several clinical and laboratory settings of Karachi and the HCPs involved in treating patients were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. The Shapiro–Wilk test was performed to establish the normality of the variables. Pearson correlation was employed to identify the relationship between the independent variables considering p-values < 0.05 as statistically significant. A total of 578 filled forms were incorporated in the study with a response rate of 72.2%. Physicians and medical students (OR = 1.68; 95% CI = 1.16–2.24; p = 0.001) belonging to private work settings (OR = 1.84; 95% CI = 1.33–2.35; p < 0.003) indicated better knowledge. The majority, 407 (70.4%), of the respondents reported having been exposed to risky occupational circumstances during their professional life; however, 65.7% took PEP for HIV after exposure and only 56.8% completed the entire course. A statistically significant association was observed between experience (p = 0.004, CI = 0.14–0.72), job category (p = 0.0001, CI = 0.16–0.62) and frequency of exposure (p = 0.003, CI = 0.42–11.31) and reporting of occupational exposure. More than half (53.8%) of respondents stated that their institute has a policy for the management of HIV exposures; however, their response was significantly associated with their organization (p = 0.004). The current study shows adequate knowledge revealing a positive attitude among respondents; however, there was a gap between the knowledge and its practical application. Even though many of the HCPs had experienced risky HIV exposure, a lack of reporting was noted in the study.
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