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Usman S, Anjum A, Usman M, Imran MS, Ali M, Moustafa M, Rehman MS, Hussain T, Sarwar F, Azad A, Hussain I, Naseer J, Tiwana U, Hafeez S. Antibiotic resistance pattern and pathological features of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli O78:K80 in chickens. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e257179. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.257179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) induces colibacillosis, an acute and systemic disease, resulting in substantial economic losses in the poultry sector. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance pattern associated with frequent virulence gene distribution in APEC O78:K80 that may cause pathological alterations in chickens. The antibiogram profile showed high resistance to erythromycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ampicillin, and co-trimoxazole, followed by intermediate resistance to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, nitrofurantoin, and doxycycline hydrochloride, and sensitive to amikacin, streptomycin, gentamicin, and colistin. Virulence gene distribution identifies eight (irp-2, iutA, ompT, iss, iucD, astA, hlyF, iroN) genes through a conventional polymerase chain reaction. APEC O78:K80 caused significantly high liver enzyme concentrations, serum interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in experimental birds. Also, infected birds have hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperglobulinemia. Necropsy examination revealed fibrinous perihepatitis and pericarditis, congested lungs, intestinal ecchymotic hemorrhages and necrotizing granulomatosis of the spleen. Histopathological examination depicted hepatocellular degeneration, myocardial necrosis, interstitial nephritis, intestinal hemorrhages and lymphopenia in the spleen. This study is the first evidence to assess the antibiotic resistance profile linked with virulence genes and clinicopathological potential of APEC O78:K80 in chickens in Pakistan, which could be a useful and rapid approach to prevent and control the disease by developing the control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Usman
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - A. Anjum
- Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture Multan, Pakistan
| | - M. Usman
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - M. S. Imran
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - M. Ali
- BZU Bahadur sub campus Layyah, Pakistan
| | - M. Moustafa
- King Khalid University; South Valley University, Egypt
| | | | - T. Hussain
- The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - F. Sarwar
- Poultry Research Institute, Pakistan
| | - A. Azad
- Poultry Research Institute, Pakistan
| | | | - J. Naseer
- The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - U. Tiwana
- Range Land Research Institute, Pakistan
| | - S. Hafeez
- University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Waheed SF, Aslam A, Khan MR, Ashraf K, Anjum A. A perspective of the prevalent H9N2 virus with a special focus on molecular and pathological aspects in commercial broiler chicken in Punjab, Pakistan. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e261849. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.261849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Frequent outbreaks of avian influenza H9N2 virus in Pakistan revealed that this subtype has become endemic in the poultry industry and, besides economic losses, poses a threat to public health. The present study describes the molecular characterization and pathological alterations in naturally infected broiler chickens with the current H9N2 field strain and their phylogenomic dynamics. In this study, tissue samples (trachea, lung, kidney and intestine) from 100 commercial chicken flocks were collected from July 2018 to August 2019. Samples were subjected to molecular detection, phylogeny and subsequent pathological examination. The complete length of the HA gene was successfully amplified in five samples. Nucleotide sequencing revealed positive samples placed in a clade belonging to the B2 sub-lineage of the G1 genotype and categorized as LPAIV based on the amino acid sequence of the HA gene at the cleavage site (PAKSSR/G). Genetic analysis of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed nt: 80.5%-99.5%; aa: 83.8%-98.9% homology to H9N2 strains reported previously from Pakistan, neighbouring countries, and (A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97). Gross lesions include a slight airsacculitis, mild hemorrhages, diffuse congestion and purulent exudate in tracheal mucosa, fibrinonecrotic cast in the trachea lumen and mild pulmonary congestion. Histopathological alterations include sloughing of epithelial cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the trachea, mononuclear cells (MNCs) infiltration, pulmonary congestion and exudate in the lumen of parabronchi, peritubular congestion in the kidneys with degeneration of tubular epithelial cells and degenerative changes in the intestinal villi epithelial cells and goblet cell hyperplasia. Immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed the presence of AIVH9N2 antigen in the trachea, lungs, kidney and intestine. Electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural changes in the trachea, including degenerated cilia, mitochondrial swelling and enlarged endoplasmic reticulum. Based on all essential analysis, the present study revealed the distribution of the H9N2 virus of G1 genotype in Punjab, Pakistan, with mild to moderate pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. F. Waheed
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - A. Aslam
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - M. R. Khan
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - K. Ashraf
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - A. Anjum
- Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Pakistan
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Younas U, Atif M, Anjum A, Nadeem M, Ali T, Shaheen R, Khalid W, Ali Z. Fabrication of La 3+ doped Ba 1-x La x TiO 3 ceramics with improved dielectric and ferroelectric properties using a composite-hydroxide-mediated method. RSC Adv 2023; 13:5293-5306. [PMID: 36777949 PMCID: PMC9912143 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06640h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lanthanum (La3+) doped Ba1-x La x TiO3 (x = 0.0, 0.0025, 0.005, 0.0075) ceramics were synthesized by the composite-hydroxide-mediated method. Rietveld refinement of the XRD patterns confirmed the formation of a perovskite crystal structure that transforms from tetragonal to pseudo-cubic with La3+ doping content (x). Scanning electron microscopy displayed a dense and homogeneous microstructure with reduced grain size on La3+ doping. The frequency and temperature-dependent dielectric measurements showed an improvement in the dielectric permittivity, a decrease in the ferroelectric-paraelectric transition temperature, and an increase in the dielectric diffusivity with increasing La3+ doping content. Complex impedance analysis indicated the semiconducting behavior with a positive temperature coefficient of resistance effect, which could be explained in terms of a charge compensation mechanism in the donor doped BaTiO3. The ferroelectric hysteresis loops revealed that these ceramics are ferroelectric in nature, while an improvement in the energy storage density and energy storage efficiency was observed for the doped samples due to reduced grain size on La3+ doping. Here, the sample with x = 0.005 has a high dielectric permittivity, a low dielectric tangent loss, and the highest energy storage efficiency. This makes this composition interesting for energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Younas
- Functional Materials Lab, Department of Physics, Air UniversityPAF Complex E-9IslamabadPakistan
| | - M. Atif
- Functional Materials Lab, Department of Physics, Air UniversityPAF Complex E-9IslamabadPakistan
| | - A. Anjum
- Functional Materials Lab, Department of Physics, Air UniversityPAF Complex E-9IslamabadPakistan
| | - M. Nadeem
- Polymer Composite Group, Directorate of SciencePINSTECHIslamabadPakistan
| | - T. Ali
- Physics Division, Directorate of SciencePINSTECHIslamabadPakistan
| | - R. Shaheen
- Physics Division, Directorate of SciencePINSTECHIslamabadPakistan
| | - W. Khalid
- Functional Materials Lab, Department of Physics, Air UniversityPAF Complex E-9IslamabadPakistan
| | - Z. Ali
- Functional Materials Lab, Department of Physics, Air UniversityPAF Complex E-9IslamabadPakistan
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Anjum A, Rehman AU, Siddique H, Rabaan AA, Alhumaid S, Garout M, Almuthree SA, Halwani MA, Turkistani SA, Qutob H, Albayat H, Aljeldah M, Shammari BRA, Alshahrani FS, Alghamdi AS, Alduwaihi SM, Alibraheem AA, Zeb S, Zeshan B. Evaluation of Hematological, Biochemical Profiles and Molecular Detection of Envelope Gene (gp-41) in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) among Newly Diagnosed Patients. Medicina (Kaunas) 2022; 59:medicina59010093. [PMID: 36676716 PMCID: PMC9860646 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a highly morphic, retrovirus that rapidly evolves through mutation as well as recombination. Because of the immunocompromised status in HIV patients, there is often a higher chance of acquiring different secondary infections followed by liver cirrhosis, hepatitis B & C, and HIV-associated nephropathy. The current study was conducted to see the prevalence of secondary infections, hematological and biochemical markers for liver and renal associated diseases, and to detect the envelope gene (GP41) in newly diagnosed HIV patients. A total of 37 samples were collected from HIV-positive patients registered in different hospital settings under the National AIDS control program. The collected samples were processed for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hematological analysis, and biochemical analysis. To identify the envelope gene in newly diagnosed HIV patients, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using four gene-specific primers. The HIV infections were seen more in male as compared to females. A significant decrease in complete blood count was observed in HIV patients when compared to healthy individuals. There was a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, and creatinine observed in HIV patients. No significant difference was observed in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, and albumin levels when compared to healthy control. Anemia was observed in 59.4% of HIV patients. A total of three (8.1%) patients were found to be co-infected with hepatitis B and one (2.7 %) was co-infected with hepatitis C. Out of these 37 tested samples, a total of four showed the successful amplification of the envelope gene. This study provides platform for the health care facilitators to regularly monitor the signs, symptoms and clinical biomarkers of HIV-associated infections to prevent toxicity at an early stage to improve the quality of life (QoL) and minimize the mortality rate in HIV patients. Envelope gene mutating frequently results in drug resistance, and thus future research on polymorphism analysis will reveal points of substitutions to improve drug designing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asfa Anjum
- Department of Medical Education, University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Abaid ur Rehman
- Department of Medical Education, Sheikh Zayed Medical College, Rahim Yar Khan 06426, Pakistan
| | - Hina Siddique
- Department of Medical Education, Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (A.A.R.); (B.Z.)
| | - Saad Alhumaid
- Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Garout
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Souad A. Almuthree
- Department of Infectious Disease, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah 43442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad A. Halwani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Al Baha 4781, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Haitham Qutob
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 25732, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hawra Albayat
- Infectious Disease Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 7790, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Aljeldah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39831, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basim R. Al Shammari
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah S. Alshahrani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 12477, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S. Alghamdi
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 12477, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami M. Alduwaihi
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 12477, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adil A. Alibraheem
- ENT Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 12477, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shah Zeb
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Science, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Basit Zeshan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, University Malaysia Sabah, Sandakan Campus, Locked Bag No. 3, Sandakan 90509, Sabah, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.A.R.); (B.Z.)
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Rasool Z, Noreen H, Anjum A, Rizvi A, Rabaan AA, Halwani MA, Sabour AA, Aljeldah M, Shammari BRA, Alhajri SM, Alshubaith IH, Garout M, Firyal S, Ahmed N. Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Erythromycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bovine Mastitis and Humans in Close Contact. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 8:tropicalmed8010026. [PMID: 36668934 PMCID: PMC9865518 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major causative agent of mastitis and is resistant to many antibiotics. Thus, there is a need to characterize the genetic determinants of S. aureus erythromycin resistance, such as ermA, ermB and ermC. The current study aimed to determine the phenotypic and genotypic erythromycin resistance profile and relatedness of S. aureus recovered from bovine mastitis and humans in close contact. A total of 14 mastitis-infected buffalo milk samples and 16 samples from their respective milkers were collected from different farms of Lahore, Pakistan. The antibiotic resistance profile was determined through the disk diffusion test. The overall prevalence of S. aureus in mastitis-affected buffaloes was found to be 75%, of which 52.1% were resistant to erythromycin and 42.8% to clindamycin. S. aureus isolates recovered from milker nasal samples showed 56.25% resistance to erythromycin and 44% resistance to clindamycin. Genotypic antibiotic resistance profiles were determined from 14 milk samples through PCR. Overall, eight (52.1%), three (21.4%) and five (35.7%) S. aureus isolates were positive for the ermA, ermB and ermC genes, respectively. Moreover, 16 milker nasal S. aureus isolates were also tested for the presence of ermA, ermB and ermC genes. The ermA, ermB and ermC genes were observed in nine(56.7%), five (31.3%) and seven (43.7%) isolates, respectively. A significant association was shown between phenotypic and genotypic erythromycin resistance. The results indicate both that there are sufficient genetic similarities, and the actual transmission of erythromycin resistance genes between these two hosts of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Rasool
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hadiqua Noreen
- Department of Medical Education, Avviceena Medical College, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Asfa Anjum
- Department of Medical Education, University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Azka Rizvi
- Department of Microbiology, Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute & Research Center (PKLI & RC), Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A. Halwani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Al Baha 65799, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal A. Sabour
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Aljeldah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39831, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basim R. Al Shammari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39831, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah M. Alhajri
- Infectious and Zoonotic Diseases Division, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Al-Ahsa 11116, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim H. Alshubaith
- Department of International Organisations and Health Cities Al-Ahsa Municipality, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Garout
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sehrish Firyal
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (N.A.)
| | - Naveed Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (N.A.)
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Munir MA, Anjum KM, Javid A, Khan N, Jianming C, Naseer J, Anjum A, Usman S, Shahzad M, Hafeez S, Hussain T, Saeed A, Badeni AH, Mansoor MK, Hussain I. Sublethal toxicity of carbofuran in cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis coromandus): hematological, biochemical, and histopathological alterations. BRAZ J BIOL 2022; 84:e255055. [PMID: 35019107 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.255055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate Carbofuran (CF)-induced pathological changes in cattle egret. Two hundred cattle egrets were reared and equally divided into four groups and given different CF concentrations (0.03 mg/L, 0.02 mg/L, 0.01 mg/L and 0 mg/L (control group)). Hematology, serum biochemistry, histopathology, and immunological markers were studied. Our results confirm that CF induces anemic conditions, leukocytosis, elevated liver enzymatic activity, and alterations in renal biomarkers. Moreover, specific microscopic lesions such as multifocal necrosis, pyknotic nuclei, hemorrhages, congestion, and inflammatory cell proliferation were observed in the liver, kidney, spleen, and thymus. These findings suggest that CF can induce harmful effects, so the application of this pesticide in the field must be strictly monitored to mitigate the possibility of exposure to non-target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Munir
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife & Ecology, Ravi Campus, Pattoki, Pakistan
| | - K M Anjum
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife & Ecology, Ravi Campus, Pattoki, Pakistan
| | - A Javid
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife & Ecology, Ravi Campus, Pattoki, Pakistan
| | - N Khan
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture, Ravi Campus, Pattoki, Pakistan
| | - C Jianming
- Minjiang University, Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou, China
| | - J Naseer
- The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Department of Forestry, Range and Wildlife Management, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - A Anjum
- The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Pathology, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - S Usman
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Pathology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M Shahzad
- The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Pathology, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Hafeez
- University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Department of Forestry and Range Management, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - T Hussain
- The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Department of Forestry, Range and Wildlife Management, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - A Saeed
- The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Department of Forestry, Range and Wildlife Management, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - A H Badeni
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife & Ecology, Ravi Campus, Pattoki, Pakistan
| | - M K Mansoor
- The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - I Hussain
- Bahauddin Zakariya University, Department of Pathobiology, Multan, Pakistan
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Anjum A, Usman S, Aslam A, Faiz M, Usman S, Imran MS, Hussain I, Usman M, Badar S, Iqbal MZ, Dar A, Haq HMA. Prevalence and molecular detection of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in large ruminants in Punjab, Pakistan. Trop Biomed 2020; 37:273-281. [PMID: 33612797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a highly contagious disease of cattle caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. It is characterized by anorexia, fever, dyspnea, polypnea, cough, and nasal discharges. Gross lesions in the lung such as marbling, sequestra, thickening of interlobular septa, and consolidation are evident. Serological tests including complement fixation test and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and molecular tests such as polymerase chain reactions are used for diagnostic purposes. In this study, lung samples of suspected large ruminants (cattle n=560, buffalo n=293) were collected from abattoirs of three districts of Punjab namely Lahore, Kasur and Jhang. PCR was performed with specific primers, targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA gene to detect the positive cases. The results indicated that 49 samples (8.75%) of cattle were positive, with maximum prevalence was observed in Jhang with 16 positive samples (10.06%), but CBPP was not detected in any buffalo sample. High prevalence of disease was seen in cattle of more than seven years of age, in female cattle, and in cross-bred cattle. Age and gender were found significantly associated (P<0.05) with the prevalence of the disease. Gene sequencing of identified 5 isolates of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides had more than 99% similarities with the strains isolated from China, Italy, Australia and Tanzania and were categorized into a monophyletic group but strain isolated from Portugal had more than 55% variable regions, hence clustered separately. This study confirms the presence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in the country which can be a threat to the livestock export market and warrants the implementation of control measures to mitigate the economic losses associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Anjum
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S Usman
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A Aslam
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M Faiz
- King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S Usman
- Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - M S Imran
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - I Hussain
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M Usman
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S Badar
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department Punjab, Pakistan
| | - M Z Iqbal
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A Dar
- Foot and Mouth Disease Research Center, Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - H M A Haq
- Poultry Research Institute, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Podlog M, Chacko J, Basile J, Anjum A, Youssef E, Malizia R, Hahn B, Berwald N. 152 Resource Utilization of Patients Referred to the Emergency Department From an Urgent Care Center. Ann Emerg Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.08.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Non-parasitic splenic cysts are rare entities. In pregnancy, they are rarer still, with as few as seven cases reported in the literature. There is little consensus regarding the optimal management of this condition in pregnancy. Although small, the theoretical risk of intrapartum splenic rupture is associated with a fetal mortality rate as high as 70%. The authors of at least three case reports advocate total splenectomy as first-line management of splenic cyst in pregnancy. Paradoxically, spleen conserving surgery is the recognised gold standard treatment for symptomatic splenic cysts in non-pregnant patients. We present a case of a large maternal splenic cyst that was treated successfully with a laparoscopic cystectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kapp
- University College London , UK
| | - T Lewis
- Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust , UK
| | - S Glasgow
- Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust , UK
| | - A Khalil
- Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust , UK
| | - A Anjum
- Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust , UK
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Hannan MA, Chowdhury MTH, Khan MAI, Chowdhury AFMA, Shahidullah KM, Saha AK, Anjum A. Prevalence of Gingivitis, Plaque accumulation and Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth among slum population in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2015; 40:47-51. [PMID: 26415339 DOI: 10.3329/bmrcb.v40i2.25182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional survey, using cluster sampling technique, of slum population, was done to explore the oral health status and the prevalence of common oral diseases. A close ended questionnaire comprising Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) Index, Gingival Index (Löe and Silness) and Plaque Index was applied to evaluate and record oral diseases, in both male and female population, covering a wide range of age groups. Clinical examination was carried out in different slum set ups, including slum schools by trained and calibrated examiners. Three thousand nine hundred and four (3904) slum dwellers participated in the survey. Prevalence of Caries was expressed in mean DMFT, recording of gingival status followed the method of Löe and Silness, oral hygiene status was evaluated using Plaque index. Mean decayed component, of the DMFT, was significantly higher than filling and missing component. Both decayed and missing components showed increasing trend, and filling components decreased as the age progressed. Prevalence of gingivitis and plaque accumulation was remarkably high among slum dwellers. Significantly high level of common oral diseases was found among Tongi slum dwellers.Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2014; 40 (2): 47-51
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von Allmen RS, Anjum A, Powell JT, Earnshaw JJ. Hospital trends of admissions and procedures for acute leg ischaemia in England, 2000-2011. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2015; 97:59-62. [PMID: 25519269 DOI: 10.1308/003588414x14055925059354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute leg ischaemia (ALI) is a common vascular emergency for which new minimally invasive treatment options were introduced in the 1990s. The aim of this study was to determine recent hospital trends for ALI in England and to assess whether the introduction of the new treatment modalities had affected management. METHODS Routine hospital data covering ALI were provided by Hospital Episode Statistics for the years 2000 to 2011 and mortality data were obtained from the Office for National Statistics. All data were age standardised, reported per 100,000 of the population, and stratified by age band (60-74 years and ≥75 years) and sex. RESULTS Hospital admissions have risen significantly from 60.3 to 94.3 per 100,000 of the population, with an average annual increase of 6.2% since 2003 (p<0.001). The rise was greater in the older age group (from 79.9 to 134.4 vs 49.3 to 73.0) and yet procedures for ALI have shown a significant decrease since 2000 from 14.3 to 12.4 per 100,000 (p=0.013), independent of age and sex. Open embolectomy of the femoral artery remains the most common procedure and the proportion of endovascular interventions showed only a small increase. Only a few deaths were attributed to ALI (range: 95-150 deaths per year). CONCLUSIONS Hospital workload for ALI has increased, particularly since 2003, but this trend does not appear to have translated into increased endovascular or surgical activity.
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von Allmen R, Anjum A, Powell J. Outcomes After Endovascular or Open Repair for Degenerative Descending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Using Linked Hospital Data. J Vasc Surg 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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von Allmen RS, Anjum A, Powell JT. Outcomes after endovascular or open repair for degenerative descending thoracic aortic aneurysm using linked hospital data. Br J Surg 2014; 101:1244-51. [PMID: 25048981 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The population-based effectiveness of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) versus open surgery for descending thoracic aortic aneurysm remains in doubt. METHODS Patients aged over 50 years, without a history of aortic dissection, undergoing repair of a thoracic aortic aneurysm between 2006 and 2011 were assessed using mortality-linked individual patient data from Hospital Episode Statistics (England). The principal outcomes were 30-day operative mortality, long-term survival (5 years) and aortic-related reinterventions. TEVAR and open repair were compared using crude and multivariable models that adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS Overall, 759 patients underwent thoracic aortic aneurysm repair, mainly for intact aneurysms (618, 81·4 per cent). Median ages of TEVAR and open cohorts were 73 and 71 years respectively (P < 0·001), with more men undergoing TEVAR (P = 0·004). For intact aneurysms, the operative mortality rate was similar for TEVAR and open repair (6·5 versus 7·6 per cent; odds ratio 0·79, 95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 0·41 to 1·49), but the 5-year survival rate was significantly worse after TEVAR (54·2 versus 65·6 per cent; adjusted hazard ratio 1·45, 95 per cent c.i. 1·08 to 1·94). After 5 years, aortic-related mortality was similar in the two groups, but cardiopulmonary mortality was higher after TEVAR. TEVAR was associated with more aortic-related reinterventions (23·1 versus 14·3 per cent; adjusted HR 1·70, 95 per cent c.i. 1·11 to 2·60). There were 141 procedures for ruptured thoracic aneurysm (97 TEVAR, 44 open), with TEVAR showing no significant advantage in terms of operative mortality. CONCLUSION In England, operative mortality for degenerative descending thoracic aneurysm was similar after either TEVAR or open repair. Patients who had TEVAR appeared to have a higher reintervention rate and worse long-term survival, possibly owing to cardiopulmonary morbidity and other selection bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S von Allmen
- Vascular Surgery Research Group, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Swiss Cardiovascular Centre, University Hospital Berne and University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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von Allmen RS, Anjum A, Powell JT. Incidence of descending aortic pathology and evaluation of the impact of thoracic endovascular aortic repair: a population-based study in England and Wales from 1999 to 2010. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2012; 45:154-9. [PMID: 23280314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate population trends in thoracic aortic disease (dissections and aneurysms) in England and Wales, with focus on the impact of thoracic endovascular aortic repair on procedure numbers and age at repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS Routine hospital statistics of England and Wales provided admission, procedure and mortality data from 1999 to 2010. All data were age-standardised, reported per 100,000 population, by age bands (>50 years or 50-74 years versus 75+ years) and gender. Only patients 50+ years were included, to focus on degenerative disease. RESULTS Between 1999 and 2010 hospital admissions for total (ascending and descending) have risen steadily for thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) from 7.2 to 8.8 and thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) from 4.4 to 9.0, principally attributable to increased admissions in those 75+ years. Total mortality declined steadily over the same period, for TAD from 4.4 to 3.2 and for TAA from 10.4 to 7.5. Procedure rates have risen sharply, driven by the implementation of TEVAR from 2006, for type B dissection from 0.06 to 0.53 and for descending TAA from 0.76 to 1.89. All figures are per 100,000 population with P <0.005. CONCLUSION Improvements in case ascertainment may have contributed to the increase in hospital admissions. The increased application of TEVAR, particularly for dissections, is mainly in those above 75 years and has not yet translated into an accelerated survival benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S von Allmen
- Vascular Surgery Research Group, Imperial College, Charing Cross Campus, St Dunstan's Road, London W6 8RF, UK.
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Rao MS, Asad BS, Fazil M, Sudharshan R, Rasheed S, Pradeep H, Aboobacker S, Thayyil A, Riyaz A, Mansoor M, Aleem M, Zeeyauddin K, Narasu ML, Anjum A, Ibrahim M. Evaluation of protective effect of Sapindus mukorossi saponin fraction on CCl(4)-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2012; 5:129-37. [PMID: 22888266 PMCID: PMC3414376 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s29308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim This investigation aimed to assess the hepatoprotective effect of saponin fraction isolated from the fruit pericarp of Sapindus mukorossi on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity. Methods Fruit of S. mukorossi was collected and authenticated, and dried pericarp powder subjected to extraction with cold ethanol (70%) by maceration followed by isolation of total saponin fraction. Hepatoprotective activity was demonstrated in the CCl4-damaged primary monolayer culture. In in vivo studies, pretreatment with total saponin fraction (50,100 and 150 mg/kg per os once a day for 4 days before CCl4 introduction and continued afterward for 3 days) attenuated the CCl4-induced acute increase in serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase activities and considerably reduced histopathological alterations. Further, saponin fraction reduced thiopentone-induced (4 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) sleeping time in rats. Results Saponin fraction pretreatment improves bromsulphalein clearance and also increases cellular viability. Saponin administration replenished depleted hepatic glutathione and superoxide dismutase by improving the antioxidant status of the liver and liver function enzymes. These effects substantiate protection of cellular phospholipids from peroxidative damage induced by highly reactive toxic intermediate radicals formed during biotransformation of CCl4. Conclusion The above findings lead to the conclusion that the saponin fraction of S. mukorossi has a protective capability both in vitro on primary hepatocyte cultures and in vivo in a rat model of CCl4-mediated liver injury. Hence, we suggest that the inclusion of this S. mukorossi fruit pericarp in the management of liver disorders is justified.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A steady rise in mortality from abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) was reported in the 1980s and 1990 s, although this is now declining rapidly. Reasons for the recent decline in mortality from AAA rupture are investigated here. METHODS Routine statistics for mortality, hospital admissions and procedures in England and Wales were investigated. All data were age-standardized. Trends in smoking, hypertension and treatment for hypercholesterolaemia (statins), together with regression coefficients for mortality, were available from public sources for those aged at least 65 years. Deaths from ruptured AAA avoided in this age group were estimated by using the IMPACT equation: deaths avoided = (deaths in index year) × (risk factor decline) × β-coefficient. RESULTS From 1997, deaths from ruptured AAA have decreased sharply, almost twofold in men. Hospital admissions for elective AAA repair have increased modestly (from 40 to 45 per 100,000 population), attributable entirely to more procedures in those aged 75 years and over (P < 0.001). Admissions for ruptured AAA have declined from 18.6 to 13.5 per 100,000 population, across all ages, with the proportion offered and surviving emergency repair unchanged. From 1997, mortality from ruptured aneurysm in those aged at least 65 years has fallen from 65.9 to 44.6 per 100,000 population. An estimated 8-11 deaths per 100,000 population were avoided by a reduced prevalence of smoking and a similar number from an increase in the number of elective AAA repairs. Estimates for the effects of blood pressure and lipid control are uncertain. CONCLUSION The reduction in incidence of ruptured AAA since 1997 is attributable largely to changes in smoking prevalence and increases in elective AAA repair in those aged 75 years and over.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Anjum
- Vascular Surgery Research Group, Imperial College, Charing Cross Campus, St Dunstan's Road, London W6 8RP, UK
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Anjum A, Powell J. Is the Incidence of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Declining in the 21st Century? Mortality and Hospital Admissions for England & Wales and Scotland. J Vasc Surg 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2011.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Anjum A, Powell J. Is the Incidence of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Declining in the 21st Century? Mortality and Hospital Admissions for England & Wales and Scotland. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2012; 43:161-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Hannan MA, Shahidullah KM, Khan MAI, Anjum A. Role of nutrition in common dental diseases in rural Bangladesh. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2006; 32:55-9. [PMID: 17663361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate whether dietary intake and nutrition contribute to the aetiology of common dental diseases in rural Bangladesh. Study subjects were selected following multi-staged stratified random sampling procedure. A total of 300 people of both sexes were included in the study with age ranging from 12-40 years. Data were collected for demographic and socio-economic condition, oral hygiene and related knowledge, dietary consumption, history and clinical findings. The study subjects were categorized as adequate nutrient and undernutrient by dichotomy based on their needed intake and the quality of diet consumed. The results showed that only 19% of the subjects had fulfilled their required intake and the rest were undernutrient. The results also showed that about 93% of the subjects were disease positive. The results between dietary intake and prevalence of diseases were statistically significant (p<0.05). From the findings of the study, it was concluded that low income, poor dietary intake, poor oral and general health may be jointly associated with higher prevalence of dental diseases in the rural community.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hannan
- Deptt. of children, preventive and Community Dentistry, Sapporo Dental College and Hospital, Uttara, Dhaka
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Patel SK, Tomlinson M, Anjum A, Quarmby J. Paradoxical embolus: an unusual indication for upper limb amputation. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2001; 83:386-7. [PMID: 11777131 PMCID: PMC2503684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Paradoxical emboli occur when venous embolic material passes into the arterial circulation (via a right-to-left cardiac shunt). The association of paradoxical emboli and arterial ischaemia has been described previously, especially with respect to cerebral infarcts. We describe a case in which double paradoxical emboli following a long haul flight, resulted in emergency amputation of an upper limb. Amputation resulting from a paradoxical embolus has not previously been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Patel
- Department of Vascular Surgery, St George's Hospital, London, UK
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Tomlinson MA, Anjum A, Loosemore T. Retroperitoneal haematoma. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2000; 19:558-9. [PMID: 10896449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Anjum A, Fleischmann WR. Effect of hyperthermia on the antitumor actions of interferons. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 1992; 6:75-86. [PMID: 1283487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hyperthermia treatment has been shown to enhance the in vitro antiproliferative effects of IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, and IFN-gamma, with IFN-gamma being more strongly enhanced than IFN-alpha. The comparative effects of hyperthermia on the in vivo antitumor activities of IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma were evaluated in the murine system using both subcutaneous and intraperitoneal B16 melanoma tumor model systems. Heat-induced whole body hyperthermia, resulting in a 2 degree C rise in body temperature, was administered by incubating the mice for 8 hours in a dry incubator at 37.1 degrees C. Whole body hyperthermia was found to enhance the antitumor activity of IFN-alpha by approximately 1.0 fold and 1.2 fold for the subcutaneous and intraperitoneal tumor models, respectively. This represented an additive effect of hyperthermia and IFN-alpha. Hyperthermia was found to enhance the antitumor activity of IFN-gamma by approximately 2.9 fold and 2.2 fold for the subcutaneous and intraperitoneal tumor models, respectively. This represented a synergistic effect of hyperthermia and IFN-gamma. The results of this in vivo study confirm and extend the in vitro observation that hyperthermia more strongly enhances the antitumor action of IFN-gamma than IFN-alpha. These results may have clinical importance because they suggest that hyperthermia may be used in combination with IFN-gamma to provide a synergistically enhanced antitumor action.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Anjum
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
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