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Jalali A. Informing evidence-based medicine for opioid use disorder using pharmacoeconomic studies. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2024; 24:599-611. [PMID: 38696161 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2024.2350561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The health and economic consequences of inadequately treated opioid use disorder (OUD) are substantial. Healthcare systems in the United States (US) and other countries are facing a growing healthcare crisis due to opioids. Although effective medications for OUD exist, relying solely on clinical information is insufficient for addressing the opioid crisis. AREAS COVERED In this review, the role of pharmacoeconomic studies in informing evidence-based medication treatment for OUD is discussed, with a particular emphasis on the US healthcare system, where the economic burden is significantly higher than the global average. The scope/objective of pharmacoeconomics as a distinct scientific research program is briefly defined, followed by a discussion of existing evidence informed by data from systematic reviews, in addition to a convenience sample of recently published pharmacoeconomic studies and protocols. The review also explores the need for methodological advancements in the field. EXPERT OPINION Despite the potential of pharmacoeconomic research in shaping evidence-based medicine for OUD, significant challenges limiting its real-world application remain. How to address these challenges are explored, including how to combine cost-effectiveness and budget impact analyses to address the needs of the healthcare system as a whole and specific stakeholders interested in adopting new OUD treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jalali
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Division of Comparative Effectiveness & Outcomes Research, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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Vasiliadis HM, Lamoureux-Lamarche C, Chapdelaine A, Provencher MD, Norton PJ, Berbiche D, Roberge P. Cost-Effectiveness of Group Transdiagnostic Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Anxiety Disorders in Primary Care Settings: Economic Evaluation From the Healthcare System Perspective Over a 1-Year Time Horizon. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2024; 69:43-53. [PMID: 37461378 PMCID: PMC10867409 DOI: 10.1177/07067437231187459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of group transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioural therapy (tCBT) added to treatment as usual (TAU) for anxiety disorders compared to TAU only from the healthcare system perspective over a 1-year time horizon. METHODS Data from a pragmatic multisite randomized controlled trial where adults (18-65 years) with an anxiety disorder were randomized to tCBT + TAU (n = 117) or TAU (n = 114). Group tCBT is a 12-week (2h weekly sessions) community-based intervention. Health service utilization and related costs were captured from medico-administrative data and included those for the intervention, ambulatory visits, hospitalizations and medications. Effectiveness was based on quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). The study included measures at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 months. Intention-to-treat and complete case analyses were carried out. Missing data were imputed using multiple imputation analyses. Seemingly unrelated regression analyses were used to assess the effect of the intervention on total costs and QALYs while also adjusting for baseline confounders. The probability of cost-effectiveness of the intervention was assessed according to different willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds using the net benefit regression method. RESULTS The ICER of tCBT + TAU as compared to TAU in the intention-to-treat analysis was $6,581/QALY. Complete case analyses showed a similar ICER of $6,642/QALY. The probability at a WTP threshold of $20,000 and $40,000 that tCBT + TAU as compared to TAU is cost-effective is 93.0% and 99.9%. CONCLUSION tCBT added to TAU appears to be cost-effective from the healthcare system perspective for treating adult patients with anxiety disorders. Larger trials including young and older adults as well as a range of anxiety disorders are needed to further investigate the cost-effectiveness of tCBT in different patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen-Maria Vasiliadis
- Département des Sciences de la Santé Communautaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche Charles-Le Moyne, Longueuil, Québec, Canada
| | - Catherine Lamoureux-Lamarche
- Département des Sciences de la Santé Communautaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche Charles-Le Moyne, Longueuil, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandra Chapdelaine
- PRIMUS Research Group, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | | | | | - Djamal Berbiche
- Département des Sciences de la Santé Communautaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche Charles-Le Moyne, Longueuil, Québec, Canada
| | - Pasquale Roberge
- Département de médecine familiale et d’urgence, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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Ben ÂJ, van Dongen JM, El Alili M, Esser JL, Broulíková HM, Bosmans JE. Conducting Trial-Based Economic Evaluations Using R: A Tutorial. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2023; 41:1403-1413. [PMID: 37458913 PMCID: PMC10570221 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-023-01301-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Trial-based economic evaluations are increasingly being conducted to support healthcare decision-making. When analysing trial-based economic evaluation data, different methodological challenges may be encountered, including (i) missing data, (ii) correlated costs and effects, (iii) baseline imbalances and (iv) skewness of costs and/or effects. Despite the broad range of methods available to account for these methodological challenges in effectiveness studies, they may not always be directly applicable in trial-based economic evaluations where costs and effects are analysed jointly, and more than one methodological challenge typically needs to be addressed simultaneously. The use of inappropriate methods can bias results and conclusions regarding the cost-effectiveness of healthcare interventions. Eventually, such low-quality evidence can hamper healthcare decision-making, which may in turn result in a waste of already scarce healthcare resources. Therefore, this tutorial aims to provide step-by-step guidance on how to combine appropriate statistical methods for handling the abovementioned methodological challenges using a ready-to-use R script. The theoretical background of the described methods is provided, and their application is illustrated using a simulated trial-based economic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Jornada Ben
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Johanna M van Dongen
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamed El Alili
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonas L Esser
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hana Marie Broulíková
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith E Bosmans
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Handberg EM, Merz CNB, Cooper-Dehoff RM, Wei J, Conlon M, Lo MC, Boden W, Frayne SM, Villines T, Spertus JA, Weintraub W, O'Malley P, Chaitman B, Shaw LJ, Budoff M, Rogatko A, Pepine CJ. Rationale and design of the Women's Ischemia Trial to Reduce Events in Nonobstructive CAD (WARRIOR) trial. Am Heart J 2021; 237:90-103. [PMID: 33745898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately half of all women with anginal symptoms and/or signs of ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA) referred for coronary angiography have elevated risk for major adverse cardiac events (MACE), poor quality of life and resource consumption. Yet, guidelines focus on symptom management while clinical practice typically advocates only reassurance. Pilot studies of INOCA subjects suggest benefit with intensive medical therapy (IMT) that includes high-intensity statins and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) or receptor blockers (ARB) to provide the rationale for a randomized pragmatic trial to limit MACE. METHODS The Women's IschemiA TRial to Reduce Events In Non-ObstRuctive CAD is a multicenter, prospective, randomized, blinded outcome evaluation (PROBE design) of a pragmatic strategy of IMT vs usual care (UC) in 4,422 symptomatic women with INOCA (NCT03417388) in approximately 70 United States sites. The hypothesis is that IMT will reduce the primary outcome of first occurrence of MACE by 20% vs. UC at ∼2.5 year followup. Secondary outcomes include quality of life, time to return to "duty"/work, healthcare utilization, angina, cardiovascular death and individual primary outcome components over 3 years follow-up. The study utilizes web-based data capture, e-consents, single IRB and centralized pharmacy distribution of strategy medications directly to patients' homes to reduce site and patient burden. A biorepository will collect blood samples to assess potential mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS The results of this trial will provide important data necessary to inform guidelines regarding how best to manage this growing and challenging population of women with INOCA.
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The statistical approach in trial-based economic evaluations matters: get your statistics together! BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:475. [PMID: 34011337 PMCID: PMC8135982 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-06513-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Baseline imbalances, skewed costs, the correlation between costs and effects, and missing data are statistical challenges that are often not adequately accounted for in the analysis of cost-effectiveness data. This study aims to illustrate the impact of accounting for these statistical challenges in trial-based economic evaluations. Methods Data from two trial-based economic evaluations, the REALISE and HypoAware studies, were used. In total, 14 full cost-effectiveness analyses were performed per study, in which the four statistical challenges in trial-based economic evaluations were taken into account step-by-step. Statistical approaches were compared in terms of the resulting cost and effect differences, ICERs, and probabilities of cost-effectiveness. Results In the REALISE study and HypoAware study, the ICER ranged from 636,744€/QALY and 90,989€/QALY when ignoring all statistical challenges to − 7502€/QALY and 46,592€/QALY when accounting for all statistical challenges, respectively. The probabilities of the intervention being cost-effective at 0€/ QALY gained were 0.67 and 0.59 when ignoring all statistical challenges, and 0.54 and 0.27 when all of the statistical challenges were taken into account for the REALISE study and HypoAware study, respectively. Conclusions Not accounting for baseline imbalances, skewed costs, correlated costs and effects, and missing data in trial-based economic evaluations may notably impact results. Therefore, when conducting trial-based economic evaluations, it is important to align the statistical approach with the identified statistical challenges in cost-effectiveness data. To facilitate researchers in handling statistical challenges in trial-based economic evaluations, software code is provided. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-021-06513-1.
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Bailey H, Janssen MF, La Foucade A, Boodraj G, Wharton M, Castillo P. EQ-5D self-reported health in Barbados and Jamaica with EQ-5D-5L population norms for the English-speaking Caribbean. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2021; 19:97. [PMID: 33741000 PMCID: PMC7980638 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-021-01734-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The EQ-5D instrument is increasingly used in clinical and resource allocation decision making in developed and developing countries. EQ-5D valuation and population norms studies have been undertaken for Trinidad and Tobago, however no population norms or value sets have been generated for the other Caribbean countries. The aims of this study were to provide population norms for Barbados and Jamaica, and to develop a set of population norms that could be used by the other English-speaking Caribbean countries. Methods The EQ-5D-5L self-reported health questionnaire was included in surveys of representative samples of adults in Barbados and adults in Jamaica in 2013. EQ-5D health states, mean EQ VAS scores and mean EQ-5D-5L index values (using the Trinidad and Tobago value set) were calculated for demographic groups in both countries based on 2347 respondents from Barbados and 1423 from Jamaica. A set of ‘Caribbean’ norms were developed by combining the Barbados and Jamaica data with norms recently published for Trinidad and Tobago. Results Data were obtained for 2347 and 1423 respondents in Barbados and Jamaica respectively. The mean index and EQ VAS values were 0.943 and 81.9 for Barbados, and 0.948 and 87.8 for Jamaica. The health states most commonly observed in the two countries were similar. Generally the demographic patterns of self-reported health were consistent with those found in other studies. Some differences between the countries were observed in the patterns of rates of reporting problems on the EQ-5D dimensions among age-gender groups specifically for anxiety/depression and pain/discomfort Conclusion This study has produced a set of EQ-5D population norms that can be used as base-line values in clinical and clinico-economic analyses for Barbados and Jamaica and for the English-Speaking Caribbean region. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12955-021-01734-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Bailey
- Department of Economics, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago. .,HEU, Centre for Health Economics, The University of The West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago. .,Arthur Lok Jack Global School of Business, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Mathieu F Janssen
- Section Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Althea La Foucade
- Department of Economics, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.,HEU, Centre for Health Economics, The University of The West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | | | - Marjorie Wharton
- Sagicor Cave Hill School of Business and Management, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Cave Hill, Barbados
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Ribbink ME, Macneil-Vroomen JL, van Seben R, Oudejans I, Buurman BM. Investigating the effectiveness of care delivery at an acute geriatric community hospital for older adults in the Netherlands: a protocol for a prospective controlled observational study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e033802. [PMID: 32234741 PMCID: PMC7170597 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hospital admission in older adults with multiple chronic conditions is associated with unwanted outcomes like readmission, institutionalisation, functional decline and mortality. Providing acute care in the community and integrating effective components of care models might lead to a reduction in negative outcomes. Recently, the first geriatrician-led Acute Geriatric Community Hospital (AGCH) was introduced in the Netherlands. Care at the AGCH is focused on the treatment of acute diseases, comprehensive geriatric assessment, setting patient-led goals, early rehabilitation and streamlined transitions of care. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This prospective cohort study will investigate the effectiveness of care delivery at the AGCH on patient outcomes by comparing AGCH patients to two historic cohorts of hospitalised patients. Propensity score matching will correct for potential population differences. The primary outcome is the 3-month unplanned readmission rate. Secondary outcomes include functional decline, institutionalisation, healthcare utilisation, occurrence of delirium or falls, health-related quality of life, mortality and patient satisfaction. Measurements will be conducted at admission, discharge and 1, 3 and 6 months after discharge. Furthermore, an economic evaluation and qualitative process evaluation to assess facilitators and barriers to implementation are planned. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study will be conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki. The Medical Ethics Research Committee confirmed that the Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act did not apply to this research project and official approval was not required. The findings of this study will be disseminated through public lectures, scientific conferences and journal publications. Furthermore, the findings of this study will aid in the implementation and financing of this concept (inter)nationally. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NL7896; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe E Ribbink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatric Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Janet L Macneil-Vroomen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatric Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rosanne van Seben
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatric Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Irène Oudejans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatric Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Bianca M Buurman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatric Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
- ACHIEVE-Centre of Applied Research, Faculty of Health, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
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Economic Impact of Pharmacist-Participated Medication Management for Elderly Patients in Nursing Homes: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16162955. [PMID: 31426382 PMCID: PMC6721063 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review examined the varied studies that have assessed the economic impact of pharmacist-participated medication management for nursing home residents older than 65 years of age. The articles published during 1990–2017 were found through PubMed, EMBASE and Ovid Medline. After the selection process by independent reviewers, a total of 12 studies were included. The quality of the selected articles was assessed using the Effective Public Health Practice Project checklist for economic studies. The articles were highly heterogeneous in terms of study design, pharmacist participation type, and measures of economic outcome. Therefore, the results are presented narratively according to the type of pharmacist involvement featured in the articles: interprofessional networks, interprofessional coordination, or interprofessional teamwork. Of the eight studies performing statistical comparison analyses, one study of interprofessional coordination and three of interprofessional teamwork showed statistically significant positive economic outcomes. The remaining four studies showed non-significant tendencies towards favorable economic outcomes. This review provides insights into the essential features of successful pharmacist-participated medication management for elderly patients in nursing homes.
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Increasing physical activity among young children from disadvantaged communities: study protocol of a group randomised controlled effectiveness trial. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:1095. [PMID: 27756277 PMCID: PMC5069890 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3743-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Participation in regular physical activity (PA) during the early years helps children achieve healthy body weight and can substantially improve motor development, bone health, psychosocial health and cognitive development. Despite common assumptions that young children are naturally active, evidence shows that they are insufficiently active for health and developmental benefits. Exploring strategies to increase physical activity in young children is a public health and research priority. METHODS Jump Start is a multi-component, multi-setting PA and gross motor skill intervention for young children aged 3-5 years in disadvantaged areas of New South Wales, Australia. The intervention will be evaluated using a two-arm, parallel group, randomised cluster trial. The Jump Start protocol was based on Social Cognitive Theory and includes five components: a structured gross motor skill lesson (Jump In); unstructured outdoor PA and gross motor skill time (Jump Out); energy breaks (Jump Up); activities connecting movement to learning experiences (Jump Through); and a home-based family component to promote PA and gross motor skill (Jump Home). Early childhood education and care centres will be demographically matched and randomised to Jump Start (intervention) or usual practice (comparison) group. The intervention group receive Jump Start professional development, program resources, monthly newsletters and ongoing intervention support. Outcomes include change in total PA (accelerometers) within centre hours, gross motor skill development (Test of Gross Motor Development-2), weight status (body mass index), bone strength (Sunlight MiniOmni Ultrasound Bone Sonometer), self-regulation (Heads-Toes-Knees-Shoulders, executive function tasks, and proxy-report Temperament and Approaches to learning scales), and educator and parent self-efficacy. Extensive quantitative and qualitative process evaluation and a cost-effectiveness evaluation will be conducted. DISCUSSION The Jump Start intervention is a unique program to address low levels of PA and gross motor skill proficiency, and support healthy lifestyle behaviours among young children in disadvantaged communities. If shown to be efficacious, the Jump Start approach can be expected to have implications for early childhood education and care policies and practices, and ultimately a positive effect on the health and development across the life course. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry No: ACTRN12614000597695 , first received: June 5, 2014.
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Reid R, Blanchard CM, Wooding E, Harris J, Krahn M, Pipe A, Chessex C, Grace SL. Ecologically optimizing exercise maintenance in men and women post-cardiac rehabilitation: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial of efficacy with economics (ECO-PCR). Contemp Clin Trials 2016; 50:116-23. [PMID: 27475772 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) participation results in increased cardio-metabolic fitness, which is associated with reduced mortality. However, many graduates fail to maintain exercise post-program. ECO-PCR investigates the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of a social ecologically-based intervention to increase long-term exercise maintenance following the completion of CR. METHODS/DESIGN A three-site, 2-group, parallel randomized controlled trial is underway. 412 male and 192 female (N=604) supervised CR participants are being recruited just before CR graduation. Participants are randomized (1:1 concealed allocation) to intervention or usual care. A 50-week exercise facilitator intervention has been designed to assist CR graduates in the transition from structured, supervised exercise to self-managed home- or community-based (e.g., Heart Wise Exercise programs) exercise. The intervention consists of 8 telephone contacts over the 50week period: 3 individual and 5 group. Assessments occur at CR graduation, and 26, 52 and 78weeks post-randomization. The primary outcome is change in minutes of accelerometer-measured moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) from CR graduation to 52weeks post-randomization. Secondary measures include exercise capacity, quality of life, and cardiovascular risk factors. Analyses will be undertaken based on intention-to-treat. For the primary outcome, an analysis of variance will be computed to test the change in minutes of MVPA in each group between CR graduation and 52week follow-up (2 [arm]×2 [time]). Secondary objectives will be assessed using mixed-model repeated measures analyses to compare differences between groups over time. Mean costs and quality-adjusted life years for each arm will be estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Reid
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada.
| | - Chris M Blanchard
- Dalhousie University, 5790 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1V7, Canada.
| | - Evyanne Wooding
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada.
| | - Jennifer Harris
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada.
| | - Murray Krahn
- University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada.
| | - Andrew Pipe
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada.
| | - Caroline Chessex
- University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.
| | - Sherry L Grace
- University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada; York University - Bethune 368, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
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Distance learning strategies for weight management utilizing social media: A comparison of phone conference call versus social media platform. Rationale and design for a randomized study. Contemp Clin Trials 2016; 47:282-8. [PMID: 26883282 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Management of obesity in the context of the primary care physician visit is of limited efficacy in part because of limited ability to engage participants in sustained behavior change between physician visits. Therefore, healthcare systems must find methods to address obesity that reach beyond the walls of clinics and hospitals and address the issues of lifestyle modification in a cost-conscious way. The dramatic increase in technology and online social networks may present healthcare providers with innovative ways to deliver weight management programs that could have an impact on health care at the population level. A randomized study will be conducted on 70 obese adults (BMI 30.0-45.0 kg/m(2)) to determine if weight loss (6 months) is equivalent between weight management interventions utilizing behavioral strategies by either a conference call or social media approach. The primary outcome, body weight, will be assessed at baseline and 6 months. Secondary outcomes including waist circumference, energy and macronutrient intake, and physical activity will be assessed on the same schedule. In addition, a cost analysis and process evaluation will be completed.
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Khan I, Morris S. A non-linear beta-binomial regression model for mapping EORTC QLQ- C30 to the EQ-5D-3L in lung cancer patients: a comparison with existing approaches. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2014; 12:163. [PMID: 25388439 PMCID: PMC4234877 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-014-0163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The performance of the Beta Binomial (BB) model is compared with several existing models for mapping the EORTC QLQ-C30 (QLQ-C30) on to the EQ-5D-3L using data from lung cancer trials. METHODS Data from 2 separate non small cell lung cancer clinical trials (TOPICAL and SOCCAR) are used to develop and validate the BB model. Comparisons with Linear, TOBIT, Quantile, Quadratic and CLAD models are carried out. The mean prediction error, R(2), proportion predicted outside the valid range, clinical interpretation of coefficients, model fit and estimation of Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY) are reported and compared. Monte-Carlo simulation is also used. RESULTS The Beta-Binomial regression model performed 'best' among all models. For TOPICAL and SOCCAR trials, respectively, residual mean square error (RMSE) was 0.09 and 0.11; R(2) was 0.75 and 0.71; observed vs. predicted means were 0.612 vs. 0.608 and 0.750 vs. 0.749. Mean difference in QALY's (observed vs. predicted) were 0.051 vs. 0.053 and 0.164 vs. 0.162 for TOPICAL and SOCCAR respectively. Models tested on independent data show simulated 95% confidence from the BB model containing the observed mean more often (77% and 59% for TOPICAL and SOCCAR respectively) compared to the other models. All algorithms over-predict at poorer health states but the BB model was relatively better, particularly for the SOCCAR data. CONCLUSION The BB model may offer superior predictive properties amongst mapping algorithms considered and may be more useful when predicting EQ-5D-3L at poorer health states. We recommend the algorithm derived from the TOPICAL data due to better predictive properties and less uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftekhar Khan
- Cancer Research UK & UCL Cancer Trials Centre, Cancer Institute, University College London, 90 Tottenham Court Road (5th floor), London, W1T 4TJ, UK.
| | - Stephen Morris
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK.
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Gesundheitsökonomische Evaluation gemeindepsychiatrischer Interventionen. DER NERVENARZT 2012; 83:832-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00115-011-3469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Fragoulakis V, Kourlaba G, Goumenos D, Konstantoulakis M, Maniadakis N. Economic evaluation of intravenous iron treatments in the management of anemia patients in Greece. CLINICOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2012; 4:127-34. [PMID: 22629113 PMCID: PMC3358814 DOI: 10.2147/ceor.s30514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To conduct an economic evaluation comparing Ferinject® (ferric carboxymaltose [FCM]) with Venofer® (iron sucrose [IS]) and CosmoFer® (low-molecular-weight iron dextran [LMWID]) in the management of iron deficiency anemia in Greece. Patients and methods A cost-minimization analysis was conducted since there are no clear data indicating that one of these regimens is superior to the others in terms of efficacy. Main data inputs were based on bibliography and validated by clinicians. The economic evaluation was conducted for inpatients (ie, surgical patients or patients hospitalized due to a disease related to chronic or acute blood loss) and outpatients (eg, nondialysis chronic kidney disease patients), separately. Analysis was carried out from a National Health Service (NHS) perspective and also from a patient perspective. Total cost treatment reflects the cost of drugs, the cost of all resources expended in patient management such as the cost of disposables for each infusion, the monitoring costs during infusion (salaries of personnel), other hospital expenses, the cost for management of adverse events, the productivity loss, and the traveling cost for patients. Results In the case of outpatients, the mean total cost per patient in the FCM arm was €198.6, in the IS arm €627.7, and in the LMWID arm, €510.5. For inpatients the mean total cost was estimated at €189.2 for FCM while it was €419.9 and €228.8 for IS and LMWID, respectively. Budget impact analysis for a typical Greek hospital with 100 patients revealed that the total cost of FCM (inpatients analysis) was 113% and 15.4% lower against their comparators. In an outpatient situation, the total cost of FCM was 201.1% and 151.8% lower compared with IS and LMWID, respectively. Conclusion Ferric carboxymaltose may represent a cost-saving option compared with the most likely alternative existing therapies used for the management of anemia in the National Health Service of Greece.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Fragoulakis
- Department of Health Services Management, National School of Public Health, Athens
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Multicriteria optimization model for the study of the efficacy of skin antiaging therapy. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2012; 2012:103919. [PMID: 22481971 PMCID: PMC3299242 DOI: 10.1155/2012/103919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of the cutaneous structure after topical treatment with P63 antiaging complex, assessed with high frequency ultrasound, is studied by means of multicriteria optimization model. Due to the fact that the impact of the treatment may influence the quality of life, a medical index which measures, from this point of view, the efficacy of the treatment is given, also taking into account medical and economical aspects.
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Gomes M, Ng ESW, Grieve R, Nixon R, Carpenter J, Thompson SG. Developing appropriate methods for cost-effectiveness analysis of cluster randomized trials. Med Decis Making 2011; 32:350-61. [PMID: 22016450 PMCID: PMC3757919 DOI: 10.1177/0272989x11418372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) may use data from cluster randomized trials (CRTs), where the unit of randomization is the cluster, not the individual. However, most studies use analytical methods that ignore clustering. This article compares alternative statistical methods for accommodating clustering in CEAs of CRTs. METHODS Our simulation study compared the performance of statistical methods for CEAs of CRTs with 2 treatment arms. The study considered a method that ignored clustering--seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) without a robust standard error (SE)--and 4 methods that recognized clustering--SUR and generalized estimating equations (GEEs), both with robust SE, a "2-stage" nonparametric bootstrap (TSB) with shrinkage correction, and a multilevel model (MLM). The base case assumed CRTs with moderate numbers of balanced clusters (20 per arm) and normally distributed costs. Other scenarios included CRTs with few clusters, imbalanced cluster sizes, and skewed costs. Performance was reported as bias, root mean squared error (rMSE), and confidence interval (CI) coverage for estimating incremental net benefits (INBs). We also compared the methods in a case study. RESULTS Each method reported low levels of bias. Without the robust SE, SUR gave poor CI coverage (base case: 0.89 v. nominal level: 0.95). The MLM and TSB performed well in each scenario (CI coverage, 0.92-0.95). With few clusters, the GEE and SUR (with robust SE) had coverage below 0.90. In the case study, the mean INBs were similar across all methods, but ignoring clustering underestimated statistical uncertainty and the value of further research. CONCLUSIONS MLMs and the TSB are appropriate analytical methods for CEAs of CRTs with the characteristics described. SUR and GEE are not recommended for studies with few clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gomes
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (MG, ESWN, RG)
| | - Edmond S-W Ng
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (MG, ESWN, RG)
| | - Richard Grieve
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (MG, ESWN, RG)
| | - Richard Nixon
- Modeling and Simulation Group, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland (RN)
| | - James Carpenter
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (JC)
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Gomes M, Grieve R, Nixon R, Edmunds WJ. Statistical methods for cost-effectiveness analyses that use data from cluster randomized trials: a systematic review and checklist for critical appraisal. Med Decis Making 2011; 32:209-20. [PMID: 21610256 DOI: 10.1177/0272989x11407341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The best data for cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) of group-level interventions often come from cluster randomized trials (CRTs), where randomization is by cluster (e.g., the hospital attended), not by individual. METHODS for these CEAs need to recognize both the correlation between costs and outcomes and that these data may be dependent on the cluster. General checklists and methodological guidance for critically appraising CEA ignore these issues. This article develops a new checklist and applies it in a systematic review of CEAs that use CRTs. METHODS The authors developed a checklist for CEAs that use CRTs, informed by a conceptual review of statistical methods. This checklist included criteria such as whether the analysis allowed for both clustering and the correlation between individuals' costs and outcomes. The authors undertook a systematic literature review of full economic evaluations that used CRTs. The quality of studies was assessed with the new checklist and by the "Drummond checklist." RESULTS The authors identified 62 papers that met the inclusion criteria. On average, studies satisfied 9 of the 10 criteria for the checklist but only 20% of criteria for the new checklist. More than 40% of studies adopted statistical methods that completely ignored clustering, and 75% disregarded any correlation between costs and outcomes. Only 4 studies employed appropriate statistical methods that allowed for both clustering and correlation. CONCLUSIONS Most economic evaluations that use data from CRTs ignored clustering or correlation. Statistical methods that address these issues are available, and their use should be encouraged. The new checklist can supplement generic CEA guidelines and highlight where research practice can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gomes
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London,
UK (MG, RG)
| | - Richard Grieve
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London,
UK (MG, RG)
| | - Richard Nixon
- Modeling and Simulation Group, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland (RN)
| | - W J Edmunds
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (WJE)
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Grieve R, Nixon R, Thompson SG. Bayesian Hierarchical Models for Cost-Effectiveness Analyses that Use Data from Cluster Randomized Trials. Med Decis Making 2009; 30:163-75. [DOI: 10.1177/0272989x09341752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cost-effectiveness analyses (CEA) may be undertaken alongside cluster randomized trials (CRTs) where randomization is at the level of the cluster (for example, the hospital or primary care provider) rather than the individual. Costs (and outcomes) within clusters may be correlated so that the assumption made by standard bivariate regression models, that observations are independent, is incorrect. This study develops a flexible modeling framework to acknowledge the clustering in CEA that use CRTs. The authors extend previous Bayesian bivariate models for CEA of multicenter trials to recognize the specific form of clustering in CRTs. They develop new Bayesian hierarchical models (BHMs) that allow mean costs and outcomes, and also variances, to differ across clusters. They illustrate how each model can be applied using data from a large (1732 cases, 70 primary care providers) CRT evaluating alternative interventions for reducing postnatal depression. The analyses compare cost-effectiveness estimates from BHMs with standard bivariate regression models that ignore the data hierarchy. The BHMs show high levels of cost heterogeneity across clusters (intracluster correlation coefficient, 0.17). Compared with standard regression models, the BHMs yield substantially increased uncertainty surrounding the cost-effectiveness estimates, and altered point estimates. The authors conclude that ignoring clustering can lead to incorrect inferences. The BHMs that they present offer a flexible modeling framework that can be applied more generally to CEA that use CRTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Grieve
- Health Services Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK,
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Marshall DA, Hux M. Design and Analysis Issues for Economic Analysis Alongside Clinical Trials. Med Care 2009; 47:S14-20. [DOI: 10.1097/mlr.0b013e3181a31971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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