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Liu L, Fu Q, Li T, Shao K, Zhu X, Cong Y, Zhao X. Gut microbiota and butyrate contribute to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in premenopause due to estrogen deficiency. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262855. [PMID: 35108315 PMCID: PMC8809533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in postmenopausal women has increased significantly. Estrogen plays a very important role in NAFLD, but whether NAFLD in premenopausal women was caused by estrogen deficiency was unknown. Thus, it is of great clinical significance to explore the mechanism of NAFLD in premenopausal women. Gut microbiota and its metabolites short chain fatty acids (SCFA) have been shown to play important roles in the development of NAFLD. In this study, we investigated the impact of gut microbiota and SCFA in NAFLD patients and mice caused by estrogen deficiency. We showed that premenopause NAFLD patients had much lower estrogen levels. Estrogen deficient mice, due to ovariectomy (OVX), suffered more severe liver steatosis with an elevated body weight, abdominal fat weight, serum triglycerides and deterioration in hepatic steatosis. Altered gut microbiota composition and decreased butyrate content were found in NAFLD patients and in OVX mice. Furthermore, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) or supplementing with butyrate alleviated NAFLD in OVX mice. The production of antimicrobial peptides (AMP) Reg3ɣ, β-defensins and the expression of intestinal epithelial tight junction, including ZO-1 and Occluding-5, were decreased in the OVX mice compared to control mice. Upregulation of PPAR-ɣ and VLDLR, downregulation of PPAR-ɑ indicated that OVX mice suffered from abnormal lipid metabolism. These data indicate that changes in the gut microbiota and SCFA caused by estrogen reduction, together with a disorder in AMP production and lipid metabolism, promote NAFLD, thus provide SCFAs derived from microbiota as new therapeutic targets for the clinical prevention and treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Liu
- Department of Medical Experiment Center, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Qingdao Key Lab of Mitochondrial Medicine, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingsong Fu
- Department of Medical Experiment Center, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Qingdao Key Lab of Mitochondrial Medicine, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail: (XZ); (QF)
| | - Tiantian Li
- Department of Medical Experiment Center, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Qingdao Key Lab of Mitochondrial Medicine, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kai Shao
- Department of Medical Experiment Center, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Qingdao Key Lab of Mitochondrial Medicine, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xing Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- Department of Medical Experiment Center, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Qingdao Key Lab of Mitochondrial Medicine, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail: (XZ); (QF)
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Total flavone of Abelmoschus Manihot improves colitis by promoting the growth of Akkermansia in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20787. [PMID: 34675239 PMCID: PMC8531128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The total flavone of Abelmoschus manihot (TFA), a compound extracted from the flowers of Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medic, has been widely used for the treatment of Crohn's disease, chronic glomerulonephritis and other diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of TFA on the gut microbiota and intestinal barrier in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis. C57BL/6J mice were treated with 2.5% DSS in drinking water to induce colitis. Mice were orally administered TFA (62.5 mg/kg, 125 mg/kg) or prednisone acetate (PAT, 2.5 mg/kg) once daily for 7 days. Biological samples were collected for analysis of inflammatory cytokines, gut microbiota and intestinal barrier integrity. TFA-H (125 mg/kg) markedly attenuated DSS-induced colon shortening and histological injury in experimental colitis. The therapeutic effect was similar to that of PAT administration. TFA-H notably modulated the dysbiosis of gut microbiota induced by DSS and greatly enriched Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila). Moreover, TFA-H remarkably ameliorated the colonic inflammatory response and intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction. Interestingly, TFA directly promotes the growth of A. muciniphila in vitro. Taken together, the results revealed for the first time that TFA, as a prebiotic of A. muciniphila, improved DSS-induced experimental colitis, at least partly by modulating the gut microflora profile to maintain colonic integrity and inhibit the inflammatory response.
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High-throughput sequencing study of the effect of transabdominal hysterectomy on intestinal flora in patients with uterine fibroids. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:98. [PMID: 32299359 PMCID: PMC7161020 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the effect of transabdominal hysterectomy on the diversity of the intestinal flora in patients with uterine fibroids. Patients with uterine fibroids were selected from September 2018 to December 2018, in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, and stool specimens were collected from patients before and after surgery. RESULTS High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was used to detect the changes in microbial community structure and diversity, and the effects of total hysterectomy on the intestinal flora were further analyzed. Estrogen levels decreased after trans-abdominal hysterectomy. High-throughput sequencing showed that after abdominal hysterectomy, the abundance and diversity of the intestinal flora decreased. The abundance changes were mainly due to Proteobacteria, where their abundance increased. CONCLUSIONS Trans-abdominal hysterectomy changes the intestinal flora of the body by lowering the level of estrogen in the body, which reduces the diversity and abundance of the intestinal flora.
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Panyod S, Wu WK, Lu KH, Liu CT, Chu YL, Ho CT, Hsiao WLW, Lai YS, Chen WC, Lin YE, Lin SH, Wu MS, Sheen LY. Allicin Modifies the Composition and Function of the Gut Microbiota in Alcoholic Hepatic Steatosis Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3088-3098. [PMID: 32050766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome plays an important role in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. Alcohol intake induces gut microbiota dysbiosis and alters its function. This study investigated the antibiotic effect of allicin in mice with hepatic steatosis. Male C57BL/6 mice were administered an ethanol diet supplemented with allicin (5 and 20 mg/(kg bw day)) for 4 weeks. Allicin modified the gut microbiota composition. Cecal microbiota exhibited a positive correlation with alcohol and hepatic triacylglycerol, but were suppressed with allicin. Ethanol diet with 5 mg of allicin induced a lower intestinal permeability compared to the ethanol diet alone. Allicin mediated the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-CD14-toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-induced hepatic inflammation pathway by reducing LPS, CD14, TLR4, and pro-inflammatory cytokines-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. However, hepatic inflammation primarily resulted from alcohol toxicity rather than LPS production in the gut. The prediction of functional profiles from metagenomic 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) data revealed different functional profiles in each group. The predicted aldehyde dehydrogenase tended to increase in alcoholic mice administered allicin. The predicted LPS-related pathway and LPS biosynthesis protein results exhibited a similar trend as plasma LPS levels. Thus, alcohol and allicin intake shapes the gut microbiota and its functional profile and improves the CD14-TLR4 pathway to alleviate inflammation in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraphan Panyod
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Kai Wu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei 10800, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hung Lu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ting Liu
- Product and Process Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu 30062, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Lin Chu
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Wen-Luan Wendy Hsiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yi-Syuan Lai
- Department of Hospitality Management, Yu Da University of Science and Technology, Miaoli 36143, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-En Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Hang Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiang Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Yan Sheen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Center for Food and Biomolecules, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- National Center for Food Safety Education and Research, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Khalsa J, Duffy LC, Riscuta G, Starke-Reed P, Hubbard VS. Omics for Understanding the Gut-Liver-Microbiome Axis and Precision Medicine. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2017; 6:176-185. [DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jag Khalsa
- National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD USA
| | - Linda C. Duffy
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD USA
| | - Gabriela Riscuta
- National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD USA
| | - Pamela Starke-Reed
- Agricultural Research Service; United States Department of Agriculture; Washington DC USA
| | - Van S. Hubbard
- Formerly National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD
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Iqbal S, Quigley EMM. Progress in Our Understanding of the Gut Microbiome: Implications for the Clinician. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2016; 18:49. [PMID: 27448618 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-016-0524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of the role of the microbial communities of our gastrointestinal tract (microbiota) has accelerated dramatically in recent years thanks to rapid developments in the technologies that allow us to fully enumerate and evaluate the full complement of bacterial species and strains that normally inhabit the gut. Laboratory studies in a range of inventive animal models continue to provide insights into the role of the microbiota in health and to generate plausible hypotheses relating to its potential involvement in the pathogenesis of human disease. Studies of the composition of human gut microbiota continue to accumulate but their interpretation needs to be tempered by an appreciation of the limitations of single-point-in-time studies of fecal samples from small study populations. Nevertheless, clinically important examples of a central role for microbiota-host interactions in disease pathogenesis have emerged and many more have been postulated but await confirmation in appropriately powered and conducted studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Iqbal
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, 6550 Fannin St, SM 1001, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Eamonn M M Quigley
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, 6550 Fannin St, SM 1001, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- David M. and Lynda K. Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, 6550 Fannin St, SM 1201, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Gómez-Hurtado I, Such J, Francés R. Microbiome and bacterial translocation in cirrhosis. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2016; 39:687-696. [PMID: 26775042 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative changes in gut microbiota play a very important role in cirrhosis. Humans harbour around 100 quintillion gut bacteria, thus representing around 10 times more microbial cells than eukaryotic ones. The gastrointestinal tract is the largest surface area in the body and it is subject to constant exposure to these living microorganisms. The existing symbiosis, proven by the lack of proinflammatory response against commensal bacteria, implies the presence of clearly defined communication lines that contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis of the host. Therefore, alterations of gut flora seem to play a role in the pathogenesis and progress of multiple liver and gastrointestinal diseases. This has made its selective modification into an area of high therapeutic interest. Bacterial translocation is defined as the migration of bacteria or bacterial products from the intestines to the mesenteric lymph nodes. It follows that alteration in gut microbiota have shown importance, at least to some extent, in the pathogenesis of several complications arising from terminal liver disease, such as hepatic encephalopathy, portal hypertension and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. This review sums up, firstly, how liver disease can alter the common composition of gut microbiota, and secondly, how this alteration contributes to the development of complications in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gómez-Hurtado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España
| | - José Such
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dabi, Emiratos Árabes Unidos
| | - Rubén Francés
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, España.
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Guan Y, Cao WJ, Zhang ZY. Relationship between gut microbiota and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:5797-5802. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i36.5797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been increasing during these years. As we understand more about gut microbiota, the relationship between gut microbiota and NAFLD has been revealed. Both animal experiments and clinical studies show that gut microbiota can not only act on NAFLD via the gut-liver axis and two-hit theory, but also play an important role in liver inflammation and hepatic fibrosis. Experiments also indicate that using probiotics, prebiotics, berberine and antibiotics to regulate gut microbiota can relieve inflammation, lower body mass index and improve insulin resistance, which can be a new treatment for NAFLD and other metabolic diseases.
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Gut microbiota modulate the immune effect against hepatitis B virus infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:2139-47. [PMID: 26272175 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immunological mechanisms by which hepatitis B virus (HBV) initiates and maintains acute or chronic infection, even the formation of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, are still undefined. An increasing number of studies have shown that intestinal flora regulate immune homeostasis, and, thus, protect the immunologic function against hepatitis virus infection. In this article, we discuss gut microbiota and its potential immune effects against HBV infection. It may provide a novel insight into the pathogenesis of HBV infection, as well as a potential therapeutic target to HBV-related disease.
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Quigley EM. Is the gut microbiota disturbed in chronic liver disease? Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2015; 5:94-95. [PMID: 31040959 PMCID: PMC6490469 DOI: 10.1002/cld.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Fagan KJ, Rogers GB, Melino M, Arthur DM, Costello ME, Morrison M, Powell EE, Irvine KM. Ascites bacterial burden and immune cell profile are associated with poor clinical outcomes in the absence of overt infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120642. [PMID: 25781164 PMCID: PMC4364017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections, most commonly spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with ascites, occur in one third of admitted patients with cirrhosis, and account for a 4-fold increase in mortality. Bacteria are isolated from less than 40% of ascites infections by culture, necessitating empirical antibiotic treatment, but culture-independent studies suggest bacteria are commonly present, even in the absence of overt infection. Widespread detection of low levels of bacteria in ascites, in the absence of peritonitis, suggests immune impairment may contribute to higher susceptibility to infection in cirrhotic patients. However, little is known about the role of ascites leukocyte composition and function in this context. We determined ascites bacterial composition by quantitative PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing in 25 patients with culture-negative, non-neutrocytic ascites, and compared microbiological data with ascites and peripheral blood leukocyte composition and phenotype. Bacterial DNA was detected in ascitic fluid from 23 of 25 patients, with significant positive correlations between bacterial DNA levels and poor 6-month clinical outcomes (death, readmission). Ascites leukocyte composition was variable, but dominated by macrophages or T lymphocytes, with lower numbers of B lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Consistent with the hypothesis that impaired innate immunity contributes to susceptibility to infection, high bacterial DNA burden was associated with reduced major histocompatibility complex class II expression on ascites (but not peripheral blood) monocytes/macrophages. These data indicate an association between the presence of ascites bacterial DNA and early death and readmission in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. They further suggest that impairment of innate immunity contributes to increased bacterial translocation, risk of peritonitis, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Fagan
- Centre for Liver Disease Research, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Geraint B. Rogers
- SAHMRI Infection and Immunity Theme, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michelle Melino
- Centre for Liver Disease Research, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dionne M. Arthur
- Centre for Liver Disease Research, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mary-Ellen Costello
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark Morrison
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Elizabeth E. Powell
- Centre for Liver Disease Research, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Katharine M. Irvine
- Centre for Liver Disease Research, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Dietary trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid alters fatty acid metabolism and microbiota composition in mice. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:728-38. [PMID: 25697178 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514004206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid (t10c12-CLA) on intestinal microbiota composition and SCFA production. C57BL/6 mice (n 8 per group) were fed a standard diet either supplemented with t10c12-CLA (0·5 %, w/w) (intervention) or with no supplementation (control), daily for 8 weeks. Metabolic markers (serum glucose, leptin, insulin and TAG, and liver TAG) were assessed by ELISA commercial kits, tissue long-chain fatty acids and caecal SCFA by GC, and microbial composition by 16S rRNA pyrosequencing. Dietary t10c12-CLA significantly decreased visceral fat mass (P< 0·001), but did not affect body weight (intervention), when compared with no supplementation (control). Additionally, lipid mass and composition were affected by t10c12-CLA intake. Caecal acetate, propionate and isobutyrate concentrations were higher (P< 0·05) in the t10c12-CLA-supplemented group than in the control group. The analysis of the microbiota composition following 8 weeks of t10c12-CLA supplementation revealed lower proportions of Firmicutes (P= 0·003) and higher proportions of Bacteroidetes (P= 0·027) compared with no supplementation. Furthermore, t10c12-CLA supplementation for 8 weeks significantly altered the gut microbiota composition, harbouring higher proportions of Bacteroidetes, including Porphyromonadaceae bacteria previously linked with negative effects on lipid metabolism and induction of hepatic steatosis. These results indicate that the mechanism of dietary t10c12-CLA on lipid metabolism in mice may be, at least, partially mediated by alterations in gut microbiota composition and functionality.
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Minemura M, Shimizu Y. Gut microbiota and liver diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:1691-1702. [PMID: 25684933 PMCID: PMC4323444 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i6.1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies revealed that gut microbiota are associated with various human diseases, e.g., metabolic diseases, allergies, gastroenterological diseases, and liver diseases. The liver can be greatly affected by changes in gut microbiota due to the entry of gut bacteria or their metabolites into the liver through the portal vein, and the liver-gut axis is important to understand the pathophysiology of several liver diseases, especially non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatic encephalopathy. Moreover, gut microbiota play a significant role in the development of alcoholic liver disease and hepatocarcinogenesis. Based on these previous findings, trials using probiotics have been performed for the prevention or treatment of liver diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the changes in gut microbiota associated with various liver diseases, and we describe the therapeutic trials of probiotics for those diseases.
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Su YY, Yang GF, Lu GM, Wu S, Zhang LJ. PET and MR imaging of neuroinflammation in hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:31-45. [PMID: 25514861 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurological or psychiatric abnormalities associated with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) range from subclinical findings to coma. HE is commonly accompanied with the accumulation of toxic substances in bloodstream. The toxicity effect of hyperammonemia on astrocyte, such as the alteration in neurotransmission, oxidative stress, astrocyte swelling, is considered as an important factor in the pathogenesis of HE. Besides, neuroinflammation has captured more attention in the process of HE, but the mechanism of neuroinflammation leading to HE remains unclear. Molecular imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) targeting activated microglia and/ or other mediators appear to be promising noninvasive approaches to assess HE. This review focuses on novel imaging and therapy strategies of neuroinflammation in HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yan Su
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305 Zhongshan East Road, Xuanwu District, Nangjing, Jiangsu Province, 210002, China
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Gómez-Hurtado I, Such J, Sanz Y, Francés R. Gut microbiota-related complications in cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:15624-15631. [PMID: 25400446 PMCID: PMC4229527 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i42.15624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays an important role in cirrhosis. The liver is constantly challenged with commensal bacteria and their products arriving through the portal vein in the so-called gut-liver axis. Bacterial translocation from the intestinal lumen through the intestinal wall and to mesenteric lymph nodes is facilitated by intestinal bacterial overgrowth, impairment in the permeability of the intestinal mucosal barrier, and deficiencies in local host immune defences. Deranged clearance of endogenous bacteria from portal and systemic circulation turns the gut into the major source of bacterial-related complications. Liver function may therefore be affected by alterations in the composition of the intestinal microbiota and a role for commensal flora has been evidenced in the pathogenesis of several complications arising in end-stage liver disease such as hepatic encephalopathy, splanchnic arterial vasodilatation and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. The use of antibiotics is the main therapeutic pipeline in the management of these bacteria-related complications. However, other strategies aimed at preserving intestinal homeostasis through the use of pre-, pro- or symbiotic formulations are being studied in the last years. In this review, the role of intestinal microbiota in the development of the most frequent complications arising in cirrhosis and the different clinical and experimental studies conducted to prevent or improve these complications by modifying the gut microbiota composition are summarized.
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Xie Y, Chen H, Zhu B, Qin N, Chen Y, Li Z, Deng M, Jiang H, Xu X, Yang J, Ruan B, Li L. Effect of Intestinal Microbiota Alteration on Hepatic Damage in Rats with Acute Rejection After Liver Transplantation. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2014; 68:871-80. [PMID: 25004996 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-014-0452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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