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Liu X, He M, Gan X, Yang Y, Hou Q, Hu R. The Effects of Six Weeks of Fasted Aerobic Exercise on Body Shape and Blood Biochemical Index in Overweight and Obese Young Adult Males. J Exerc Sci Fit 2023; 21:95-103. [PMID: 36447628 PMCID: PMC9674552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE The effects of fasted aerobic exercise on body composition and whether it causes adverse effects remain controversial. This study was to compare the effects of fasted and non-fasted aerobic exercise on body shape and blood biochemical indexes in overweight and obese young adult males, and observe whether FAE triggers adverse reactions. METHODS Thirty overweight and obese young adult males were randomly divided into fasted aerobic exercise (FAE) group, non-fasted aerobic exercise (NFAE) group, and control group. They were subjected to indoor treadmill intervention five days a week combined with diet control for six weeks. The FAE group had breakfast 0.5 h after exercise, and the NFAE group exercised 1 h after breakfast. Both groups filled out adverse reaction questionnaires during exercise, and the control group did not have any intervention. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and body fat percentage of the three groups of subjects before and after the experiment were measured by the GAIA KIKO bio-resistance antibody composition analyzer in Korea; waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were measured by the tape measure method; fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin (FINs), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), and HDL-C/LDL-C were measured by Roche C8000 automatic biochemical analysis instrument. RESULTS Weight, BMI, body fat percentage, WC, HC, WHR, WHtR, TG, TC, LDL-C and VLDL decreased very significantly (P < 0.01) in the FAE and NFAE groups after the 6-week experiment. The decrease in FINS was significant in the FAE group (P < 0.05) and the decrease in HDL-C was very significant in the NFAE group (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the frequency of adverse reactions between two groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Six-week FAE and NFAE significantly improved body shape in overweight and obese young adult males, while FAE significantly reduced fasting insulin levels and increased tissue cell sensitivity to insulin. And compared to NFAE, 30 min of FAE in the morning did not increase adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Liu
- Sports Medicine Laboratory, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541006, Guangxi, China
- Rehabilitation Institute, Guilin Life and Health Career Technical College, Guilin, 541100, Guangxi, China
| | - Mengxiao He
- Key Laboratory of Human Sports Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Guilin College, Guilin, 541006, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoli Gan
- College of Foreign Studies, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541006, Guangxi, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Sports Science, Shanghai Institute of Physical Education, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Qin Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongbo Hu
- Chair of Building Realization and Robotics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 80333, Germany
- Corresponding author. Chair of Building Realization and Robotics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 80333, Germany.
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Liu MY, Chen SQ. Effects of Low/Medium-Intensity Exercise on Fat Metabolism after a 6-h Fast. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15502. [PMID: 36497577 PMCID: PMC9736603 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The effects of fasting and different exercise intensities on lipid metabolism were investigated in 12 male students aged 19.9 ± 1.4 years, with maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) of 50.33 ± 4.0 mL/kg/min, using a counterbalanced design. Each participant ran on a treadmill at 45% and 65% VO2max continuously for 20 min, followed by running at 85% VO2max for 20 min (or until exhaustion) under a fed or fasted state (6 h). The respiratory exchange ratio (RER), blood glucose (BGLU), blood lactate (BLA), and blood triglyceride (TG) were analyzed during exercise. The results showed that the intensity of exercise did not significantly affect the BGLU and TG in the fed state. The levels of both RER and BLA increased as the intensity of exercise increased from low to high (45, 65, and 85% VO2max), and more energy was converted from fat into glucose at a high intensity of exercise. In the fasted state of 6 h, the BGLU level increased parallel to the intensity of exercise. The RER was close to 1.0 at a high intensity of exercise, indicating that more energy was converted from glycogen. At the intensities of 45 and 65% VO2max, the RER and concentration of TG were both lower in the fasted than in the fed state, showing that a higher percentage of energy comes from fat than in the fed state at 45 and 65% VO2max. When running at 85% VO2max, the BGLU concentration was higher in the fasted than in the fed state, indicating that the liver tissues release more BGLU for energy in the fasted state. Therefore, in the fasted state, running at 45% and 65% of VO2max significantly affects lipid metabolism. On the contrary, the higher RER and BGLU concentrations when running at 85% VO2max revealed no significant difference between the two probes. This study suggests that medium- and low-intensity exercise (45 and 65% VO2max) in the fasted state enhances lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yi Liu
- Department of Senior Welfare and Services, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Nan-Tai Street, Yungkang District, Tainan 710301, Taiwan
| | - Shung-Quan Chen
- Office of Student Affairs, Tainan City Siaying Elementary School, No. 72, Sect. 2, Jhongshan Rd., Siaying District, Tainan 73541, Taiwan
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Gar C, Rottenkolber M, Haenelt M, Potzel AL, Kern-Matschilles S, Then C, Seissler J, Bidlingmaier M, Lechner A. Altered metabolic and hormonal responses to moderate exercise in overweight/obesity. Metabolism 2020; 107:154219. [PMID: 32240726 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An adequate metabolic and hormonal response to the switch from rest to exercise is critical for the health benefits of exercise interventions. Previous work suggests that this response is impaired with overweight/obesity but the specific differences between overweight/obese and lean individuals remain unclear. METHODS We compared glucose and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) regulation and the changes of key homeostatic hormones during 45 min of moderate exercise between 17 overweight/obese and 28 lean premenopausal women. For this comparison, we implemented an exercise protocol at 60% of individual peak oxygen uptake, with frequent blood sampling and under fasting conditions. RESULTS We found that at the same exercise intensity in the overweight/obese and the lean group of women, the metabolic and hormonal response differed. In contrast to the lean group, the overweight/obese group portrayed an activation in the stress axis (adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)/cortisol) and a lower growth hormone (hGH) response and exercise-increase of plasma NEFA. Both groups, however, displayed increased insulin sensitivity during exercise that was accompanied by a normalization of the elevated fasting glucose in the overweight/obese group after 15-20 min. CONCLUSION We conclude that the response to exercise in overweight/obese subjects indeed differs from that in lean individuals. Additionally, we demonstrate that exercise can elicit beneficial (improved glucose regulation) and unwanted effects (stress axis activation) in overweight/obese subjects at the same time. This second finding suggests that exercise interventions for overweight/obese subjects need careful consideration of intensity and dose in order to achieve the intended results and avoid acute, undesired reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gar
- Diabetes Research Group, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Group Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marietta Rottenkolber
- Diabetes Research Group, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Group Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Haenelt
- Endocrine Laboratory, Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Anne L Potzel
- Diabetes Research Group, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Group Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kern-Matschilles
- Diabetes Research Group, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Group Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Then
- Diabetes Research Group, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Group Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Seissler
- Diabetes Research Group, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Group Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Endocrine Laboratory, Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Lechner
- Diabetes Research Group, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Group Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
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Saghebjoo M, Kargar-Akbariyeh N, Mohammadnia-Ahmadi M, Saffari I. How to exercise to increase lipolysis and insulin sensitivity: Fasting or following a single high-protein breakfast. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:625-633. [PMID: 32043347 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate the lipolysis response and insulin sensitivity to high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) upon fasting (HIIEFAST) and following the intake of a high-protein breakfast (HIIEHPFED). METHODS Overweight men participated in two sessions of HIIE after an overnight fast and post-HPFED with an interval of one week. Metabolic biomarkers were assessed before, immediately after, and 3h postexercise. To evaluate the metabolic effects of HIIE, two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used. RESULTS Glycerol levels increased immediately after HIIEFAST and HIIEHPFED (P=0.0001) and decreased 3h after exercise in both states (P=0.001). There were no significant changes in free fatty acid (FFA) levels immediately after exercise, but a significant increase was observed 3h after exercise compared to the baseline and immediately after exercise in HIIEFAST and HIIEHPFED (P=0.0001). Insulin sensitivity was increased for 3h after HIIEHPFED compared to the baseline and immediately after exercise (P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that fasting during exercise is not necessary for the greater stimulation of lipolysis and an increase in insulin sensitivity and that exercise following a high-protein breakfast can have a similar effect in overweight young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Saghebjoo
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran -
| | - Nasrin Kargar-Akbariyeh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Iman Saffari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
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Vilaça-Alves J, Muller F, Rosa C, Payan-Carreira R, Lund R, Matos F, Garrido N, Saavedra FJ, Machado Reis V. Cardiorespiratory, enzymatic and hormonal responses during and after walking while fasting. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193702. [PMID: 29494664 PMCID: PMC5833199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to observe whether performing a low intensity endurance exercise following an overnight fasted (FAST) or fed (FED) condition promotes different cardiorespiratory, enzymatic and hormonal responses. Nine male physical active subjects, (age 21.89 ± 2.52 years old, height 175.89 ± 5.16 cm, weight 72.10 ± 4.31 kg, estimated body fat 7.25 ± 2.11%), randomly performed two sessions of 45 minutes' low intensity exercise (individual ventilator threshold) interspersed by seven days, differentiated only in whether they were provided with a standardized meal or not. The oxygen consumption (VO2) and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously at the 30-min rest, the 45-min during and the 30-min post-exercise. The testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) hormones were measured at rest, immediately post-exercise and 15-min post-exercise. The Glucose (GLU), Free fatty acids (FFA) and enzyme lipase activity (ELP) were measured at rest, 15-min and 30-min exercise, immediately, 15-min and 30-min post-exercise. Significantly lower values were observed in FED compared to FAST with: C (nmol/L) from pre (428.87 ± 120.41; 454.62 ± 148.33, respectively) to immediately post-exercise (285.10 ± 85.86; 465.66 ± 137.70, respectively) and 15-min post-exercise (248.00 ± 87.88; 454.31 ± 112.72, respectively) (p<0.05); and GLU at all times, with an exception at 15-min post-exercise. The testosterone/cortisol ratio (T/C) was significantly higher in the FED compared with FAST from pre (0.05 ± 0.02, 0.05 ± 0.01, respectively) to 15-min post-exercise (0.08 ± 0.03, 0.05 ± 0.02, respectively). No other significant differences were observed between conditions. We conclude that fasting prior to low intensity endurance exercise does not seem be advantageous, when it comes to fat loss, compared with the same exercise performed after a meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Vilaça-Alves
- Sport Sciences Departament, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Muller
- Sport Sciences Departament, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Claudio Rosa
- Sport Sciences Departament, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rita Payan-Carreira
- Animal and Veterinary Research Center, CECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rafael Lund
- Sport Sciences Departament, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Filipe Matos
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| | - Nuno Garrido
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| | - Francisco José Saavedra
- Sport Sciences Departament, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| | - Victor Machado Reis
- Sport Sciences Departament, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
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Kim TY, Kim MJ, Cho IR, Won YM, Han MK, Jung KN, Lee SH, Lee JH, Chin JH, Roh JH, Min SH, Lee TK, Park HJ, Jang K, Kwon SJ, Kang SJ, Shin MA, Kim HN, Hong JS, Choi EH, An NI, Kim JH, Kim MS. A study on macronutrient self-selection after acute aerobic exercise in college females. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 28:2556-2559. [PMID: 27799693 PMCID: PMC5080175 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.2556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study was conducted to determine whether acute aerobic exercise (climbing)
is associated with changes in the dietary intake pattern. [Subjects and Methods] Food
intake and physical activity data for 15 female college students were sampled for 3 days
and categorized according to routine activity or high-intensity activity such as hiking.
Nutrient intake based on the data was analyzed using a nutrition program. [Results]
Carbohydrate and protein intake was significantly decreased after exercise compared to
before acute aerobic exercise, but lipid intake showed no significant difference. Calorie
intake was significantly decreased after exercise compared to before exercise; however,
calorie consumption was significantly increased after exercise. [Conclusion] Aerobic
exercise causes a decrease in total calories by inducing reduction in carbohydrate and
protein intake. Therefore, aerobic exercise is very important for weight (body fat)
control since it causes positive changes in the food intake pattern in female
students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Young Kim
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Kim
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Rae Cho
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea; Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Won
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Han
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea
| | - Kon-Nym Jung
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Lee
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hee Lee
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyoung Chin
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hun Roh
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hi Min
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Kyun Lee
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Joo Park
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon Jang
- Department of Taekwondo, Korea National Sport University, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Jeong Kwon
- Major of Recreation and Leisure Sports, College of Sports Science, Chung-Ang University, Republic of Korea
| | - Suh-Jung Kang
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Sang Myung University, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ae Shin
- College of Creative Future Talent, Daejin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hu-Nyun Kim
- College of Creative Future Talent, Daejin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seung Hong
- Department of Physical Education, College of Natural Sciences, Hallym University, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hi Choi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Il An
- College of Humanities, Korea University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyuk Kim
- Department of Dance Art, Convergence Culture and Arts, Sungshin Women's University, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Suk Kim
- Department of Dance Art, Convergence Culture and Arts, Sungshin Women's University, Republic of Korea
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