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Brito AKSBD, Sousa DRTD, Silva Junior EFD, Ruiz HJDS, Arcanjo ARL, Ortiz JV, Brito SSD, Jesus DV, Lima JRCD, Couceiro KDN, Silva MRHDSE, Ferreira JMBB, Guerra JAO, Guerra MDGVB. Acute micro-outbreak of Chagas disease in the southeastern Amazon: a report of five cases. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2022; 55:e0687. [PMID: 36000619 PMCID: PMC9405943 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0687-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chagas disease is gaining importance in the Brazilian Amazon region as a differential diagnosis of febrile syndrome. The most recent microoutbreak occurred in Ipixuna, in Amazonas state. Methods: An epidemiological survey was conducted using parasitological and serological tests, and electrocardiographic analysis. Results: The patients belonged to one family and had ingested açaí acquired from Ipixuna. All patients reported fever and initially a thick blood smear test was done to identify Trypanosoma cruzi. Benznidazole treatment was administered to all patients. Conclusions: Knowledge of the epidemiological dynamics of Chagas disease allows us to improve control and management measures for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ana Ruth Lima Arcanjo
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde Dra. Rosemary Costa Pinto, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Jessica Vanina Ortiz
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jorge Augusto Oliveira Guerra
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil
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de Arias AR, Monroy C, Guhl F, Sosa-Estani S, Santos WS, Abad-Franch F. Chagas disease control-surveillance in the Americas: the multinational initiatives and the practical impossibility of interrupting vector-borne Trypanosoma cruzi transmission. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e210130. [PMID: 35830010 PMCID: PMC9261920 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760210130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) still imposes a heavy burden on most Latin American countries. Vector-borne and mother-to-child transmission cause several thousand new infections per year, and at least 5 million people carry Trypanosoma cruzi. Access to diagnosis and medical care, however, is far from universal. Starting in the 1990s, CD-endemic countries and the Pan American Health Organization-World Health Organization (PAHO-WHO) launched a series of multinational initiatives for CD control-surveillance. An overview of the initiatives’ aims, achievements, and challenges reveals some key common themes that we discuss here in the context of the WHO 2030 goals for CD. Transmission of T. cruzi via blood transfusion and organ transplantation is effectively under control. T. cruzi, however, is a zoonotic pathogen with 100+ vector species widely spread across the Americas; interrupting vector-borne transmission seems therefore unfeasible. Stronger surveillance systems are, and will continue to be, needed to monitor and control CD. Prevention of vertical transmission demands boosting current efforts to screen pregnant and childbearing-aged women. Finally, integral patient care is a critical unmet need in most countries. The decades-long experience of the initiatives, in sum, hints at the practical impossibility of interrupting vector-borne T. cruzi transmission in the Americas. The concept of disease control seems to provide a more realistic description of what can in effect be achieved by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlota Monroy
- Universidad de San Carlos, Laboratorio de Entomología y Parasitología Aplicadas, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Felipe Guhl
- Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sergio Sosa-Estani
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative Latin America, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Centro de Investigaciones en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Walter Souza Santos
- Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Epidemiologia das Leishmanioses, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | - Fernando Abad-Franch
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Brasília, DF, Brasil
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Julião GR, Pimentel IF, de França AK, Gil LHS, Simplício MF, Santos da Silva GD, Katsuragawa TH, de Souza Rodrigues MM. Rhodnius spp. infestation in palm trees and natural infection by Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli in periurban and rural areas of state of the Rondônia, in the Brazilian Amazon. Acta Trop 2021; 220:105963. [PMID: 34023303 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The state of Rondônia in the Brazilian Amazon is prone to diseases transmitted by insect vectors because of the environmental and population changes resulting from large hydroelectric projects and the expansion of agricultural and livestock industries. The first case of Chagas disease by vectorial transmission was recorded in 2019 in a rural area in Rondônia, reinforcing the need for entomological surveillance. Hence, our goal was to estimate the abundance of Rhodnius spp. in palm trees located in rural and periurban areas and in Brazil-Bolivia border regions, perform domiciliary searches, and check for possible associations between triatomines and the presence/absence of palm-inhabiting fauna and outdoor farming, domestic animals, and buildings. The sampling took place in five municipalities of Rondônia in 2014 (June to August) and 2015 (April to June). Triatomines were collected by active searches during the selective pruning of palm tree crowns. Domiciliary inspections lasted from 30 to 60 min. A set of captured triatomines was analyzed for Trypanosoma cruzi and T. rangeli infection by PCR. Overall, 496 insects were captured during sampling of 150 palms in rural areas and 150 in periurban areas. No triatomine was found during active searches of 59 dwelling either indoors or outdoors. The majority of triatomines caught in the palm trees were identified as Rhodnius robustus (98.6%), and seven specimens were R. pictipes. Triatomine infestation was observed in only 20% of the sampled palms (61/300) in the vicinity of 26/59 households. Nearly half of the infested palm trees had only one or two triatomines, and few palms presented more than 15 triatomines. The municipality of Buritis had the highest triatomine abundance and percentage of infested palms; however, the highest triatomine density per infested palm was observed in Alvorada D'Oeste, where a quarter of the palms were infested. Ants, arachnids, termites, reptiles, and rodents were frequently found in palm trees. Dogs were the predominant domestic animals in households, whereas hens and cattle were the main farming animals. Model estimates showed that the number of triatomines was affected by the presence of henhouses and varied strongly between localities. No relationships were detected between the average number of triatomines and palm fauna and/or palm height. Overall, approximately half of the triatomines were infected with T. cruzi (51.4%) and/or T. rangeli (47.2%), reinforcing the need for continuous entomological surveillance and implementation of community-based approaches because the Brazilian state of Rondônia borders areas experiencing reinfestation by domiciled species and potential colonization of animal shelters by triatomines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genimar Rebouças Julião
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Laboratório de Entomologia-1, Porto Velho, RO 76812-245, Brasil.
| | - Iasmin Ferreira Pimentel
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Laboratório de Epidemiologia Genética, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.
| | | | - Luiz Herman Soares Gil
- Instituto de Patologia em Doenças Tropicais, Rua da Beira 7671, CEP 76812-245, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.
| | - Marlon Ferreira Simplício
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Laboratório de Entomologia-1, Porto Velho, RO 76812-245, Brasil.
| | | | - Tony Hiroshi Katsuragawa
- Instituto de Patologia em Doenças Tropicais, Rua da Beira 7671, CEP 76812-245, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical-CEPEM/RO, CEP 76812-329, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.
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Vasconcelos LASD, Oliveira JC, Silva Junior RCAD, Justiniano SCB, Souza ÉDS, Magalhães LKC, Silveira H, Silva GAVD, Guerra JADO, Guerra MDGVB. Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing unit TcIV implicated in a case of acute Chagas disease in a domiciliated dog in the western Amazon. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2021; 54:e0873-2020. [PMID: 33759934 PMCID: PMC8008907 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0873-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Seven lineages have been identified based on different molecular markers, namely TcI, TcII, TcIII, TcIV, TcV, TcVI, and TcBat. Dogs play the role of epidemiological sentinels being domestic reservoirs of T. cruzi. The aim of the current study was to report the first case of CD in a domestic dog in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, infected with T. cruzi DTU TcIV. We hope our report encourages veterinarians and surveillance professionals to a take a deeper look at T. cruzi infection in domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josué Costa Oliveira
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Centro de Entomologia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | | | | | - Éder Dos Santos Souza
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Centro de Entomologia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | | | - Henrique Silveira
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | - Maria das Graças Vale Barbosa Guerra
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Centro de Entomologia, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, AM, Brasil
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Lowe R, Lee S, Martins Lana R, Torres Codeço C, Castro MC, Pascual M. Emerging arboviruses in the urbanized Amazon rainforest. BMJ 2020; 371:m4385. [PMID: 33187952 PMCID: PMC7664915 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m4385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Lowe
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sophie Lee
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Raquel Martins Lana
- Programa de Computação Científica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcia C Castro
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mercedes Pascual
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Prat JGI, Morais P, Claret M, Badia P, Fialho RR, Albajar-Vinas P, Villegas L, Ascaso C. Community-based approaches for malaria case management in remote communities in the Brazilian Amazon. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020; 53:e20200048. [PMID: 32997048 PMCID: PMC7514773 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0048-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malaria case management is a pivotal intervention in malaria elimination. However, many remote areas in Brazil still lack access to basic health services. This study describes a community-based approach (CBA) for malaria case management in the large remote area of the Jaú National Park (JNP), Amazonas, Brazil. METHODS In 2001, a general health CBA was initiated with a motor group (MG); a participative community health diagnosis (PCHD) was subsequently implemented between 2001 and 2005. In 2006, a CBA for malaria case management started with an expanded MG including all sectors with a stake in malaria control, from the local residents to the federal government. In 2008, community microscopists were selected and trained to diagnose hemoparasites. A full malaria strategy was implemented in 2009 with subsequent quality control follow-up. RESULTS Two educational materials were co-created with local communities. The MG identified malaria as a major health problem and the malaria MG planned the control activities. Ten communities selected a resident to become malaria microscopists, and ten solar-operated health centers were built. The number of slide readings increased from 923 in 2006 to 1,900 in 2009, while malaria infections decreased from 354 cases in 2005 to 20 cases in 2015. The excess time (≥ 48 hours) between first symptoms and diagnosis/treatment decreased from 68.9% of cases in 2005 to 14.3% in 2010. CONCLUSIONS While many factors were likely involved in the reduction of malaria transmission in the JNP, the CBA played an important role in the sustained success of the initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Gómez I Prat
- Drassanes-Vall d'Hebron International Health Unit, International Health Programme of the Catalonian Institute of Health (PROSICS), Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mercè Claret
- Project Manager Probitas Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Badia
- Site supervisor EE.RR. IDOM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romeo R Fialho
- Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas, Departamento de Vigilância Ambiental, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Pedro Albajar-Vinas
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Carlos Ascaso
- Department of Public Health, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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