Ações do programa de puerpério na atenção primária: uma revisão integrativa

Influence of sociodemographic and obstetric factors on maternal mortality in Brazil from 2011 to 2021

BACKGROUND

Obstetric causes are classified as direct (complications of pregnancy, childbirth or the puerperium) or indirect (caused by pregnancy but not directly caused by it). This study aimed to analyze maternal mortality from obstetric causes in Brazil from 2011 to 2021.

METHODS

This was an ecological study on mortality and live births. The outcomes were the specific risk of mortality from direct and indirect cause adjustment and death during pregnancy and the puerperium. Binary and multiple linear logistic regressions were used to assess the influence of sociodemographic factors and maternal and child health indicators on maternal mortality and time of death (pregnancy and puerperium).

RESULTS

Regarding mortality during pregnancy and during the puerperium, increased (p = 0.003) and decreased (p = 0.004) mortality over the years, respectively; residing in the northern region was associated with lower (p < 0.05) and greater (p = 0.035) odds; and the Maternal Mortality Committee was the primary and least active source of investigation, respectively (p < 0.0001). The number of deaths from indirect causes increased with age (p < 0.001) and in the northern region (p = 0.011) and decreased in the white (< 0.05) and stable union (0.002) regions. Specifically, for mortality risk, the age group [women aged 15-19 years presented an increase in cesarean section (p < 0.001) was greater than that of women who had < 4 antenatal visits (p < 0.001)], education [women who completed high school (8 to 11 years) was greater when they had < 4 prenatal visits (p = 0.018)], and marital status [unmarried women had more than 4 antenatal visits (p < 0.001); cesarean birth (p = 0.010) and < 4 antenatal visits (p = 0.009) were predictors of marriage; and women in a stable union who had < 4 prenatal visits and live births to teenage mothers (p < 0.001) were predictors]. Women who had no education (p = 0.003), were divorced (p = 0.036), had cesarean deliveries (p < 0.012), or lived in the north or northeast (p < 0.008) had higher indirect specific mortality risk.

CONCLUSIONS

Sociodemographic factors and maternal and child health indicators were related to different patterns of obstetric mortality. Obstetric mortality varied by region, marital status, race, delivery, prenatal care, and cause of death.

Interventions of Brazil's more doctors program through continuing education for Primary Health Care

Introduction

Brazil's More Doctors Program, in its training axis, aims to improve medical training for Primary Health Care through interventions related to the reality of the territory. The research presented here analyzed the interventions implemented by Brazil's More Doctors Program physicians, members of the Family Health Continuing Education Program, and the relationship with Primary Health Care programmatic actions.

Methodology

The research conducted made use of Text and Data Mining and content analysis. In total, 2,159 reports of interventions from 942 final papers were analyzed. The analysis process was composed of the formation of the corpus; exploration of the materials through text mining; and analysis of the results by inference and interpretation.

Results

It was observed that 57% of the physicians worked in the Northeast Region, which was also the region with the most interventions (66.8%). From the analysis of the bigrams, trigrams, and quadrigrams, four constructs were formed: "women's health," "child health," "chronic non-communicable diseases," and "mental health." Terms related to improving access, quality of care, teamwork, and reception were also present among the N-grams.

Discussion

The interventions carried out are under the programmatic actions recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health for Primary Health Care, also addressing cross-cutting aspects such as Reception, Teamwork, Access Improvement, and Quality of Care, which suggests that the training experience in the Family Health Continuing Education Program reflects on the way these professionals act.

Inhibitors and facilitators to the utilization of postpartum care in China: an integrative review

BACKGROUND

Postpartum care is an expanding concept in China, and it is gaining vast attention in Chinese society. However, due to some Chinese traditions and rituals during the postpartum period, the utilization of modern postpartum care should be improved on both individual and community levels from different aspects. This integrative review outlined the inhibitors and facilitators of postpartum care utilization in China.

METHODS

Writing an integrative review, a literature search was conducted in Chinese and English databases including Wan Fang, China National Knowledge infrastructure, Medline, Web of Science, and Embase till 31 October 2021 to capture citations covering 'postpartum care', 'utilization' and 'China'. Titles and abstracts were screened independently by three reviewers. Included studies were critically appraised using tools and checklists independently for both qualitative and quantitative studies by two different reviewers who also performed thematic synthesis.

RESULTS

Of the 4359 citations screened, 41 studies (450,788 patients) were selected. Categorization of the factors influencing postpartum care utilization revealed five components: sociocultural (25 studies); educational (24 studies); organizational (12 studies); economic (19 studies); and physical (6 studies). Factors influencing postpartum care utilization both on individual and community levels were identified. They included facilitated factors such as higher mother's and partner's education level, higher socioeconomic status, lower parity, better insurance coverage, urban geographical location, Han ethnicity, and better transportation. Inhibitory factors such as under-managed policy regulation, migrants without domicile, and lower quality of care were also reported.

CONCLUSION

This review has identified the inhibitors and facilitators of postpartum care utilization in China. Five major aspects including sociocultural, educational, organizational, economic, and physical components have been analysed. Results can be used to improve the utilization of modern postpartum care on both individual and community levels in Chinese society.

Profile and knowledge of Brazilian Amazon Primary Health Care professionals on maternal and child health

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the social and professional profile and knowledge of Primary Care professionals on maternal and child health. Cross-sectional descriptive study, from May to July 2018. It included 30 nurses and 73 Community Health Workers (CHW) from the municipality of Bragança, Pará. The form had three phases: participants’ profile; close-ended questions on their profile, knowledge and resourcefulness on the First Week of Integral Care guideline; and four open-ended questions. Quantitative data was analyzed through Microsoft Office ExcelTM 2016, as qualitative data was arranged through word clouds and similarity trees in IRaMuTeQTM. The majority of nurses and CHW were female (70.9%) and worked in urban areas (60.2%), as 40% of nurses were graduated recently, with an 80% specialization courses, and 83.6% CHW had completed high school. On both categories, 82.5% did not know the First Week of Integral Health guideline, although the word clouds and similarity trees had shown that several national standardized orientations were provided. First Week of Integral Care guidelines’ insufficient knowledge by nurses and CHW in the municipality points to fragility in Primary Care on maternal and child health. Although basic orientations are provided, improvement is necessary.

Toward early screening for early management of postnatal depression? Relationships between clinical signs present in the infant and underlying maternal postnatal depression

OBJECTIVE

The objective was to screen for maternal postnatal depression (MPD) by administering the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) during the first "peak" of incidence of MPD (i. e., between the 6th and the 10th week of the infant's life) and to therefore explore the relationship between mothers' EPDS scores and early clinical signs in the infant. We wanted to evaluate the relevance of a diagnostic tool that combines the EPDS with questions focused on clinical signs displayed by the infant.

PARTICIPANTS

Seven hundred and sixty seven mothers aged 18-46 (M = 30.5, SD = 4.9) participated in the study, representing 49.2% of all women who delivered in the study area during the research inclusion period. Main outcome measures: Sociodemographic data were collected. MPD was measured by EPDS (score ≥ 12). The presence of clinical signs in the infant was investigated by closed (i.e., yes or no) questions inquiring into whether the infant has or has had difficulty sleeping, feeding difficulties, crying difficult to calm, or other difficulties.

RESULTS

The prevalence of MPD in our sample was 22.16%. The relationships between MPD and early clinical signs present in the infant, i.e., sleep difficulties, feeding problems, crying difficult to calm (p < 0.001), and other problems (p = 0.004), were very significant, as confirmed by a chi-square test of independence. In particular, sleep difficulties (OR = 2.05, CI 1.41-2.99) and feeding difficulties (OR = 1.59, CI 1.10-2.30) seemed to predict MPD.

CONCLUSIONS

Early clinical signs in the infant can alert the medical team to potential psychological suffering on the part of the mother, at which time the EPDS can be proposed. The use of this method has the potential to improve screening for, and therefore early management of, MPD.

Avaliação de programas de atenção pósparto no Brasil: perfil bibliométrico da produção científica (2000-2019)

RESUMO A assistência puerperal constitui um componente da atenção à saúde das mulheres, contemplado em programas desenvolvidos no Brasil, que visam à melhoria dos indicadores de saúde materno-infantil. O estudo objetivou analisar o estado da arte dos estudos avaliativos sobre programas relacionados à atenção puerperal no Brasil, no período de 2000 a 2019. A pesquisa limitou-se à identificação e análise de artigos publicados em periódicos revisados por pares. A revisão foi realizada a partir de pesquisa dos descritores Avaliação, Programas e pós-parto nos portais da BVS, SciELO e Scopus, complementada pela verificação das referências citadas nos artigos para inclusão de estudos pertinentes. Ao total, foram identificados 42 artigos, os quais foram analisados segundo critérios previamente estabelecidos. Os resultados do perfil bibliométrico da produção intelectual identificaram: ausência de autores/centros de pesquisa especializados na interface Avaliação e Programas de atenção pós-parto, disparidades regionais na produção do conhecimento, maior quantidade de artigos sobre o Programa de Humanização no Pré-Natal e Nascimento e a Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança, escassa utilização de referências teórico-metodológicas da área de avaliação. A discussão realizada procura contextualizar a produção científica analisada em relação à constituição do espaço da avaliação em saúde no Brasil.

CE: Postpartum Depression: A Nurse's Guide

ABSTRACT

Despite extensive research, the etiology behind postpartum depression (PPD) remains a mystery. Experts have theorized about various potential risk factors, including hormonal fluctuations, genetics, prior history of depression, low socioeconomic status, adolescent pregnancy, and certain personality traits. This article provides foundational information about PPD, reviewing the risk factors for and the consequences of this mood disorder. Postpartum blues and postpartum psychosis are briefly discussed for context, although they differ from PPD. Screening and treatment options are explained, and nursing implications for practice are presented.

Adesão à consulta puerperal: facilitadores e barreiras

Resumo Objetivos identificar a prevalência de adesão e não adesão à consulta puerperal, assim como facilitadores e barreiras, entre puérperas assistidas em um hospital de ensino. Método estudo de coorte prospectivo, realizado com 121 puérperas, no período de agosto a dezembro de 2019, nas dependências de um hospital de ensino do interior de Minas Gerais. Resultados a prevalência de adesão à consulta puerperal foi de 34,7%. Observou-se, como facilitador, o acolhimento da equipe durante o pré-natal e/ou parto. Citaram-se como barreiras: esquecimento; intercorrências com o RN e/ou puerperais; dificuldade de transporte e distância entre o serviço e a residência. Foram associados à adesão: puérperas com maior escolaridade, que realizaram todo ou parte do pré-natal na instituição, que tiveram a gestação classificada como alto risco, que apresentaram doenças prévias durante a gestação, primigestas e as que tiveram parto cesáreo. Conclusões e implicações para a prática os dados apresentados possibilitaram delinear um perfil das puérperas que aderiram ou não à consulta puerperal, desvelando fatores facilitadores e barreiras, assim como fatores associados à maior adesão. Faz-se necessário repensar a assistência ao puerpério, uma vez que a consulta é uma estratégia de prevenção de morte materna.

[Postpartum care for women in primary care: building an assessment model]

Postpartum care for women in primary healthcare (PHC) is important for reducing their morbimortality, but there is no clearly described theory on such care, and the assessment studies are rare. This study aimed to develop and systematize an assessment model for women's postpartum care in PHC, verifying it evaluability. An evaluability study was performed using a Brazilian and international literature review, review of national documents, and interviews with stakeholders. Such evidence backed the elaboration of an assessment model that was validated in a consensus workshop. The data were analyzed with thematic analysis. The study elaborated the program's theory, in which postpartum care in PHC ideally takes place with a comprehensive approach to the woman's physical, psychological, emotional, and social needs, considering the individuality of women with liveborn children or in situations of fetal/neonatal death, initiating prenatal care and continuity in the postpartum period, and with the involvement of spouses and other family members. The program's theory established the program's contextualization and logical design, with objectives, targets, activities, outputs, results, and impact, previously not explained systematically in the literature and documents. Postpartum care was found to be evaluable through an implementation analysis, and the program's theory was defined, with the potential for use by various stakeholders at both the national and international levels to implement and/or improve comprehensive postpartum care for women.