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Cornejo Ulloa P, van der Veen MH, Brandt BW, Buijs MJ, Krom BP. The effect of sex steroid hormones on the ecology of in vitro oral biofilms. Biofilm 2023; 6:100139. [PMID: 37621393 PMCID: PMC10447177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones (SSH) such as oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone are cholesterol derived molecules that regulate various physiological processes. They are present in both blood and saliva, where they come in contact with oral tissues and oral microorganisms. Several studies have confirmed the effect of these hormones on different periodontal-disease-associated bacteria, using single-species models. Bacteria can metabolize SSH, use them as alternative for vitamin K and also use them to induce the expression of virulence factors. However, it is still unclear what the effects of SSH are on the oral microbiome. In this study, we investigated the effects of four SSH on commensal in vitro oral biofilms. Saliva-derived oral biofilms were grown in Mc Bain medium without serum or menadione using the Amsterdam Active-Attachment model. After initial attachment in absence of SSH, the biofilms were grown in medium containing either oestradiol, oestriol, progesterone or testosterone at a 100-fold physiological concentration. Menadione or ethanol were included as positive control and negative control, respectively. After 12 days with daily medium refreshments, biofilm formation, biofilm red fluorescence and microbial composition were determined. The supernatants were tested for proteolytic activity using the Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Analysis (FRET). No significant differences were found in biofilm formation, red fluorescence or microbial composition in any of the tested groups. Samples grown in presence of progesterone and oestradiol showed proteolytic activity comparable to biofilms supplemented with menadione. In contrast, testosterone and oestriol showed a decreased proteolytic activity compared to biofilms grown in presence of menadione. None of the tested SSH had large effects on the ecology of in vitro oral biofilms, therefore a direct translation of our results into in vivo effects is not possible. Future experiments should include other host factors such as oral tissues, immune cells and combinations of SSH as present in saliva, in order to have a more accurate picture of the phenomena taking place in both males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Cornejo Ulloa
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique H. van der Veen
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bernd W. Brandt
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark J. Buijs
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P. Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Phan MAT, Gibson E, Golebiowski B, Stapleton F, Jenner AM, Bucknall MP. Analysis of sex steroids in human tears using LC-MS and GC-MS: Considerations and developments to improve method sensitivity and accuracy. Exp Eye Res 2022; 225:109283. [PMID: 36273577 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroids play a role in regulation of tear film function and may exert their action locally at the ocular surface. However, measurement of sex steroids in tears is difficult due to small-volume tear samples and very low concentrations of the hormones. This short communication highlights what has been achieved to date in the analysis of tear sex steroids using ultra-performance LC-MS (UPLC-MS) as previously published, and reports further and more recent investigations toward optimising mass spectrometry method sensitivity and accuracy. The published UPLC-MS method successfully measured progesterone, androsterone glucuronide and 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol in pooled basal tears of postmenopausal women, and fourteen sex steroid standards in methanol. Limitations included sub-optimal limits of detection (LOD) and lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) for some analytes (particularly oestrogens), exclusion of sample matrix effects and no use of internal standards. This update reports on further experiments carried out to improve sensitivity and accuracy. Sample matrix effects, internal standard spiking, and derivatisation with dansyl chloride and oximes were investigated. Dansylation significantly improved the LOD and LLOQ of oestrogens and their metabolites, by a factor of 10 for oestradiol and a factor of 5 for oestrone, but sensitivity of this updated method is not sufficient however for analysis of these oestrogens in human tears. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as an alternative technique to LC-MS, improved sensitivity for derivatised oestradiol is reported. This work demonstrates the need to develop higher sensitivity methods and points researchers towards specific MS ionisation techniques for future analysis of sex steroids in tears, in order to progress current understanding of the role of sex steroids in tear function and dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Anh Thu Phan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Emma Gibson
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Optometry, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Blanka Golebiowski
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew M Jenner
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Martin P Bucknall
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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3
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Wang B, Wu J, Li H, Jin X, Sui C, Yu Z. Using genetic instruments to estimate the causal effect of hormonal reproductive factors on osteoarthritis. Front Public Health 2022; 10:941067. [PMID: 36452961 PMCID: PMC9702564 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.941067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Hormonal reproductive factors have been considered to play an important role in the etiology of osteoarthritis (OA). We performed Mendelian randomization (MR) to examine whether a causal effect existed between them. Methods MR was performed by using publicly released genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics to estimate the causal associations of three relevant exposures, including age at menarche (AAM), age at natural menopause (ANM) and age at first birth (AFB), with the risk of OA. We employed several MR methods, including inverse-variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger regression, weighted median and weighted mode, to estimate the causality. We performed a sensitivity analysis by manually pruning pleiotropic variants associated with the known confounder body mass index (BMI). Results The instrumental variables that achieved genome-wide significance, including 349 AAM single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 121 AAM SNPs, 54 ANM SNPs, and 10 AFB SNPs, were incorporated into the operation. IVW analysis indicated that each additional year in AFB was associated with a decreasing risk of hip and/or knee OA and overall OA (hip and/or knee OA: OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.64-0.93, P = 1.33 × 10-3; overall OA: OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.68-0.92, P = 1.80 × 10-4). In addition, our results suggested that AAM exerted a causal effect on knee OA in an unfavorable manner (OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.76-0.95, P = 1.58 × 10-3). After accounting for the effect of BMI, the causal effect association between AFB and hip and/or knee OA was also examined (IVW: OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.66-0.92, P = 3.22 × 10-3). Conclusion Our findings add a growing body of evidence surrounding the unfavorable effects of early AFB on OA risk, suggesting the essential for relevant health problem management in susceptible populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingran Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medical, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Junhua Wu
- Teaching Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Han Li
- Department of Electrocardiogram, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medical, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cong Sui
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhen Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China,*Correspondence: Zhen Yu
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Kafeenah H, Kuo CM, Chang TY, Jen HH, Yang JH, Shen YS, Wu CH, Chen SH. Label-free and de-conjugation-free workflow to simultaneously quantify trace amount of free/conjugated and protein-bound estrogen metabolites in human serum. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1232:340457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Li X, Fang L, Li H, Yang X. Urinary estrogen metabolites and breast cancer risk in Chinese population. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:1615-1622. [PMID: 34812737 PMCID: PMC8679875 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In China, the association between estrogen metabolism and breast cancer risk and the differences in metabolic pattern between breast cancer patients and controls are poorly understood. METHODS A total of 84 patients with invasive breast cancer and 47 controls with benign breast diseases were included in this study. Estrogen metabolites from their morning urine were determined by HPLC-MS/MS and evaluated in both groups, and the predictive value of each estrogen metabolite in the malignant group according to their menstrual status was analyzed. RESULTS Urinary concentration of estrogen metabolites 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1), 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE2), 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2), 4-methoxyestrone (4-MeOE1), and 16α-hydroxyestrone were lower in postmenopausal patients with breast cancer, compared with benign controls. In logistic regression model, breast cancer risk increased with the decline in the levels of 4-OHE2 and 4-MeOE1. In premenopausal patients, a difference in the level of 2-OHE2 was observed between both groups, and 2-OHE2 was found to have predictive value for breast cancer. Additionally, urinary 2-OHE2 level in premenopausal hormone receptor positive (HR+) patients was considerably higher compared with hormone receptor negative patients. CONCLUSIONS We found that lower urinary levels of 4-OHE2 and 4-MeOE1 had predictive value for breast cancer, and higher 2-OHE1 were associated with HR+ breast cancer in premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Fang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Cheng Du Shang Jin Nan Fu Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongjiang Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqin Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to X Yang:
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Molecularly Imprinted Polymers and Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Selective Determination of Estrogens in Water by ESI-MS/FAPA-MS. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050672. [PMID: 32349292 PMCID: PMC7277882 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of estrogens content in natural water is a difficult task. An important problem in the analysis of hormones in water is the quantitative determination of their individual species. Low detection limits and instability of estrogen derivatives are the main challenges. Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (mag-MIPs) in combination with Flowing Atmospheric-Pressure Afterglow Mass Spectrometry (FAPA-MS) were successfully used for analysis of estrogen hormones in water samples. The aim of the study was to obtain mag-MIPs selective to estrone (E1) and β-estradiol (E2) for solid phase extraction and pre-concentration of estrogens. Due to their superior analyte binding properties at low concentrations (0.03 g in 1 g of polymer structure) and possibility of magnetic separation, mag-MIPs were proven to be very convenient and efficient adsorbent materials. In addition, MS analyses were performed using two ionization sources: ESI- and FAPA-MS. For both estrogens, LOD was significantly lower for FAPA-MS analysis (0.135 μg L−1 for E1 and E2) than for ESI-MS analysis (27 μg L−1 for E1 and 13.6 μg L−1 for E2). The total estrogen concentration in the environmental water sample was determined as: cE1 = 0.271 μg L−1 and cE2 = 0.275 μg L−1.
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Denver N, Khan S, Homer NZM, MacLean MR, Andrew R. Current strategies for quantification of estrogens in clinical research. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 192:105373. [PMID: 31112747 PMCID: PMC6726893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens and their bioactive metabolites play key roles in regulating diverse processes in health and disease. In particular, estrogens and estrogenic metabolites have shown both protective and non-protective effects on disease pathobiology, implicating the importance of this steroid pathway in disease diagnostics and monitoring. All estrogens circulate in a wide range of concentrations, which in some patient cohorts can be extremely low. However, elevated levels of estradiol are reported in disease. For example, in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) elevated levels have been reported in men and postmenopausal women. Conventional immunoassay techniques have come under scrutiny, with their selectivity, accuracy and precision coming into question. Analytical methodologies such as gas and liquid chromatography coupled to single and tandem mass spectrometric approaches (GC-MS, GC-MS/MS, LC-MS and LC-MS/MS) have been developed to quantify endogenous estrogens and in some cases their bioactive metabolites in biological fluids such as urine, serum, plasma and saliva. Liquid-liquid or solid-phase extraction approaches are favoured with derivatization remaining a necessity for detection in lower volumes of sample. The limits of quantitation of individual assays vary but are commonly in the range of 0.5-5 pg/mL for estrone and estradiol, with limits for their bioactive metabolites being higher. This review provides an overview of current approaches for measurement of unconjugated estrogens in biological matrices by MS, highlighting the advances in this field and the challenges remaining for routine use in the clinical and research environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Denver
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
| | - Shazia Khan
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4TJ.
| | - Natalie Z M Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Margaret R MacLean
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
| | - Ruth Andrew
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK, EH16 4TJ.
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8
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de Oliveira HL, Pires BC, Teixeira LS, Dinali LAF, Simões NS, Borges WDS, Borges KB. Novel restricted access material combined to molecularly imprinted polymer for selective magnetic solid-phase extraction of estrogens from human urine. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Rapid quantification of human urinary estrogens and estrogen metabolites by HPLC mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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10
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Gibson EJ, Bucknall MP, Golebiowski B, Stapleton F. Comparative limitations and benefits of liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry techniques for analysis of sex steroids in tears. Exp Eye Res 2019; 179:168-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Denver N, Khan S, Stasinopoulos I, Church C, Homer NZ, MacLean MR, Andrew R. Derivatization enhances analysis of estrogens and their bioactive metabolites in human plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1054:84-94. [PMID: 30712596 PMCID: PMC6363983 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens regulate many diverse biological processes in health and disease. They circulate at a wide range of concentrations in females generating several active metabolites (hydroxy and methoxyestrogens). The metabolites are assumed to be present in much lower levels and are thought to contribute to diseases such as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Estrogen metabolites are challenging to quantify in plasma and currently available immunoassays are non-specific. Here we have developed and validated a novel assay to simultaneously quantify parent estrogens and their metabolites by mass spectrometry (MS). Estrogens were extracted from human plasma using solid phase extraction and derivatized using 1-(5-fluoro-2, 4-dinitrophenyl)-4-methylpiperazine (PPZ) before quaternization by methylation (“MPPZ”). MPPZ derivatives were separated and quantified by liquid chromatography tandem MS (LC-MS/MS) in positive electrospray ionization mode, using a QTrap 6500 + coupled to a Shimadzu Nexera X2. Separation was achieved using an ACE Excel 2 C18-PFP column (2 μm, 2.1 mm × 150 mm). The limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.43–2.17 pg on column with a linear range from 2 or 10 - 2000 pg mL-1. Intra and inter-day precision and accuracy were acceptable (<20% at LOQ and <15% above). These derivatives demonstrated minimal degradation upon short-term storage at 15 °C (<20%) and longer term at −20 °C (<20%). Using this approach, estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) were detected in plasma (0.5 mL) from healthy women and those with PAH but downstream metabolites 16-hydroxy-E1, 16-hydroxy-E2, 2-methoxy-E1 and 4-methoxy-E1 were only detected in plasma from diseased patients. These findings will next be tested robustly in large patient cohorts. This novel LC-MS/MS analysis of estrogens and their bioactive metabolites, using MPPZ derivatization, opens doors for the simultaneous analysis of a panel of estrogens in human plasma, across the endogenous range of concentrations encountered in health and disease. LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of estrogens and their bioactive metabolites in human plasma. High recoveries and reduced matrix effects using MCX-SPE® extraction cartridges followed by MPPZ derivatization. Generation of stable derivatives allowing quantification of estrogens in low endogenous levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Denver
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Shazia Khan
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Ioannis Stasinopoulos
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Colin Church
- Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Agamemnon St, Clydebank, G81 4DY, United Kingdom.
| | - Natalie Zm Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Margaret R MacLean
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Ruth Andrew
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
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Smy L, Straseski JA. Measuring estrogens in women, men, and children: Recent advances 2012-2017. Clin Biochem 2018; 62:11-23. [PMID: 29800559 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of estrogens is important for diagnosing and monitoring the health of women, men, and children. For example, for postmenopausal women or women undergoing treatment for breast cancer with aromatase inhibitors, the measurement of extremely low concentrations of estrogens in serum, especially estradiol, is problematic but essential for proper medical care. Achieving superb analytical sensitivity and specificity has been and continues to be a challenge for the clinical laboratory, but is a challenge that is being taken seriously. Focusing on publications from 2012 to 2017, this review will provide an overview of recent research in the development of methods to accurately and precisely measure estrogens, including a variety of estrogen metabolites. Additionally, the latest in clinical research involving estrogen measurement in women, men, and children will be presented to provide an update on the association of estrogens with diseases or conditions such as breast cancer, precocious puberty, infertility, and pregnancy. This research update will provide context as to why estrogen measurement is important and why laboratories are working hard to support the recommendations made by the Endocrine Society regarding estrogen measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Smy
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Joely A Straseski
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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Abstract
Menopause occurs naturally in women at about 50 years of age. There is a wealth of data concerning the relationship of menopause to systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis; there are limited data concerning other rheumatic diseases. Age at menopause may affect the risk and course of rheumatic diseases. Osteoporosis, an integral part of inflammatory rheumatic diseases, is made worse by menopause. Hormone replacement therapy has been studied; its effects vary depending on the disease and even different manifestations within the same disease. Cyclophosphamide can induce early menopause, but there is underlying decreased ovarian reserve in rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitali Talsania
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1000 Lincoln Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Robert Hal Scofield
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1000 Lincoln Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 Northeast 13th Street, MS 24, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 920 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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Abstract
The life of a human female is characterized from teenage years by monthly menstruation which ceases (the menopause) typically between the age of 40 and 60 years. The potential for reproduction declines and ceases as the ovaries become depleted of follicles. A transition period in mid-life, for 2 to 10 years, when menstruation is less regular is called the perimenopause. The menopause is associated with a significant decline in plasma concentrations of sex hormones, an increase in the concentrations of the gonadotrophins and changes in other hormones such as the inhibins. These changes are superimposed with effects of aging, social and metabolic factors, daily activity and well-being. Although the menopause is entirely natural, in some cases ovarian failure can occur earlier than usual; this is pathological and warrants careful biochemical investigations to distinguish it from conditions causing infertility. Elderly females are affected by a range of clinical disorders including endocrine, cardiovascular, skeletal, urogenital tract and immunological systems, body mass, vasomotor tone, mood and sleep pattern. Reference intervals for many diagnostic biochemical tests for the menopause need to be used when interpreting results in clinical investigations for patient management. The standardization and harmonization of assays are being addressed. Many women now choose to develop their career before bearing children, and the health service has had to change services around this. This review does not cover screening for and tests during pregnancy. The review is timely since the population is aging and there will be more demand on healthcare services.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Honour
- Institute of Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
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15
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Gibson EJ, Stapleton F, Wolffsohn JS, Golebiowski B. Local synthesis of sex hormones: are there consequences for the ocular surface and dry eye? Br J Ophthalmol 2017; 101:1596-1603. [PMID: 28814411 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sex hormones are associated with the physiology and pathophysiology of almost all organs in the body, as well as most diseases. Interest in the associations between sex hormones and ocular tissues has increased in recent years. Androgens may have a positive effect on dry eye, whereas the effects of oestrogen on ocular conditions remain unclear. Intracrinology, the local synthesis and metabolism of hormones that is unique to humans, is of relevance to the eye and may help to explain why studies of the relationship between oestrogens and dry eye signs and symptoms are inconclusive. Knowledge of the pathways of hormone formation and metabolism is crucial to understanding the pathogenesis of ocular disease including dry eye. This review examines the mechanisms of steroidal sex hormone biosynthesis and reviews the significance of locally produced sex hormones, with a focus on ocular surface tissues. Much of the current literature is based on animal studies, which may not be transferable to humans due to the absence of intracrine production in animals. A large proportion of the human studies investigate systemic hormone levels rather than local levels. There is subsequently a need for additional studies to provide a better understanding of the local production of sex hormones within the human eye and ocular surface and to clarify the relationships between ocular levels of sex hormones and conditions including dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Gibson
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - James S Wolffsohn
- Ophthalmic Research Group, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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Xiao YP, Tian FM, Dai MW, Wang WY, Shao LT, Zhang L. Are estrogen-related drugs new alternatives for the management of osteoarthritis? Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:151. [PMID: 27352621 PMCID: PMC4924302 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative disease involving multiple physiopathological mechanisms. The increased prevalence of OA after menopause and the presence of estrogen receptors in joint tissues suggest that estrogen could help prevent development of OA. This review summarizes OA research with a focus on the effects of estrogen and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). Preclinical studies and clinical trials of estrogen therapy have reported inconsistent results. However, almost all studies assessing SERM treatment have obtained more consistent and favorable effects in OA with a relatively safety and tolerability profiles. At present, some SERMs including raloxifene and bazedoxifene have been approved for the treatment of osteoporosis. In summary, estrogen-related agents may exert both a direct effect on subchondral bone and direct and/or indirect effects upon the surrounding tissues, including the articular cartilage, synovium, and muscle, to name a few. Estrogen and SERMs may be particularly favorable for postmenopausal patients with early-stage OA or osteoporotic OA, a phenotype defined by reduced bone mineral density related to high remodeling in subchondral bone. At present, no single drug exists that can prevent OA progression. Although estrogen-related drugs provide insight into the continued work in the field of OA drug administration, further research is required before SERMs can become therapeutic alternatives for OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Xiao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology, No. 73 Jianshe South Road, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Fa-Ming Tian
- Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Mu-Wei Dai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wen-Ya Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Li-Tao Shao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology, No. 73 Jianshe South Road, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Liu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology, No. 73 Jianshe South Road, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China.
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Villalvilla A, Gomez R, Lugo L, Lopez-Oliva F, Largo R, Herrero-Beaumont G. Aromatase expression in human chondrocytes: An induction due to culture. Maturitas 2015; 85:27-33. [PMID: 26857876 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite the high prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) in postmenopausal women, a relationship between circulating estrogen levels and the development of OA has not been found. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression and activity of aromatase, a key enzyme in local production of estrogens, in human OA cultured articular chondrocytes, and to determine the physiological relevance of this enzyme in cartilage. METHODS Human OA articular chondrocytes were isolated and cultured. Local production of estradiol was measured after incubation with 100 ng/ml testosterone for 8 and 24h. Furthermore, chondrocytes were culture for 2h, 48 h, 7 days or 15 days, or in alginate beads for 10 days. Aromatase, type II and X collagen, aggrecan, alkaline phosphatase, and Runx2 expression were evaluated in cartilage, freshly isolated chondrocytes and cultured chondrocytes. RESULTS Aromatase was expressed and active in cultured human chondrocytes. Human cartilage, freshly isolated chondrocytes, and chondrocytes cultured for 2h expressed an insignificant amount of aromatase; however, expression arose after 48 h of culture and remained increased thereafter. Aromatase expression was not related to estrogen deprivation and was inversely correlated with differentiation. Re-differentiation did not reduce its expression. CONCLUSIONS Aromatase presents an almost undetectable expression in human cartilage but is induced in cultured chondrocytes. Therefore, human cartilage might act as a mere target for estrogens rather than a producer, and researchers using cell expansion in culture for latter therapies should consider these changes in estrogen metabolism which may not be reverted after re-differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Villalvilla
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Rodolfo Gomez
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid 28040, Spain; Musculoskeletal Pathology Lab, Institute IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain.
| | - Laura Lugo
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Felipe Lopez-Oliva
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Raquel Largo
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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