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Dymek J, Dymek AM, Kuciel M, Żuwała K. Macro- and micro morphology of the olfactory organ of African bonytongue, Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier 1829), compared with other species of the family Osteoglossidae (Teleostei). ZOOLOGY 2024; 163:126156. [PMID: 38422714 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Osteoglossiformes (bonytongue fishes) possess many morphological specializations associated with functions such as airbreathing, feeding, and electroreception. The olfactory organ also varies among species, notably in the family Osteoglossidae. Herein, we describe the olfactory organ of an osteoglossid, Heterotis niloticus, to compare it with the olfactory organs of other osteoglossiforms. We demonstrate the presence of an olfactory rosette within the olfactory chamber. This structure consists of a short median raphe surrounded by olfactory lamellae, which possess dorsal lamellar processes. On the surface of the olfactory lamellae, there are secondary lamellae formed by the olfactory epithelium. Within the olfactory epithelium, two zones can be distinguished: parallel brands of sensory cells located in the cavities between the secondary lamellae and a nonsensory area covering the remaining part of the olfactory lamellae. The olfactory epithelium is formed by ciliated and microvillus olfactory sensory neurons, supporting cells, goblet cells, basal cells and ciliated nonsensory cells. Additionally, rodlet cells were observed. The results confirm large variability in terms of the olfactory organ of Osteoglossiformes, particularly of Osteoglossidae, and support the secondary lamellae evolution hypothesis within this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Dymek
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Anna M Dymek
- Department of Small Livestock Breeding, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice n., Cracow, Poland
| | - Michał Kuciel
- Poison Information Centre, Department of Toxicology and Environmental Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Krystyna Żuwała
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
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2
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Toma GA, Dos Santos N, Dos Santos R, Rab P, Kretschmer R, Ezaz T, Bertollo LAC, Liehr T, Porto-Foresti F, Hatanaka T, Tanomtong A, Utsunomia R, Cioffi MB. Cytogenetics Meets Genomics: Cytotaxonomy and Genomic Relationships among Color Variants of the Asian Arowana Scleropages formosus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109005. [PMID: 37240350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Scleropages formosus (Osteoglossiformes, Teleostei) represents one of the most valued ornamental fishes, yet it is critically endangered due to overexploitation and habitat destruction. This species encompasses three major color groups that naturally occur in allopatric populations, but the evolutionary and taxonomic relationships of S. formosus color varieties remain uncertain. Here, we utilized a range of molecular cytogenetic techniques to characterize the karyotypes of five S. formosus color phenotypes, which correspond to naturally occurring variants: the red ones (Super Red); the golden ones (Golden Crossback and Highback Golden); the green ones (Asian Green and Yellow Tail Silver). Additionally, we describe the satellitome of S. formosus (Highback Golden) by applying a high-throughput sequencing technology. All color phenotypes possessed the same karyotype structure 2n = 50 (8m/sm + 42st/a) and distribution of SatDNAs, but different chromosomal locations of rDNAs, which were involved in a chromosome size polymorphism. Our results show indications of population genetic structure and microstructure differences in karyotypes of the color phenotypes. However, the findings do not clearly back up the hypothesis that there are discrete lineages or evolutionary units among the color phenotypes of S. formosus, but another case of interspecific chromosome stasis cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Toma
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Petr Rab
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, 27721 Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Kretschmer
- Departamento de Ecologia, Zoologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Tariq Ezaz
- Institute for Aplied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra 2617, Australia
| | - Luiz A C Bertollo
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Terumi Hatanaka
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Alongklod Tanomtong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | | | - Marcelo B Cioffi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
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Mu X, Liu Y, Liu C, Zhao C, Li R, You X, Yang Y, Wang X, Hu Y, Shi Q, Bian C. Identification of candidate sex-specific genomic regions in male and female Asian arowana genomes. Gigascience 2022; 11:6700067. [PMID: 36106701 PMCID: PMC9475665 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Asian arowana, Scleropages formosus, is one of the most expensive aquarium fish species worldwide. Its sex, however, cannot be distinguished clearly at any development stage, which impedes captive breeding and species protection for this endangered aquarium fish. Results To discover molecular clues to the sex of Asian arowana, we sequenced 26.5 Gb of PacBio HiFi reads and 179.2 Gb of Hi-C reads for 1 male fish and also sequenced 106.5 Gb of Illumina reads, 36.0 Gb of PacBio Sequel reads, and 80.7 Gb of Hi-C reads for 1 female individual. The final male and female genome assemblies were approximately 756.8 Mb and 781.5 Mb in length and contained 25,262 and 25,328 protein-coding genes, respectively. We also resequenced the genomes of 15 male and 15 female individuals with approximately 722.1 Gb of Illumina reads. A genome-wide association study identified several potentially divergent regions between male and female individuals. In these regions, cd48 and cfap52 could be candidate genes for sex determination of Asian arowana. We also found some structural variations in few chromosomes between male and female individuals. Conclusion We provided an improved reference genome assembly of female arowana and generated the first sequenced genome of 1 male individual. These valuable genetic resources and resequencing data may improve global aquarium fish research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xidong Mu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Modern Recreational Fisheries Engineering Technology Center, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Modern Recreational Fisheries Engineering Technology Center, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Modern Recreational Fisheries Engineering Technology Center, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruihan Li
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinxin You
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yexin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Modern Recreational Fisheries Engineering Technology Center, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Xuejie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Modern Recreational Fisheries Engineering Technology Center, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Yinchang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Modern Recreational Fisheries Engineering Technology Center, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Qiong Shi
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Bian
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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4
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Ford KL, Peterson R, Bernt M, Albert JS. Convergence is Only Skin Deep: Craniofacial Evolution in Electric Fishes from South America and Africa (Apteronotidae and Mormyridae). Integr Org Biol 2022; 4:obac022. [PMID: 35976714 PMCID: PMC9375771 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Apteronotidae and Mormyridae are species-rich clades of weakly electric fishes from Neotropical and Afrotropical freshwaters, respectively, known for their high morphological disparity and often regarded as a classic example of convergent evolution. Here, we use CT-imaging and 3D geometric morphometrics to quantify disparity in craniofacial morphologies, and to test the hypothesis of convergent skull-shape evolution in a phylogenetic context. For this study, we examined 391 specimens representing 78 species of Apteronotidae and Mormyridae including 30 of 37 (81%) of all valid genera with the goal to sample most of the craniofacial disparity known in these clades. We found no overlap between Apteronotidae and Mormyridae in the skull-shape morphospace using PCA and a common landmark scheme, and therefore no instances of complete phenotypic convergence. Instead, we found multiple potential instances of incomplete convergence, and at least one parallel shift among electric fish clades. The greatest components of shape variance in both families are the same as observed for most vertebrate clades: heterocephaly (i.e., opposite changes in relative sizes of the snout and braincase regions of the skull), and heterorhynchy (i.e., dorsoventral changes in relative snout flexion and mouth position). Mormyrid species examined here exhibit less craniofacial disparity than do apteronotids, potentially due to constraints associated with a larger brain size, ecological constraints related to food-type availability. Patterns of craniofacial evolution in these two clades depict a complex story of phenotypic divergence and convergence in which certain superficial similarities of external morphology obscure deeper osteological and presumably developmental differences of skull form and function. Among apteronotid and mormyrid electric fishes, craniofacial convergence is only skin deep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassandra L Ford
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Universität Bern , Switzerland
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Switzerland
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette , USA
| | - Rose Peterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University , USA
| | - Maxwell Bernt
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette , USA
- Department of Ichthyology, American Museum of Natural History , USA
| | - James S Albert
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette , USA
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5
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Why Osteoglossomorpha is one of the most peculiar groups of fish - a review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Osteoglossomorpha is a significant taxon for studies of evolution and various aspects of fish biology as an evolutionarily old group of fish. The taxon exhibits anatomical, morphological and physiological diversity and various adaptations such as air breathing or electroreception as well as modifications visible in sight and olfactory organs. A peculiarity of this group is the presence of four types of spermatozoa, namely complex introsperm and uni-, bi-, and aflagellate aquasperm. Given the unique morphology and large dimensions of some species, osteoglossomorphs are popular in aquaristics as ornamental fish, and in fisheries because they are an important source of food in many countries. The aim of this paper is to focus on some aspects of the biology and unique features as well as the importance for humans of this unusual group of fish.
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6
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Genetic identification and diversity of stocks of the African bonytongue, Heterotis niloticus (Osteoglossiformes: Arapaiminae), in Nigeria, West Africa. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8417. [PMID: 35589859 PMCID: PMC9120501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inland fisheries are an important source of protein and income for people in Africa. Their sustainable management can greatly benefit from identification of regional genetic stocks and characterization of their genetic diversity, but such information is lacking for most African freshwater fisheries. The African bonytongue, Heterotis niloticus, is an important component of inland fisheries in West Africa. Nigeria has the largest fishery for African bonytongues, representing ~ 86% of the global total. Recent declines in yields at some Nigerian locations, however, suggest current levels of exploitation may be unsustainable. Habitat degradation also may be impacting some stocks. Despite its commercial and nutritional importance, the African bonytongue has been the subject of scant genetic research to support management. We examined patterns of genetic diversity in natural populations of H. niloticus at four locations in Nigeria, including Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River in north-central Nigeria, and three southern localities (Ethiope River, Igbokoda River, and Epe Lagoon), as well fish from the Ouémé River delta near Porto Novo, Benin. Eighty-five specimens were genotyped for nine microsatellite-loci. Genetic diversity estimates were highest at Kainji Lake, and substantially lower at southern localities. High levels of genetic differentiation were detected between samples from Kainji Lake and those from southern localities. Low, yet significant FST values were observed among samples from southern Nigerian localities that were more differentiated from the sample from nearby coastal Benin. We thus recommend that African bonytongues from the five locations be considered distinct genetic stocks and managed accordingly.
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7
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Chandran R, Singh A, Singh RK, Mandal S, Ganesan K, Sah P, Paul P, Pathak A, Dutta N, Sah R, Lal KK, Mohindra V. Phenotypic variation of Chitala chitala (Hamilton, 1822) from Indian rivers using truss network and geometric morphometrics. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13290. [PMID: 35462771 PMCID: PMC9022642 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitala chitala (Hamilton, 1822) is an economically important food fish species occurring throughout Indian rivers, which also has ornamental value. This study focuses on morphological variations in C. chitala from seven river basins across India namely; Son, Tons, Ken, Brahmaputra, Ganga, Gomti and Gandak. A truss network was constructed by interconnecting nine landmarks to generate 36 morphometric variables extracted from digital images of specimens sampled from the study locations. Transformed truss measurements were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA), canonical discriminant function analysis (CDFA) and discriminant analyses of principal components (DAPC). DAPC function coefficients performed much better in capturing the variation pattern and discrimination between the rivers which was not achieved using CDFA. Eight truss variables were identified with significant and highest loading for truss variables on principal components and coefficients on discriminant function from DAPC contributing to maximum variation between the rivers. Performance graph and functional distribution of identified truss variables clearly indicated distinction between the rivers. Thin plate spline analysis and procrustes shape analysis further showed the variation in morphology between specimens across the rivers. The significant parameters differentiating specimens from different rivers were linked to dorsal fin origin, the base of the pectoral fin and the perpendicular point on the anal fin from the dorsal fin origin. Variation in the hydrodynamics of the rivers studied might be possibly affecting the fin kinematics and consequently leading to adaption seen as phenotypic variation in C. chitala. The results showcased in the present study shall help in better understanding of intra-specific diversity which is significant for management and conservation of a species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rejani Chandran
- Fish Conservation Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Achal Singh
- Fish Conservation Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajeev K. Singh
- Fish Conservation Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sangeeta Mandal
- Fish Conservation Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kantharajan Ganesan
- Fish Conservation Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priyanka Sah
- Fish Conservation Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pradipta Paul
- Fish Conservation Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India,Department of Fisheries, Bankura, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhinav Pathak
- Fish Conservation Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India,Molecular Biological Sciences, Farelabs Private Limited, Gurugram, India
| | - Nimisha Dutta
- Fish Conservation Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India,Molecular Biological Sciences, Farelabs Private Limited, Gurugram, India
| | - Ramashankar Sah
- Fish Conservation Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep K. Lal
- Fish Conservation Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vindhya Mohindra
- Fish Conservation Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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8
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Peterson RD, Sullivan JP, Hopkins CD, Santaquiteria A, Dillman CB, Pirro S, Betancur-R R, Arcila D, Hughes LC, Ortí G. Phylogenomics of bonytongue fishes (Osteoglossomorpha) shed light on the craniofacial evolution and biogeography of the weakly electric clade Mormyridae. Syst Biol 2022; 71:1032-1044. [PMID: 35041001 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bonytongues (Osteoglossomorpha) constitute an ancient clade of teleost fishes distributed in freshwater habitats throughout the world. The group includes well-known species such as arowanas, featherbacks, pirarucus, and the weakly electric fishes in the family Mormyridae. Their disjunct distribution, extreme morphologies, and electrolocating capabilities (Gymnarchidae and Mormyridae) have attracted much scientific interest, but a comprehensive phylogenetic framework for comparative analysis is missing, especially for the species-rich family Mormyridae. Of particular interest are disparate craniofacial morphologies among mormyrids which might constitute an exceptional model system to study convergent evolution. We present a phylogenomic analysis based on 546 exons of 179 species (out of 260), 28 out of 29 genera, and all six families of extant bonytongues. Based on a recent reassessment of the fossil record of osteoglossomorphs, we inferred dates of divergence among trans-continental clades and the major groups. The estimated ages of divergence among extant taxa (e.g., Osteoglossomorpha, Osteoglossiformes, Mormyroidea) are older than previous reports, but most of the divergence dates obtained for clades on separate continents are too young to be explained by simple vicariance hypotheses. Biogeographic analysis of mormyrids indicates that their high species diversity in the Congo Basin is a consequence of range reductions of previously widespread ancestors and that the highest diversity of craniofacial morphologies among mormyrids originated in this basin. Special emphasis on a taxon-rich representation for mormyrids revealed pervasive misalignment between our phylogenomic results and mormyrid taxonomy due to repeated instances of convergence for extreme craniofacial morphologies. Estimation of ancestral phenotypes revealed contingent evolution of snout elongation and unique projections from the lower jaw to form the distinctive Schnauzenorgan. Synthesis of comparative analyses suggests that the remarkable craniofacial morphologies of mormyrids evolved convergently due to niche partitioning, likely enabled by interactions between their exclusive morphological and electrosensory adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose D Peterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC USA
| | - John P Sullivan
- Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Carl D Hopkins
- Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Ithaca, NY USA
| | | | - Casey B Dillman
- Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Ithaca, NY USA
| | | | | | - Dahiana Arcila
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK USA.,Department of Ichthyology, Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Lily C Hughes
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Guillermo Ortí
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC USA.,National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC USA
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9
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Dornburg A, Near TJ. The Emerging Phylogenetic Perspective on the Evolution of Actinopterygian Fishes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-122120-122554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of a new phylogeny of ray-finned fishes at the turn of the twenty-first century marked a paradigm shift in understanding the evolutionary history of half of living vertebrates. We review how the new ray-finned fish phylogeny radically departs from classical expectations based on morphology. We focus on evolutionary relationships that span the backbone of ray-finned fish phylogeny, from the earliest divergences among teleosts and nonteleosts to the resolution of major lineages of Percomorpha. Throughout, we feature advances gained by the new phylogeny toward a broader understanding of ray-finned fish evolutionary history and the implications for topics that span from the genetics of human health to reconsidering the concept of living fossils. Additionally, we discuss conceptual challenges that involve reconciling taxonomic classification with phylogenetic relationships and propose an alternate higher-level classification for Percomorpha. Our review highlights remaining areas of phylogenetic uncertainty and opportunities for comparative investigations empowered by this new phylogenetic perspective on ray-finned fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Dornburg
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, USA
| | - Thomas J. Near
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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10
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Koenig LA, Gallant JR. Sperm competition, sexual selection and the diverse reproductive biology of Osteoglossiformes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:740-754. [PMID: 33973234 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Osteoglossiformes are an order of "bony tongue" fish considered the most primitive living order of teleosts. This review seeks to consolidate known hypotheses and identify gaps in the literature regarding the adaptive significance of diverse reproductive traits and behaviour of osteoglossiforms within the context of sperm competition and the wider lens of sexual selection. Many of the unusual traits observed in osteoglossiforms indicate low levels of sperm competition; most species have unpaired gonads, and mormyroids are the only known vertebrate species with aflagellate sperm. Several osteoglossiform families have reproductive anatomy associated with internal fertilization but perform external fertilization, which may be representative of the evolutionary transition from external to internal fertilization and putative trade-offs between sperm competition and the environment. They also employ every type of parental care seen in vertebrates. Geographically widespread and basally situated within teleosts, osteoglossiforms present an effective study system for understanding how sperm competition and sexual selection have shaped the evolution of teleost reproductive behaviour, sperm and gonad morphology, fertilization strategies, courtship and paternal care, and sexual conflict. The authors suggest that the patterns seen in osteoglossiform reproduction are a microcosm of teleost reproductive diversity, potentially signifying the genetic plasticity that contributed to the adaptive radiation of teleost fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Koenig
- Department of Integrative Biology, Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason R Gallant
- Department of Integrative Biology, Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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11
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Dymek AM, Pecio A, Piprek RP. Diversity of Balbiani body formation in internally and externally fertilizing representatives of Osteoglossiformes (Teleostei: Osteoglossomorpha). J Morphol 2021; 282:1313-1329. [PMID: 34145919 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
During the early stages of oogenesis, the Balbiani body is formed in the primary oocytes. It consists of the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and numerous mitochondria aggregated with germ plasm, but its form may differ among animals. Hypothetically, during oogenesis oocytes become adapted to future development in two different environments depending on internal or external fertilization. We aimed to investigate, using light and transmission electron microscopy, the development of the Balbiani body during oogenesis in representatives of Osteoglossiformes, one of the most basal Teleostei groups. We analyzed the structure of oogonia and primary oocytes in the internally fertilizing butterflyfish Pantodon buchholzi and the externally fertilizing Osteoglossum bicirrhosum and Arapaima gigas to compare formation of the Balbiani body in relation to modes of fertilization. We demonstrated that the presence of the germ plasm as well as the fusion and fission of mitochondria are the conserved features of the Bb. However, each species exhibited also some peculiar features, including the presence of three types of ooplasm with different electron density and mitochondria-associated membranes in P. buchholzi; annulate lamellae, complexes of the Golgi apparatus, ER network, and lysosome-like bodies in O. bicirrhosum; as well as karmellae and whorls formed by the lamellae of the ER in A. gigas. Moreover, the form of the germ plasm observed in close contact with mitochondria differed between osteoglossiforms, with a "net-like" structure in P. buchholzi, the presence of numerous strings in O. bicirrhosum, and irregular accumulations in A. gigas. These unique features indicate that the extreme diversity of gamete structure observed so far only in the spermatozoa of osteoglossiforms is also characteristic for oocyte development in these basal teleosts. Possible reason of this variability is a period of about 150 million years of independent evolution of the lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Dymek
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Anna Pecio
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Rafal P Piprek
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
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12
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Dymek AM, Piprek RP, Boroń A, Kirschbaum F, Pecio A. Ovary structure and oogenesis in internally and externally fertilizing Osteoglossiformes (Teleostei:Osteoglossomorpha). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Dymek
- Department of Comparative Anatomy Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Faculty of Biology Jagiellonian University Cracow Poland
| | - Rafal P. Piprek
- Department of Comparative Anatomy Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Faculty of Biology Jagiellonian University Cracow Poland
| | - Alicja Boroń
- Department of Zoology Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Olsztyn Poland
| | - Frank Kirschbaum
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences Faculty of Life Sciences Humboldt University of Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Anna Pecio
- Department of Comparative Anatomy Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Faculty of Biology Jagiellonian University Cracow Poland
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13
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Takezaki N. Resolving the Early Divergence Pattern of Teleost Fish Using Genome-Scale Data. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6178791. [PMID: 33739405 PMCID: PMC8103497 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regarding the phylogenetic relationship of the three primary groups of teleost fishes, Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues and others), Elopomorpha (eels and relatives), Clupeocephala (the remaining teleost fish), early morphological studies hypothesized the first divergence of Osteoglossomorpha, whereas the recent prevailing view is the first divergence of Elopomorpha. Molecular studies supported all the possible relationships of the three primary groups. This study analyzed genome-scale data from four previous studies: 1) 412 genes from 12 species, 2) 772 genes from 15 species, 3) 1,062 genes from 30 species, and 4) 491 UCE loci from 27 species. The effects of the species, loci, and models used on the constructed tree topologies were investigated. In the analyses of the data sets (1)–(3), although the first divergence of Clupeocephala that left the other two groups in a sister relationship was supported by concatenated sequences and gene trees of all the species and genes, the first divergence of Elopomorpha among the three groups was supported using species and/or genes with low divergence of sequence and amino-acid frequencies. This result corresponded to that of the UCE data set (4), whose sequence divergence was low, which supported the first divergence of Elopomorpha with high statistical significance. The increase in accuracy of the phylogenetic construction by using species and genes with low sequence divergence was predicted by a phylogenetic informativeness approach and confirmed by computer simulation. These results supported that Elopomorpha was the first basal group of teleost fish to have diverged, consistent with the prevailing view of recent morphological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Takezaki
- Life Science Research Center, Kagawa University, Mikicho, Kitagun, Kagawa, Japan
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14
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Dymek J, Kuciel M, Żuwała K. Structural diversity of olfactory organs in Osteoglossiformes. J Zool (1987) 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Dymek
- Department of Comparative Anatomy Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Faculty of Biology Jagiellonian University Cracow Poland
| | - M. Kuciel
- Poison Information Centre Department of Toxicology and Environmental Disease Faculty of Medicine Jagiellonian University Cracow Poland
| | - K. Żuwała
- Department of Comparative Anatomy Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Faculty of Biology Jagiellonian University Cracow Poland
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15
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Brito PM, Figueiredo FJ, Leal MEC. A revision of Laeliichthys ancestralis Santos, 1985 (Teleostei: Osteoglossomorpha) from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil: Phylogenetic relationships and biogeographical implications. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241009. [PMID: 33119676 PMCID: PMC7595333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A re-description of the freshwater, Early Cretaceous osteoglossomorph Laeliichthys ancestralis Santos, 1985, from the Sanfranciscana Basin of Brazil, is provided. New anatomical details and a revised diagnosis, as well as a new phylogeny are presented. A phylogenetic analysis places this taxon within the Osteoglossomorpha most likely as a member of the Notopteroidei. Within this clade Laeliichthys is the sister-taxon of the Notopteridae. The subfamily Laeliichthyinae is elevated to family rank. The revised phylogenetic position revealed in this study has important consequences on the biogeography of Notopteroidei as it extends their distribution to western Gondwana, prior to the separation of South America and Africa, and extends the evolutionary origins of notopteroid lineages by at least ~27 Myr before their first appearance in the fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo M. Brito
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia (IBRAG), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Francisco J. Figueiredo
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia (IBRAG), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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16
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Dutta N, Singh RK, Pathak A, Mohindra V, Mandal S, Kaur G, Lal KK. Mitochondrial DNA markers reveal genetic connectivity among populations of Osteoglossiform fish Chitala chitala. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:8579-8592. [PMID: 33083948 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05901-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic diversity and population structure in Indian featherback fish, Chitala chitala (Hamilton, 1822) was investigated by combined analyses of two full mitochondrial genes, ATPase 6/8 and Cytochrome b. A total of 403 individuals, collected from 14 rivers yielded 61 haplotypes. Hierarchical partitioning analysis identified 19.01% variance 'among' and 80.99% variance 'within groups and populations'. The mean coefficient of genetic differentiation (FST) was observed to be significant 0.26 (p < 0.05). Mantel tests rejected the hypothesis that genetic and geographic distances were correlated. The patterns of genetic differentiation, AMOVA and principal coordinate analyses indicated that natural populations were sub-structured and comprised of four genetic stocks of C. chitala in Indian rivers. The results also supported the higher resolution potential of concatenated gene sequences. The knowledge of genetic variation and divergence, from this study, can be utilized for its scientific conservation and management in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Dutta
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, India.,Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Abhinav Pathak
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, India
| | | | | | - Gurjeet Kaur
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
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17
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Flatfishes colonised freshwater environments by acquisition of various DHA biosynthetic pathways. Commun Biol 2020; 3:516. [PMID: 32948803 PMCID: PMC7501227 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01242-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The colonisation of freshwater environments by marine fishes has historically been considered a result of adaptation to low osmolality. However, most marine fishes cannot synthesise the physiologically indispensable fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), due to incomplete DHA biosynthetic pathways, which must be adapted to survive in freshwater environments where DHA is poor relative to marine environments. By analysing DHA biosynthetic pathways of one marine and three freshwater-dependent species from the flatfish family Achiridae, we revealed that functions of fatty acid metabolising enzymes have uniquely and independently evolved by multi-functionalisation or neofunctionalisation in each freshwater species, such that every functional combination of the enzymes has converged to generate complete and functional DHA biosynthetic pathways. Our results demonstrate the elaborate patchwork of fatty acid metabolism and the importance of acquiring DHA biosynthetic function in order for fish to cross the nutritional barrier at the mouth of rivers and colonise freshwater environments. Matsushita et al. demonstrate the evolution of DHA biosynthetic mechanisms in four species of flatfish as some of them colonised freshwater environments. Their analyses show independent changes to the biosynthetic pathways as a way to overcome the lack of exogenous DHA that would typically be available from prey in the marine environment.
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18
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Capobianco A, Beckett HT, Steurbaut E, Gingerich PD, Carnevale G, Friedman M. Large-bodied sabre-toothed anchovies reveal unanticipated ecological diversity in early Palaeogene teleosts. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:192260. [PMID: 32537214 PMCID: PMC7277248 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.192260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Many modern groups of marine fishes first appear in the fossil record during the early Palaeogene (66-40 Ma), including iconic predatory lineages of spiny-rayed fishes that appear to have originated in response to ecological roles left empty after the Cretaceous/Palaeogene extinction. The hypothesis of extinction-mediated ecological release likewise predicts that other fish groups have adopted novel predatory ecologies. Here, we report remarkable trophic innovation in early Palaeogene clupeiforms (herrings and allies), a group whose modern representatives are generally small-bodied planktivores. Two forms, the early Eocene (Ypresian) †Clupeopsis from Belgium and a new genus from the middle Eocene (Lutetian) of Pakistan, bear conspicuous features indicative of predatory ecology, including large size, long gapes and caniniform dentition. Most remarkable is the presence of a single, massive vomerine fang offset from the midline in both. Numerous features of the neurocranium, suspensorium and branchial skeleton place these taxa on the engraulid (anchovy) stem as the earliest known representatives of the clade. The identification of large-bodied, piscivorous anchovies contributes to an emerging picture of a phylogenetically diverse guild of predatory ray-finned fishes in early Palaeogene marine settings, which include completely extinct lineages alongside members of modern marine groups and taxa that are today restricted to freshwater or deep-sea environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Capobianco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Author for correspondence: Alessio Capobianco e-mail:
| | - Hermione T. Beckett
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biology, King's High School for Girls, Warwick, UK
| | - Etienne Steurbaut
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip D. Gingerich
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Giorgio Carnevale
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Matt Friedman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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19
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Hilton EJ, Carpenter J. Bony-Tongue Fishes (Teleostei: Osteoglossomorpha) from the Eocene Nanjemoy Formation, Virginia. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2020. [DOI: 10.1656/045.027.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Hilton
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062
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20
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Abstract
Abstract
The Afrotropics house a diverse freshwater ichthyofauna with > 3000 species, almost all of which are endemic. Recent progress in dated phylogenetics and palaeontology of several groups of Afrotropical freshwater fishes (AFFs) has allowed the testing of palaeoecology- and palaeogeography-based hypotheses explaining their early presence in Africa. Seven hypotheses were tested for 37 most-inclusive monophyletic groups of AFFs. Results indicated that ten lineages originated from direct, but asynchronous, marine-to-freshwater shifts. These lineages contribute < 2% to the current AFF species richness. Eleven lineages colonized the Afrotropics from the Orient after the Afro-Arabian plate collided with Eurasia in the early Oligocene. These lineages contribute ~20% to the total diversity. There are seven sister relationships between Afrotropical and Neotropical taxa. For only three of them (4% of the species diversity), the continental drift vicariance hypothesis was not rejected. Distributions of the other four younger trans-Atlantic lineages are better explained by post-drifting long-distance dispersal. In those cases, I discuss the possibility of dispersal through the Northern Hemisphere as an alternative to direct trans-Atlantic dispersal. The origins of ten AFF lineages, including the most species-rich Pseudocrenilabrinae (> 1100 species), are not yet established with confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lavoué
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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21
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Deciphering the Evolutionary History of Arowana Fishes (Teleostei, Osteoglossiformes, Osteoglossidae): Insight from Comparative Cytogenomics. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174296. [PMID: 31480792 PMCID: PMC6747201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Arowanas (Osteoglossinae) are charismatic freshwater fishes with six species and two genera (Osteoglossum and Scleropages) distributed in South America, Asia, and Australia. In an attempt to provide a better assessment of the processes shaping their evolution, we employed a set of cytogenetic and genomic approaches, including i) molecular cytogenetic analyses using C- and CMA3/DAPI staining, repetitive DNA mapping, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and Zoo-FISH, along with ii) the genotypic analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generated by diversity array technology sequencing (DArTseq). We observed diploid chromosome numbers of 2n = 56 and 54 in O. bicirrhosum and O. ferreirai, respectively, and 2n = 50 in S. formosus, while S. jardinii and S. leichardti presented 2n = 48 and 44, respectively. A time-calibrated phylogenetic tree revealed that Osteoglossum and Scleropages divergence occurred approximately 50 million years ago (MYA), at the time of the final separation of Australia and South America (with Antarctica). Asian S. formosus and Australian Scleropages diverged about 35.5 MYA, substantially after the latest terrestrial connection between Australia and Southeast Asia through the Indian plate movement. Our combined data provided a comprehensive perspective of the cytogenomic diversity and evolution of arowana species on a timescale.
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22
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de Oliveira EA, Bertollo LAC, Rab P, Ezaz T, Yano CF, Hatanaka T, Jegede OI, Tanomtong A, Liehr T, Sember A, Maruyama SR, Feldberg E, Viana PF, Cioffi MDB. Cytogenetics, genomics and biodiversity of the South American and African Arapaimidae fish family (Teleostei, Osteoglossiformes). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214225. [PMID: 30908514 PMCID: PMC6433368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoglossiformes represents one of the most ancestral teleost lineages, currently widespread over almost all continents, except for Antarctica. However, data involving advanced molecular cytogenetics or comparative genomics are yet largely limited for this fish group. Therefore, the present investigations focus on the osteoglossiform family Arapaimidae, studying a unique fish model group with advanced molecular cytogenetic genomic tools. The aim is to better explore and clarify certain events and factors that had impact on evolutionary history of this fish group. For that, both South American and African representatives of Arapaimidae, namely Arapaima gigas and Heterotis niloticus, were examined. Both species differed markedly by diploid chromosome numbers, with 2n = 56 found in A. gigas and 2n = 40 exhibited by H. niloticus. Conventional cytogenetics along with fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed some general trends shared by most osteoglossiform species analyzed thus far, such as the presence of only one chromosome pair bearing 18S and 5S rDNA sites and karyotypes dominated by acrocentric chromosomes, resembling thus the patterns of hypothetical ancestral teleost karyotype. Furthermore, the genomes of A. gigas and H. niloticus display remarkable divergence in terms of repetitive DNA content and distribution, as revealed by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). On the other hand, genomic diversity of single copy sequences studied through principal component analyses (PCA) based on SNP alleles genotyped by the DArT seq procedure demonstrated a very low genetic distance between the South American and African Arapaimidae species; this pattern contrasts sharply with the scenario found in other osteoglossiform species. Underlying evolutionary mechanisms potentially explaining the obtained data have been suggested and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Aguiar de Oliveira
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Secretaria de Estado de Educação de Mato Grosso–SEDUC-MT, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Carlos Bertollo
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Petr Rab
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Tariq Ezaz
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Cassia Fernanda Yano
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Terumi Hatanaka
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Alongklod Tanomtong
- Toxic Substances in Livestock and Aquatic Animals Research Group, KhonKaen University, Muang, KhonKaen, Thailand
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexandr Sember
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Sandra Regina Maruyama
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliana Feldberg
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Genética Animal, Petrópolis, CEP: Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Patrik Ferreira Viana
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Genética Animal, Petrópolis, CEP: Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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