[Dyslipidemia and some risk factors in the population outside of the metropolitan region of São Paulo, SP-Brazil. A pilot study]

Desigualdades socioespaciais na mortalidade do adulto no Município de São Paulo

O aumento da importância da mortalidade do adulto tem sido acompanhado de uma grande produção científica sobre o tema nos países centrais. Nestes estudos, as desigualdades sociais têm sido avaliadas. Nos países periféricos, apesar de também se observar o crescimento da sua importância, têm sido realizados poucos estudos, em especial no que se refere às desigualdades sociais na sua geração e distribuição. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a análise das desigualdades sociais na mortalidade do adulto no município de São Paulo, buscando-se a apreensão dessa desigualdade pelo estudo dos diferenciais no espaço urbano. Este é analisado pela definição e delimitação de áreas socioambientais homogêneas. Nos resultados observa-se distribuição desigual na mortalidade do adulto no município de São Paulo, constatada nos diferentes indicadores analisados e para a maioria das causas de morte analisadas, geralmente em prejuízo das populações vivendo em áreas de piores condições socioambientais. O padrão da mortalidade do adulto, no Município de São Paulo, mostra forte participação de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e das decorrentes de violências. São discutidas algumas dimensões de determinação dos perfis encontrados ressaltando as distribuições diferenciadas dos fatores de risco, do acesso à assistência à saúde, da exposição a riscos no ambiente urbano e das condições econômicas e sociais da população.

[An exploratory study of the association between lipid profile and bone mineral density in menopausal women in a Campinas reference hospital]

A total of 72 postmenopausal patients presenting no risk factors for cardiovascular disease nor osteoporosis, were studied. The study evaluated total serum cholesterol and fractions and bone mass by densitometry of the lumbar spine and femur using a Lunar-DPX. There was no association between lipid profile variables and bone mineral density, except for high density lipoprotein (HDL), which showed an inverse correlation (p=0.001). Multiple regression showed that total cholesterol levels higher than 240 mg% had a positive association with BMD (p=0.026). In addition, the ratio between LDL and HDL (Castelli 2 index) showed a negative association with BMD (p=0.002). The diagnostic validation test showed that all lipid profile variables had low sensitivity and specificity as indicators for osteoporosis. The conclusions were that lipid profile variables did not show a significant association with bone mass and could not be used as indicators for bone mineral density.

[Regular diet and cardiovascular disease risk factors]

INTRODUCTION

A survey by sampling in a county of the State of S. Paulo in 1990 sought, by means of home interviews, to analyse the habitual diet and risk factors for cardiovascular disease of people over 20 years of age.

METHODOLOGY

Of the sub-specimen of a comprehensive study population, 557 individuals, aged between 20 and 88, were interviewed. The habitual diet, characterized by the dietary history, was compared with the recommendations on energy and nutrients of the WHO and the risk factors (obesity, lipemic disorders and diabetes mellitus) diagnosed by the Body Mass Index and biochemical measurements.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

It was observed that 60% of the population consume a diet with total energy below the estimated need and that the caloric contribution of carbohydrates was of 56%, of the lipids 29% and of the proteins 15%. However, by percentile analysis, the caloric contribution of lipids and of proteins was far above the recommended levels to the detriment of the carbohydrates. Energy, caloric distribution and quantity of cholesterol were satisfactory in only 5% of diets. Among the risk factors for the cardiovascular disease studied, obesity was found to be present in 38% of individuals, lipemic disorders in 26% and diabetes mellitus in 5%. Preponderantly light physical activity together with unsatisfactory diet, both in qualitative as in quantitative terms, aggravated this scenario still further.

[Comparison between HDL and LDL cholesterol as risk factors for carotid atherosclerosis]

In order to find out whether there exists a relationship between HDL and LDL serum levels and atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid artery (CA), a prospective study was carried out involving 125 patients. They were aleatorily included, of both sexes and age between 45-75 years old. HDL and LDL serum levels were measured as well CA ultrasonographic mode B investigated. It was verified that the number of patients having atherosclerotic plaques in CA was inversely proportional to the HDL levels. We came up with the same ratio when the HDL levels were compared to the number of patients having CA stenosis. These results were statistically significant (x2 = 6.57 and x2 = 9.24 respectively; critical x2 = 5.99 to alpha = 5%). A direct ratio was also found out in the relationship between the presence of atherosclerotic plaques in the CA and the LDL serum levels (greater in patients with plaques). However no relationship between LDL levels and the occurrence or not of CA stenosis in patients having plaques was demonstrated. The results were not statistically significant (x2 = 0.97 and x2 = 0.41, respectively, critical x2 = 5.99 to alpha = 5%). The obtained results seem to be at least in part in agreement with literature findings. Statistically significative results in the comparison of HDL and LDL levels with the grade of stenosis of the CA were not found out (x2 = 11.78 and x2 = 4.03, respectively; critical x2 = 12.59 to alpha = 5%).