Diversidade e distribuição espaço-temporal de anuros em região com pronunciada estação seca no sudeste do Brasil

Effect of altitude and spatial heterogeneity on the host-parasite relationship in anurans from a remnant humid forest in the brazilian semiarid

In the present study, we investigated the effect of habitat heterogeneity, elevation gradient, and phylogenetic distance of host species on the abundance and richness of anuran endoparasites, assuming that parasites follow the distribution of their hosts independently of environmental variation. We collected 192 anurans distributed in three altitude ranges: 100-200 m, 400-500 m, and 700-800 m. We performed discriminant principal component analysis to analyze the interrelationships between environmental heterogeneity and the distribution of parasite and host species in the formation of species groups in each altitude range. We estimated the niche width and parasite overlap, using host species as a variable, and assessed whether parasite abundance is more influenced by historical (distance host phylogeny) or ecological effects in each altitude category and overall. Finally, we use network analyses to understand how interactions between parasites and hosts are formed along the altitude gradient. We found 22 parasite species, and the overall prevalence of infection was 74%. In our study, we did not identify environmental (altitude gradients and heterogeneity) or phylogenetic effects acting on the parasite species diversity. Overall, our results suggest that the parasites are distributed following the dispersal of their hosts and are dispersed among most anuran species.

Short-term effects of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in three distinct melanin-pigmented cell types of Anura

Ectothermic animals present melanin-containing cells in their integument and viscera. Besides cutaneous melanophores, amphibians have melanomacrophages in the hepatic parenchyma and melanocytes in the viscera, which are also present in their testicular stroma. The native melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is the main hormone that modulates the color change in melanophores. However, we still know too little about how the α-MSH acts in vivo on visceral melanin-containing cells. In this study, we collected 30 adult males of Physalaemus nattereri (Anura, Leptodactylidae) to evaluate the short-term effects of α-MSH on melanophores, melanocytes and melanomacrophages under light microscopy. For this, we injected 0.05 ml of a single intraperitoneal dose containing 2.5x10-7 mmol/10g of α-MSH, diluted in ringer solution, in five experimental groups with five individuals each one. The different groups were analyzed after 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24h. The control group with five other individuals received only 0.05 ml of ringer solution. The skin pigmentation increased quickly after animals received the hormone α-MSH with the consequent darkening of the body (body darkness). Melanophores, melanocytes and melanomacrophages responded similarly to the test, with an increase in the area containing melanin. However, melanophores and melanomacrophages reached their darkest pigmentation in a shorter period of time in comparison to the testicular melanocytes, probably due to specific metabolic characteristics of each organ. Thus, we verified that the three types of cells, although present in different organs, are responsive to the native hormone α-MSH, which enables us to treat them as a pigmentary system.

Selection and use of calling site by Boana leptolineata and Phyllomedusa distincta during the reproductive season

ABSTRACT Climatic conditions and microhabitat characteristics, such as the substrate and type of vegetation, influence the choice of male anurans for calling sites that optimize their reproductive success. We evaluated the structure and selection of vocalization microhabitat of 17 individuals of Phyllomedusa distincta Lutz, 1950 and 25 of Boana leptolineata (Braun & Braun, 1977), in a subtropical forest in southern Brazil. We measure the height of the perch, the distance between the perch and the edge of the body of water and the structure of the microhabitat of quadrants used by individuals. The same attributes were measured in the quadrants available (but not used) by the individuals. We classified the microhabitats by visual estimate, assigning percentages of coverage for each quadrant by herbaceous, shrub, tree and wetland vegetation. We observed that both species selected their microhabitat, since the characteristics of the quadrants occupied by the individuals were different from those available. Phyllomedusa distincta was more associated with heterogeneous microhabitats, while B. leptolineata occurred in environments with greater coverage of tree strata. Additionally, we observed that both species used shrubs more frequently as a perch site. The selection of these microhabitat characteristics must be associated with strategies to optimize the use of the reproductive habitat, based on the morphological and behavioral characteristics of the species. Finally, it is possible to infer that the differences observed in the microhabitat structure selected by the species can facilitate the coexistence of both in the context of the heterogeneity of the environment.

Influence of microhabitat on the richness of anuran species: a case study of different landscapes in the Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil

Environmental heterogeneity is a factor which can help explain the higher local species richness. The objective of this study was to test if richness and composition of anurans species are related to available microhabitats and landscape type of sampled sites. We assume that a higher number of microhabitats increase environmental heterogeneity and this, in turn, affects species richness of amphibians. We performed the study in the Mesophytic Semideciduous Forest, a vegetation type within Atlantic Forest Domain. Between October 2010 and February 2011, we sampled 23 water bodies located in the agricultural, forest, and urban landscapes. The species richness was determined using survey at breeding sites methodology, and the availability of microhabitats was estimated visually. Thirty-four anuran species belonging to 12 families were recorded. The species richness in water bodies ranged from two to 13 species. The highest species richness was recorded in environments with a higher number of microhabitats, while the species composition in water bodies was partially grouped according to the predominant landscape type that is agricultural, forest, forest edge or urban. Our results suggest that species use specific environments (e.g. landscapes, habitat and microhabitat) for their reproductive activities.

Herpetofauna in a highly endangered area: the Triângulo Mineiro region, in Minas Gerais State, Brazil

The Brazilian Cerrado and Atlantic Forest shelter an especially rich herpetofauna and experience strong anthropogenic disturbances, which is also true for the western portion of Minas Gerais State. Herein, we present a list of the herpetofauna from the Triângulo Mineiro region in Minas Gerais State, southeastern Brazil. From 2012 to 2016, we sampled 28 localities along 23 municipalities in the region, using three sampling methods: active search, pitfall traps, and opportunistic records. We recorded 79 species, 44 amphibians and 35 reptiles. Three species (Bokermannohylasazimai, Ololygoncanastrensis, and Pithecopusazureus) are classified as “data deficient” (DD) according to the IUCN. One species (Proceratophrysmoratoi) is classified as “critically endangered” (CR) according to the IUCN Red List, and “endangered” (EN) according to the national red list. However, we suggest listing P.moratoi in the “least concern” category. We also present the first record of Dendropsophuselianeae in Minas Gerais State, and distribution map of the species. Furthermore, we elucidate the composition of the herpetofauna in the Triângulo Mineiro region and contribute to future conservation plans for the region and the species.

Richness and composition of anuran assemblages from an Amazonian savanna

The Amazonian savannas occupy approximately 150,000 km2 of the Brazilian Amazon, occurring in scattered isolated patches over large areas of forest in the states of Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Roraima and Rondônia. Despite having considerable variation in the Anuran composition between locations and between the savanna's physiognomies, a systematic and geographically wide sampling has not been performed for the savanna from Amapá yet, located in the north of Brazil, eastern Amazonia. In this perspective, a study was conducted on the richness, composition, diversity, and abundance of Anuran species in a ​​savanna area in Amapá State. For Anuran sampling, we performed 24 samples in four physiognomies (grassland savanna, scrub grassland savanna, parkland savanna, open woodland savanna) through an active and auditory search more than 20 sampling plots of 100 × 50 meters in each physiognomy. Twenty-one (21) species of frogs belonging to five families were registered: Bufonidae, Hylidae, Leptodactylidae, Microhylidae and Phyllomedusidae. Scrub grassland savanna registered a greater number of individuals regarding the species richness by physiognomy. The species rarefaction curve for the total area reached an asymptote, suggesting that the data collection effort was enough to adequately sample the species richness of the area. The Kruskal-Wallis variance analysis revealed significant differences in the species richness and diversity among the physiognomies. The Bray-Curtis similarity analysis grouped the physiognomies into three main groups: open woodland savanna, grassland savanna and scrub grassland savanna and parkland savanna. Through ordering by non-metric multidimensional scaling, the species composition from the savanna anuran assemblage resulted in a separation among three sampled physiognomies with significant differences, indicating differences in assemblage composition of the three sampled physiognomies. The local richness (21 species) corresponds to 14% of the 15 typical species that have strongly associated distribution with the Cerrado from Central Brazil, and 35.6% of 59 typical species of neighboring domains which only marginally occur in the Cerrado, representing a considerable part of frog species richness recorded in the savanna in the eastern portion of the Brazilian Amazon.

Influence of substrate orientation on tadpoles' feeding efficiency

In nature, tadpoles encounter food on substrates oriented at different angles (e.g. vertically along stems, horizontally on the bottom of the pond). We manipulated the orientation of food-covered surfaces to test how different orientations of surfaces affect tadpoles' feeding efficiency. We studied taxa that differed in the oral morphology of their larvae and position in the water column. We hypothesized that species would differ in their ability to graze upon surfaces at different orientations and that differences in the tadpoles' feeding ability would result in different growth rates. The orientation of food-covered surfaces did not affect the growth rate of bottom-dwelling tadpoles (whose growth rate varied only between species). Among midwater tadpoles, some species appear to have a generalist strategy and experienced a high relative growth rate on numerous substrate orientations, whereas others achieved high growth rates only on flat substrates (i.e. at 0° and 180°). We conclude that oral morphology constrains tadpoles' ability to feed at different substrate orientations, and this could lead to niche partitioning in structurally complex aquatic environments. Because physical parameters of the environment can affect tadpoles' growth rate, characterizing these features might help us better understand how competition structures tadpole assemblages.

Influence of habitat heterogeneity on anuran diversity in Restinga landscapes of the Parnaíba River delta, northeastern Brazil

Anurans have close associations with environmental conditions and therefore represent an interesting vertebrate group for examining how resource availability and environmental variables influence species diversity. Associations between habitat heterogeneity and anuran species diversity were tested in the Restinga landscapes of the Parnaíba River delta in northeastern Brazil. Twenty-one anuran species were sampled in the rainy season during monthly excursions (December 2015 to June 2016) into areas of Restinga on two islands in the Parnaíba River delta. The fourth highest anuran diversity was found in this type of environment in Brazil and is the third in northeastern Brazil. Microenvironments, characterized by a combination of vernal pools with different vegetational and physical structures, better explained anuran species composition in the Parnaíba River delta.

Eye malformation baseline in Scinax fuscovarius larvae populations that inhabit agroecosystem ponds in southern Brazil

Events of mass malformations in amphibian populations that have exceeded historical records have been reported over the past thirty years. Many of these events have been linked to human activities that occurred near amphibian breeding habitats. The rise in biofuels has promoted, and continues to promote, the growth of sugarcane plantations in Brazil, with the northwest region of São Paulo State having experienced the largest sugarcane expansion over the past few decades. In this region, we sampled temporary ponds located in agroecosystems dominated to different degrees by sugarcane. We found several larvae of Scinax fuscovarius with eye malformations (anophthalmia, aphakia, microphthalmia and sub-development). In this study, we assessed whether the distance from the ponds to the nearest sugarcane crop, the proportion of sugarcane surrounding the ponds, the presence of pesticides in the ponds, or the proportion of land uses with potential teratogens that surround the ponds were related to the frequencies of amphibian eye malformations. We found pesticides present in 11 of the 18 ponds, but none of the predictor variables was associated with the frequencies of amphibian eye malformations. Thus, our results suggest that the observed frequencies of amphibian eye malformations could be a consequence of natural mutation rates, and these data could be used as a malformation baseline for the region. This malformation baseline is the first reported for amphibians in South America and may be useful in future surveys on amphibian populations in tropical agroecosystems.

Quando e onde vocaliza Sphaenorhynchus surdus (Anura: Hylidae) no sul do Brasil?

RESUMO Estudos sobre distribuição espacial e temporal de anfíbios têm se mostrado importantes para o entendimento das relações entre as espécies e o ambiente. Nesse sentido, constata-se que essas informações acerca de espécies do gênero Sphaenorhynchus Tschudi, 1838 no Rio Grande do Sul ainda não foram levantadas. Esta pesquisa, cujo objetivo principal foi a caracterização da distribuição espacial e temporal de Sphaenorhynchus surdus (Cochran, 1953) durante atividade de vocalização, bem como a análise dos principais fatores climáticos associados a essa atividade, foi conduzida em três corpos d’água com diferentes características da região dos Campos de Cima da Serra, nos municípios de Bom Jesus e Vacaria. As expedições a campo aconteceram mensalmente com a duração de dois dias e duas noites entre junho de 2006 e março de 2008. Os resultados mostraram que S. surdus apresenta temporada de vocalização concentrada nas estações mais quentes do ano, primavera e verão, interrompendo nos meses mais frios, durante outono e inverno. O pico da atividade de vocalização foi no ocaso e nas primeiras horas da noite, porém a espécie apresentou atividade de vocalização em todos os períodos amostrados do dia e da noite. Dentre as variáveis analisadas, a temperatura da água foi a variável climática com maior influência sobre a abundância de indivíduos em atividade de vocalização (r2= 0,43; F1,19 = 14,65, p= 0,01). Quanto aos sítios de vocalização, a lâmina d’água obteve a maior representatividade (42%) dentre os substratos, seguida pela vegetação arbustiva (25%) incluindo alturas superiores a dois metros, quando considerados todos os banhados.

Biodiversity assessment: selecting sampling techniques to access anuran diversity in grassland ecosystems

Context Species richness is a relevant diversity component of community ecology and many standardised techniques are available for data estimations. However, each technique is appropriate to a few environment types and has its own sampling biases. Thus, it is necessary to test the effectiveness of traditional and heterodox sampling techniques in different habitat types, especially for highly diverse taxonomic groups, such as anurans. Aims We present a comparison based on species richness and detection between the following techniques: acoustic survey with visual encounter of adults (ASVE), automated digital recorders (ADR) and dip net survey of larvae (DSL). We sought to determine: (1) the most efficient sampling technique to survey species richness in ponds of grasslands habitats; and (2) whether efficiency is related to the particular life history traits of species. Methods During 2014 and 2015, we sampled 47 ponds distributed in vulnerable Brazilian grassland areas using ASVE, ADR and DSL. Anuran species were surveyed across two seasons that coincide with the peak of anuran breeding activity in the region. Key results Species richness recorded by ADR and ASVE was higher when compared with DSL. In terms of combined utilisation, ADR with DSL was as efficient as using all techniques together. However, species detection differed among sampling techniques. ADR had the higher percentage of species that were sampled exclusively in at least one breeding pond and DSL detected two species that were not detected by the other techniques. Conclusions Our findings suggest that ADR includes most species whose males call for only a few hours during the night or day, and DSL exclusively detects ‘explosive breeders’, incorporating a wide range of life history traits. ASVE becomes unnecessary since it does not include specific variations of species’ calling behaviour. It is susceptible to a discrepancy of survey data among observers and potentially causes a human disturbance effect in the estimated data. Implications We strongly recommended the use of ADR rather than ASVE, and we recommended DSL as a supplementary technique for population monitoring and surveys in grassland areas. We encourage researchers to include ADR and DSL in future works to survey biologic data outside of the short sampling event for which ASVE is commonly utilised, thereby improving the interpretation of biological patterns.

Diversity of anurans in dry forest fragments of a subtropical region in Brazil

This study aimed to identify and compare the diversity between two areas within different matrices located in the Mesophytic Semideciduous Forest; to compare composition and diversity registered to other assemblages; and to evaluate which criteria used here were the most important when sampling them. Data was obtained from September 2011 to March 2012 from 10 sites with different habitats in two areas of mid northern state of Paraná, southern Brazil. We recorded 18 species. Alfa-diversity between the areas did not vary, but the population within one of them was more stable, suggesting better distribution and equity of species in the available habitat. Beta-diversity in the region was high; a result attributed to the species Dendropsophus nanus. Comparing the sampled areas to others in the Semideciduous Forest, the quantity of sampled breeding sites was the most important variable for higher records of richness. Geographical distance was a determinant factor for the distinction between localities. Different factors were determinant for the variation in richness and composition of species in the area. Hence, the conservation of fragments and their associated habitat need to be prioritized.

Composition and diversity of anurans in the largest conservation unit in Pampa biome, Brazil

Grassy biomes occupy about 20% of the earth's surface, and are characteristic of northern Australia, Africa and South America, being biodiversity in these environments poorly understood. The Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) do Ibirapuitã includes areas with the best-preserved grassland areas in the Pampa biome in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. This study aimed to determine anuran species richness, abundance, constancy of occurrence, and reproductive modes, and to compare the taxonomic composition in the APA with other localities within the grassland areas of the southernmost of South America. We collected frogs from September to November 2012 and in November 2013 by sampling of reproductive sites. We also examined specimens deposited in herpetological collections. In total, 32 frog species were identified from the combination of larval and adult sampling and analysis of specimens deposited in scientific collections. The registered anurofauna is typical of grassland areas, with at least 10% restricted to the subtropical region of South America and at least two species considered endangered in state and global scales. The most abundant species was Pseudopaludicola falcipes and Hypsiboas pulchellus was the species most frequently found among sites. Five reproductive modes were recorded, and the most common mode consists of development of exotrophic tadpole and deposition in to lentic bodies of water (57.5%). Cluster analysis of 16 communities representing grassland locations presented five groups with more than 50% similarity, whose structure was influenced by geographic distance but can be partially interpreted by regional peculiarities (e.g. height and phytophysiognomies). Our results consist of initial knowledge base on the anurofauna of APA do Ibirapuitã, supporting recommendations for future conservation actions to APA and also for the grassland biomes, which are increasingly threatened by human activities.

Anurofauna de um remanescente alterado de floresta estacional semidecidual as margens do Rio Paranapanema

RESUMO Com o declínio evidente de populações de anfíbios causadas pela alteração do hábitat, muitas áreas que estão inseridas em hotspots do Brasil ainda precisam ser estudadas, a fim de aumentar o conhecimento sobre a anurofauna e fornecer melhores perspectivas de conservação. Um dos ecossistemas criticamente ameaçados é a Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FES), cuja extensão foi reduzida a aproximadamente 7% da cobertura original, dispersos em pequenos fragmentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a anurofauna de uma localidade inserida em paisagem de FES na região da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Paranapanema, considerada uma lacuna geográfica no conhecimento de anfíbios. Além disso, foi avaliada a eficiência de métodos de amostragem de anuros e verificada a similaridade com taxocenoses inseridas em FES e/ou Cerrado de diferentes regiões da mesma bacia hidrográfica. O estudo foi conduzido nas margens do Rio Paranapanema, divisa dos estados de São Paulo e Paraná. Foram realizadas nove fases de campo trimestrais, entre novembro de 2005 a novembro de 2007 que resultou em um esforço de 45 dias de amostragem. Foram registradas 25 espécies de anfíbios anuros distribuídas em seis famílias. Pelo método de amostragem em sítio de reprodução obteve-se o maior registro de espécies (88,5%). O método de armadilhas de interceptação e queda também foi eficiente, proporcionando o registro de cerca de 45% das espécies, além de possibilitar o registro exclusivo de Physalaemus nattereri (Steindachner, 1863) eRhinella ornata (Spix, 1824). Além disso, 90% das espécies terrícolas registradas, que são tipicamente categorizadas como espécies de área aberta, foram registradas no interior dos remanescentes florestais por este método. Através da comparação com as outras taxocenoses, verificou-se uma alta dissimilaridade de espécies mesmo em áreas mais próximas e que a composição de espécies entre as localidades não está sendo determinada pela distância geográfica. Características distintas entre as espécies registradas, como modo reprodutivo e associação a diferentes hábitats, em conjunto com grau de diversidade encontrada entre as taxocenoses, deixa clara a importância da preservação desta região para a conservação de anfíbios.

Relation between Water Balance and Climatic Variables Associated with the Geographical Distribution of Anurans

Amphibian species richness increases toward the equator, particularly in humid tropical forests. This relation between amphibian species richness and environmental water availability has been proposed to be a consequence of their high rates of evaporative water loss. In this way, traits that estimate water balance are expected to covary with climate and constrain a species' geographic distribution. Furthermore, we predicted that coexisting species of anurans would have traits that are adapted to local hydric conditions. We compared the traits that describe water balance in 17 species of anurans that occur in the mesic Atlantic Forest and xeric Cerrado (savannah) habitats of Brazil. We predicted that species found in the warmer and dryer areas would show a lower sensitivity of locomotor performance to dehydration (SLPD), increased resistance to evaporative water loss (REWL) and higher rates of water uptake (RWU) than species restricted to the more mesic areas. We estimated the allometric relations between the hydric traits and body mass using phylogenetic generalized least squares. These regressions showed that REWL scaled negatively with body mass, whereas RWU scaled positively with body mass. Additionally, species inhabiting areas characterized by higher and more seasonally uniform temperatures, and lower and more seasonally concentrated precipitation, such as the Cerrado, had higher RWU and SLPD than species with geographical distributions more restricted to mesic environments, such as the Atlantic Forest. These results support the hypothesis that the interspecific variation of physiological traits shows an adaptation pattern to abiotic environmental traits.

Linking environmental drivers with amphibian species diversity in ponds from subtropical grasslands

Amphibian distribution patterns are known to be influenced by habitat diversity at breeding sites. Thus, breeding sites variability and how such variability influences anuran diversity is important. Here, we examine which characteristics at breeding sites are most influential on anuran diversity in grasslands associated with Araucaria forest, southern Brazil, especially in places at risk due to anthropic activities. We evaluate the associations between habitat heterogeneity and anuran species diversity in nine body of water from September 2008 to March 2010, in 12 field campaigns in which 16 species of anurans were found. Of the seven habitat descriptors we examined, water depth, pond surface area and distance to the nearest forest fragment explained 81% of total species diversity. Water depth, margin vegetation type, surface area and distance to the next body of water explained between 31-74% of the variance in abundance of nine of the 16 species. Thus, maintenance of body of water, of the vegetation along the water edge and natural forest fragments in the grasslands, along with fire control (used to renovation of pasture), are fundamentally important for the maintenance of anuran species diversity through the conservation of their breeding sites.

The relationship between pond habitat depth and functional tadpole diversity in an agricultural landscape

One of the most important goals of biodiversity studies is to identify which characteristics of local habitats act as filters that determine the diversity of functional traits along environmental gradients. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the environmental variables of ponds and the functional trait diversity distribution of anuran tadpoles in an agricultural area in southeastern Brazil. Our results show that the functional trait diversity of frog tadpoles has a bell-curve-shaped relationship with the depths of ponds inserted in a pasture matrix. Because we are witnessing increasing human pressure on land use, simple acts (e.g. maintaining reproductive habitats with medium depth) can be the first steps towards preserving the diversity of Neotropical frog tadpole traits in agricultural landscapes.

Diversidad, distribución espacio-temporal y turnos de vocalización de anuros (Amphibia, Anura) en un área ecotonal del nordeste de Argentina

RESUMEN Estudios acerca de la diversidad e historia natural de comunidades de anuros son elementales para distinguir entre fluctuaciones naturales de aquellas causadas por impactos antrópicos (herramienta clave en programas de conservación), evaluar el papel que juegan en la dinámica de los ecosistemas y permitir comparaciones de gradientes de diversidad. En este contexto, se analiza la diversidad, la distribución temporal y espacial, y los turnos de vocalización de anuros de tres sitios de reproducción en los Esteros del Iberá, en el nordeste de Argentina. Los muestreos fueron mensuales entre julio de 2008 y junio de 2010. Se registraron 26 especies pertenecientes a cinco familias: Bufonidae (2), Hylidae (11), Leptodactylidae (11), Microhylidae (1), y Odontophrynidae (1). Se encontraron variaciones en la riqueza de especies por sitio, en el periodo, frecuencia y turno de vocalización y en la abundancia de machos vocalizadores. La riqueza es similar al de otros humedales similares, incluyendo un importante dominio de leptodactílidos e hílidos, patrón frecuente en ensambles neotropicales. La concentración de las especies en actividad de vocalización en los meses más cálidos y lluviosos estuvo asociada con los cambios en la temperatura y en las precipitaciones, las cuales fueron señaladas como algunos de los factores que inician la actividad reproductiva en ambientes estacionales.

Estrutura e organização espacial de duas comunidades de anuros do bioma Pampa

O Pampa é o menor bioma brasileiro e está entre os mais ameaçados devido ao rápido avanço das culturas agropastoris e da silvicultura; é um dos biomas com menor representação no sistema de unidades de conservação. Neste estudo são apresentadas informações sobre a estrutura e a organização espacial das comunidades de anuros de duas das quatro regiões fisiográficas em que o bioma é dividido. Foram amostrados dez corpos d’água em cada região entre os meses de setembro de 2011 e agosto de 2012. Foram registradas 24 espécies caracterizadas como generalistas, de ampla distribuição e típicas de ambientes abertos. A curva de acumulação de espécies apresentou a formação de uma assíntota após o 12° mês de amostragem. A análise de similaridade mostrou uma segregação na estrutura das duas comunidades, que foram influenciadas pelos descritores ambientais e da paisagem.

Amphibians of Serra Bonita, southern Bahia: a new hotpoint within Brazil's Atlantic Forest hotspot

We studied the amphibian community of the Private Reserve of Natural Heritage (RPPN) Serra Bonita, an area of 20 km² with steep altitudinal gradients (200–950 m a.s.l.) located in the municipalities of Camacan and Pau-Brasil, southern Bahia State, Brazil. Data were obtained at 38 sampling sites (including ponds and transects within the forest and in streams), through active and visual and acoustic searches, pitfall traps, and opportunistic encounters. We recorded 80 amphibian species distributed in 15 families: Aromobatidae (1), Brachycephalidae (3), Bufonidae (4), Centrolenidae (2), Ceratophryidae (1), Craugastoridae (7), Eleutherodactylidae (2), Hemiphractidae (2), Hylidae (42), Hylodidae (1), Leptodactylidae (7), Microhylidae (3), Siphonopidae (1), Odontophrynidae (3) and Pipidae (1). Species richness was positively correlated with monthly rainfall. Near 36% of the species were found in strictly forest environments, 15% are endemic to Bahia State and 77.2% are endemic to the Atlantic Forest biome. The large species diversity of this small area, the high degree of endemism and the taxonomic and biogeographic significance turn the Serra Bonita mountain into a hotpoint for amphibians within Brazil’s Atlantic Forest hotspot.

Multiple determinants of anuran richness and occurrence in an agricultural region in South-eastern Brazil

In agricultural landscapes, studies that identify factors driving species richness and occupancy are important because they can guide farmers to use conservation practices that minimize species loss. In this context, anurans are threatened by habitat loss because they depend on the characteristics of both local water bodies and adjacent landscapes. We used a model selection approach to evaluate the influence of local and landscape variables in determining anuran species richness and occurrence in 40 freshwater bodies in a heavily deforested region of semideciduous Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil. Our aim was to develop recommendations for conservation of anuran communities in rural areas. Pond hydroperiod and area were the most important variables for explaining anuran species richness and occupancy, with greatest species richness being found in water bodies with intermediate hydroperiod and area. Other important variables that reflected individual species occupancies were the number of vegetation types and pond isolation. In addition, recent studies evidenced that water bodies near forest fragments have higher anuran abundance or diversity. In conclusion, we suggest the maintenance of semi-permanent ponds, isolated from large rivers or reservoirs and near forest fragments, as an effective strategy to conserve anuran fauna in agricultural landscapes of southeastern Brazil. Brazilian government requires the maintenance of forests as legal reserve in each farm, and farmers need to maintain ponds as drinking water for cattle or crop irrigation. For this reason, the guidelines suggested in the present study can be easily adopted, without additional costs to rural productivity.

Composição e riqueza de anfíbios anuros em remanescentes de Cerrado do Brasil Central

A diversidade biológica e os processos ecológicos do bioma Cerrado ainda são pouco conhecidos. Neste estudo são apresentadas informações acerca da estrutura da anurofauna do município de Barro Alto, estado de Goiás (Brasil Central). Cinco corpos d'água foram amostrados entre os anos de 2007 a 2010 (outubro-março), três deles associados à área florestal e dois associados à área aberta. Registraram-se 39 espécies de anuros, caracterizados como especialistas de hábitat aberto, florestal ou generalistas. A curva de acumulação de espécies apresentou a formação de uma assíntota, evidenciando que as técnicas e esforço de amostragens foram adequados para se estimar a riqueza de espécies de anuros na região. A riqueza foi influenciada pela umidade e temperatura, já que a maioria das espécies se reproduz na estação quente e chuvosa. Diferenças significativas na composição de espécies entre os sítios reprodutivos de áreas florestais e abertas foram registradas. A fauna de anuros no Cerrado parece ser constituída a partir da heterogeneidade horizontal dos hábitats no espaço. Assim, hábitats contrastantes no espaço são importantes para a manutenção da riqueza da anurofauna, e portanto, relevantes em termos conservacionistas.

Anurofauna em uma área na Depressão Periférica, no centro-oeste do estado de São Paulo, Brasil

A anurofauna do estado de São Paulo, nas últimas oito décadas, tem sido foco do estudo de importantes grupos de pesquisa em anfíbios anuros. Porém, pesquisas realizadas com comunidades na área da Depressão Periférica do centro-oeste paulista ainda são escassas. A fim de trazer novas informações sobre essa região, nosso objetivo foi inventariar a anurofauna de uma área na Depressão Periférica, associando os resultados com dados da literatura e confrontando os mesmos com aqueles conhecidos para a anurofauna no altiplano da Cuesta de Botucatu. O inventário foi realizado a partir dos dados obtidos em 24 dias de amostragem, decorridos 13 meses de coleta (dezembro de 2008 a dezembro de 2009). Os anuros foram amostrados em potenciais sítios reprodutivos, pelos métodos de encontro visual e busca auditiva. Foram registradas 29 espécies distribuídas em 12 gêneros e seis famílias. Apesar da maioria das espécies serem predominantemente de áreas abertas, consideramos a riqueza elevada, e associamos essa riqueza à existência dos remanescentes de mata nos interflúvios. Entretanto, apesar da presença desses remanescentes, a ocorrência de espécies associadas exclusivamente a essas áreas foi pequena, se comparada aos fragmentos no altiplano, fato que aparentemente está associado às diferenças existentes entre os fragmentos contidos nos interflúvios e os fragmentos do altiplano. A atividade dos anfíbios foi concentrada no período quente e úmido, diminuindo à medida que se aproxima o ápice da estação fria e seca. Com base na análise de similaridade, observou-se a formação de agrupamentos com alta sobreposição. Entre esses agrupamentos, destacaram-se aqueles formados por espécies com atividade de vocalização prolongada, mas que diferiram quanto ao período de maior atividade (início e final da estação chuvosa) bem como, aqueles constituídos por espécies com período de vocalização mais curto, restrito a poucos dias, e que também diferiram no mês de pico de atividade (início e final da estação chuvosa). Com isso acreditamos que as diferenças quanto à distribuição temporal dos organismos da comunidade sejam importantes na partilha de recursos e no ajuste das espécies, fato que contribuiu para o elevado número de anfíbios observados e na coexistência dos táxons na área de estudo.

Composição e riqueza de espécies de anfíbios anuros em três diferentes habitat em um agrossistema no Cerrado do Brasil central

A plasticidade adaptativa tem sido postulada como um fator importante para explicar a distribuição e abundância de espécies em habitat com diferentes níveis de variação ambiental e a heterogeneidade ambiental tem sido apontada como responsável pela manutenção, aumento ou diminuição da diversidade. Neste trabalho, determinamos o efeito da periodicidade e estrutura do habitat sobre a riqueza e composição de espécies em três diferentes habitat: córrego (P1), poças temporárias (P2) e represa permanente (P3) em um agrossistema no Cerrado do Brasil central. Nove expedições de campo foram realizadas entre outubro de 2005 e abril de 2007. Os métodos de amostragem por encontro visual e procura auditiva foram utilizados para o registro das espécies. Foram registradas 19 espécies de anuros pertencentes a quatro famílias: Bufonidae (uma espécie), Hylidae (nove espécies), Leptodactylidae (cinco espécies) e Leiuperidae (quatro espécies). Maior riqueza e a abundância foram registradas nas lagoas temporárias (P2), que diferiram significativamente do córrego (P1) e da represa permanente (P3). Dendropsophus nanus, Hypsiboas raniceps e Leptodactylus chaquensis apresentaram forte associação com o sítio P2. Os sítios P2 e P3 apresentaram maior diferenciação entre si na composição de espécies, do que quando comparados ao sítio P1. Apesar dos corpos d'água estudados estarem inseridos em área de intensa agricultura e sofrerem elevado grau de perturbação antrópica, esses ambientes apresentam elevada riqueza de espécies, constituindo-se como importantes refúgios para anurofauna da região. Entretanto, as espécies registradas são associadas a áreas antropizadas ou fitofisionomias abertas sendo favorecidas com a criação de ambientes artificiais como os observados no presente estudo.

Forest Fragments Surrounded by Sugar Cane Are More Inhospitable to Terrestrial Amphibian Abundance Than Fragments Surrounded by Pasture

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in matrix-type influence on forest fragments. Terrestrial amphibians are good bioindicators for this kind of research because of low vagility and high philopatry. This study compared richness, abundance, and species composition of terrestrial amphibians through pitfall traps in two sets of semideciduous seasonal forest fragments in southeastern Brazil, according to the predominant surrounding matrix (sugar cane and pasture). There were no differences in richness, but fragments surrounded by sugar cane had the lowest abundance of amphibians, whereas fragments surrounded by pastures had greater abundance. The most abundant species,Rhinella ornata, showed no biometric differences between fragment groups but like many other amphibians sampled showed very low numbers of individuals in fragments dominated by sugar cane fields. Our data indicate that the sugar cane matrix negatively influences the community of amphibians present in fragments surrounded by this type of land use.

Pampean lizard assemblage from subtropical Brazil: a temporal analysis

The increasing human occupation of natural environments is one of the greatest threats to biodiversity. To mitigate the negative anthropogenic effects, it is necessary to understand the characteristics of natural populations and the natural history of species. A study was conducted with an assemblage of lizards from a disturbed area of the Pampa biome, from February 2001 to January 2004. The assemblage showed a unimodal seasonal pattern, with the recruitment period occurring during the warmer months. The captures were seasonal for two of the three monitored years, and concentrated within warmer months. The minimum temperature explained the number of catches for the assemblage as a whole. However, when the species were analyzed individually, the temperature only explained the seasonal occurrence of Teius oculatus. The abundance of species was significantly different in the third year of study for Cercosaura schreibersii and Ophiodes striatus. This latter species was no longer registered in the study area from May 2003 until the end of the study. Therefore, O. striatus may be more sensitive to environmental changes, considering the events of change in vegetation during the study. With frequent and increasing environmental disturbances, it is necessary to take conservation measures and encourage the increase of knowledge on Pampean lizards.

Anfíbios do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil: conhecimento atual e perspectivas

A última lista de espécies do Estado de São Paulo foi atualizada, totalizando 236 espécies de anfíbios, das quais 230 são anuros e seis são Gymnophiona. Foram removidos da lista Bokermannohyla gouveai e Sphaenorhynchus surdus por não ocorrerem no Estado de São Paulo. O número de espécies de anuros registrado representa 27% da riqueza de espécies do país e um aumento de 31% em relação ao número de espécies registradas para o Estado em 1998, demonstrando que, a despeito do Estado de São Paulo ser a região brasileira onde os anuros foram mais estudados, o número de espécies conhecidas deve aumentar nos próximos anos. Foram evidenciadas duas lacunas geográficas importantes: a região sudoeste do Estado, principalmente na bacia hidrográfica do rio Paranapanema e a região nordeste, principalmente na divisa entre os Estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo. Apesar de ambas terem sido amostradas recentemente, ainda há carência de informações. O estado atual do conhecimento e perspectivas nas áreas de taxonomia, sistemática, ecologia e conservação são avaliados.

Anurans of a riparian forest in Sao Carlos, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil

We surveyed anuran amphibians in a riparian forest fragment of the Córrego do Espraiado, located at the Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Municipality of São Carlos, state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. During March 2009 and February 2010 we did weekly surveys in which we recorded 13 anuran species. The species showed a seasonal reproductive activity. In addition, we found a positive correlation between the number of reproductively active species and photoperiod. We also found that the studied community was more similar to those of transitional areas between the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado than those of the nearby Cerrado fragments.

Anurofauna do noroeste paulista: lista de espécies e chave de identificação para adultos

A correta identificação de espécies normalmente é um obstáculo para estudos de conservação, manejo e licenciamento ambiental. Atualmente 37 espécies de cinco famílias de anfíbios anuros são registradas na área que abrange integralmente as Unidades de Gerenciamento dos Recursos Hídricos (UGRHIs) do Turvo-Grande e São José dos Dourados e parte das UGHRIs do Baixo Pardo, Baixo Tietê e Tietê-Batalha. Embora esta fauna venha sendo objeto de estudos quase ininterruptos desde a metade da década de 1960, nenhuma chave de identificação que incluísse todas as espécies reconhecidas na região estava disponível. Embora desenvolvida para uma anurofauna regional, esta chave tem ampla aplicação porque as espécies encontradas na área de abrangência do estudo são associadas à áreas abertas e apresentam ampla distribuição geográfica. Este estudo visa preencher esta lacuna e apresentar uma lista ilustrada e uma chave dicotômica artificial para as 37 espécies de anuros conhecidas para esta região.