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de Alba Alvarado MC, Torres Gutiérrez E, Cabrera Bravo M, Zenteno Galindo E, Villarreal Muñoz JA, Salazar Schettino PM, Bucio Torres MI. Main Cardiac Histopathologic Alterations in the Acute Phase of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in a Murine Model. Pathogens 2023; 12:1084. [PMID: 37764892 PMCID: PMC10534729 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Symptoms in the acute phase of Chagas disease are usually mild and nonspecific. However, after several years, severe complications like dilated heart failure and even death may arise in the chronic phase. Due to the lack of specific symptoms in the acute phase, the aim of this work was to describe and analyze the cardiac histopathology during this phase in a CD1 mouse model by assessing parasitism, fibrotic damage, and the presence and composition of a cellular infiltrate, to determine its involvement in the pathogenesis of lesions in the cardiac tissue. Our results indicate that the acute phase lasts about 62 days post-infection (dpi). A significant increase in parasitemia was observed since 15 dpi, reaching a maximum at 33 dpi (4.1 × 106). The presence of amastigote nests was observed at 15-62 dpi, with a maximum count of 27 nests at 35 dpi. An infiltrate consisting primarily of macrophages and neutrophils was found in the cardiac tissue within the first 30 days, but the abundance of lymphocytes showed an 8 ≥ fold increase at 40-62 dpi. Unifocal interstitial fibrosis was identified after 9 dpi, which subsequently showed a 16 ≥ fold increase at 40-60 dpi, along with a 50% mortality rate in the model under study. The increased area of fibrotic lesions revealed progression in the extent of fibrosis, mainly at 50-62 dpi. The presence of perivasculitis and thrombus circulation disorders was seen in the last days (62 dpi); finally, cases of myocytolysis were observed at 50 and 62 dpi. These histopathological alterations, combined with collagen deposition, seem to lead to the development of interstitial fibrosis and damage to the cardiac tissue during the acute phase of infection. This study provides a more complete understanding of the patterns of histopathological abnormalities involved in the acute phase, which could help the development of new therapies to aid the preclinical tests of drugs for their application in Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C. de Alba Alvarado
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (M.C.d.A.A.); (E.T.G.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Elia Torres Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (M.C.d.A.A.); (E.T.G.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Margarita Cabrera Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (M.C.d.A.A.); (E.T.G.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Edgar Zenteno Galindo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - José Antonio Villarreal Muñoz
- División de Investigación, Secretaria General, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Paz María Salazar Schettino
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (M.C.d.A.A.); (E.T.G.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Martha Irene Bucio Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (M.C.d.A.A.); (E.T.G.); (M.C.B.)
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De Alba-Alvarado M, Bucio-Torres MI, Zenteno E, Sampedro-Carrillo E, Hernández-Lopez M, Reynoso-Ducoing O, Torres-Gutiérrez E, Guevara-Gomez Y, Guerrero-Alquicira R, Cabrera-Bravo M, Salazar-Schettino PM. Response to Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi in a Murine Model. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:568745. [PMID: 33134353 PMCID: PMC7572856 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.568745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiopathy is a common, irreversible manifestation of the chronic phase of Chagas disease; however, there is controversy as to how the causes for progression from the acute to the chronic phase are defined. In this work, the presence of the parasite is correlated with the occurrence of cell infiltration and fibrosis in cardiac tissues, as well as IgG detection and disease progression in a murine model. Fifty CD1 mice were infected intraperitoneally with Trypanosoma cruzi, while 30 control were administered with saline solution. Parasitemia levels were determined, and IgG titers were quantified by ELISA. At different times, randomly selected mice were euthanized, and the heart was recovered. Cardiac tissue slides were stained with HE and Masson trichrome stain. A significant increase in parasitemia levels was observed after 15 days post-infection (dpi), with a maximum of 4.1 × 106 parasites on 33 dpi, ending on 43 dpi; amastigote nests were observed on 15–62 dpi. Histological analysis revealed lymphocytic infiltration and fibrotic lesions from 8 dpi until the end of the study, on 100 dpi. The presence of plasma cells in the myocardium observed on 40–60 dpi, accompanied by seropositivity to ELISA on 40–100 dpi, was regarded as the hallmark of the transition phase. Meanwhile, the chronic phase, characterized by the absence of amastigotes, presence of cell infiltration, fibrotic lesions, and seropositivity, started on 62 dpi. A strong correlation between parasitemia and the presence of amastigote nests was found (r2 = 0.930), while correlation between the presence of fibrosis and of amastigote nests was weak (r2 = 0.306), and that between fibrosis and lymphocyte infiltration on 100 dpi was strong (r2 = 0.899). The murine model is suitable to study Chagas disease, since it can reproduce the chronic and acute phases of the human disease. The acute phase was determined to occur on 1–60 dpi, while the chronic phase starts on 62 dpi, and fibrotic damage is a consequence of the continuous inflammatory infiltration; on the other hand, fibrosis was determined to start on the acute phase, being more apparent in the chronic phase, when Chagas disease-related cardiopathy is induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana De Alba-Alvarado
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martha Irene Bucio-Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique Sampedro-Carrillo
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mariana Hernández-Lopez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Olivia Reynoso-Ducoing
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elia Torres-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Guevara-Gomez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raquel Guerrero-Alquicira
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Margarita Cabrera-Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paz María Salazar-Schettino
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Pinazo MJ, Ignacio Elizalde J, de Jesús Posada E, Gascón J. Co-infection with two emergent old pathogens: Trypanosoma cruzi and Helicobacter pylori. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2010; 28:751-2. [PMID: 20580134 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pinazo MJ, Cañas E, Elizalde JI, García M, Gascón J, Gimeno F, Gomez J, Guhl F, Ortiz V, Posada EDJ, Puente S, Rezende J, Salas J, Saravia J, Torrico F, Torrus D, Treviño B. Diagnosis, management and treatment of chronic Chagas’ gastrointestinal disease in areas where Trypanosoma cruzi infection is not endemic. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2010; 33:191-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Trillo Urrutia L, Garcés Jarque JM, Gris Martínez JM. [Chagas disease: an emerging disease in Spain]. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ANESTESIOLOGIA Y REANIMACION 2008; 55:525-526. [PMID: 19086718 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-9356(08)70647-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Gascón J, Albajar P, Cañas E, Flores M, Gómez i Prat J, Herrera RN, Lafuente CA, Luciardi HL, Moncayo Á, Molina L, Muñoz J, Puente S, Sanz G, Treviño B, Sergio-Salles X. Diagnóstico, manejo y tratamiento de la cardiopatía chagásica crónica en áreas donde la infección por Trypanosoma cruzi no es endémica. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2008; 26:99-106. [DOI: 10.1157/13115545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gascón J, Albajar P, Cañas E, Flores M, Gómez i Prat J, Herrera RN, Lafuente CA, Luciardi HL, Moncayo Á, Molina L, Muñoz J, Puente S, Sanz G, Treviño B, Sergio-Salles X. Diagnóstico, manejo y tratamiento de la cardiopatía chagásica crónica en áreas donde la infección por Trypanosoma cruzi no es endémica. Rev Esp Cardiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1157/13100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment of Chronic Chagas' Heart Disease in Areas Where Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Is Not Endemic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1885-5857(07)60153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dávila DF, Donis JH, Torres A, Ferrer JA. A modified and unifying neurogenic hypothesis can explain the natural history of chronic Chagas heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2004; 96:191-5. [PMID: 15262032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2003] [Revised: 06/02/2003] [Accepted: 06/09/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of chronic Chagas disease still is an unresolved and controversial issue. Parasite persistence and autoimmune responses cannot explain the spectrum of chronic Chagas disease. However, a modified neurogenic hypothesis, concerning the timing and mechanisms responsible for the cardiac parasympathetic damage and for the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and of other neurohormonal systems, unifies cardiac remodelling and neurohormonal activation to explain most of the events of the natural history of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Dávila
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Universidad de Los Andes, Apartado Postal 590, 5101 Mérida, Venezuela.
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Caliari MV, do Pilar Machado R, de Lana M, Caja RAF, Carneiro CM, Bahia MT, dos Santos CAB, Magalhaes GA, Sampaio IBM, Tafuri WL. Quantitative analysis of cardiac lesions in chronic canine chagasic cardiomyopathy. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2002; 44:273-8. [PMID: 12436168 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652002000500008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesions observed in chronic chagasic cardiopathy frequently produce electrocardiographic alterations and affect cardiac function. Through a computerized morphometrical analysis we quantified the areas occupied by cardiac muscle, connective and adipose tissues in the right atrium of dogs experimentally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. All of the infected dogs showed chronic myocarditis with variable reduction levels of cardiac muscle, fibrosis and adipose tissue replacement. In the atrial myocardium of dogs infected with Be78 and Be62 cardiac muscle represented 34 and 50%, fibrosis 28 and 32% and adipose tissue 38 and 18%, respectively. The fibrosis observed was both diffuse and focal and mostly intrafascicular, either partially or completely interrupting the path of muscle bundles. Such histological alterations probably contributed to the appearance of electrocardiographic disturbances verified in 10 out 11 dogs which are also common in human chronic chagasic cardiopathy. Fibrosis was the most important microscopic occurrence found since it produces rearrangements of collagen fibers in relation to myocardiocytes which causes changes in anatomical physiognomy and mechanical behavior of the myocardium. These abnormalities can contribute to the appearance of cardiac malfunction, arrythmias and congestive cardiac insufficiency as observed in two of the analyzed dogs. Strain Be78 caused destruction of atrial cardiac muscle higher than that induced by strain Be62.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Vidigal Caliari
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
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