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Chandra N, Liu Y, Liu JX, Frängsmyr L, Wu N, Silva LM, Lindström M, Chai W, Pedrosa Domellöf F, Feizi T, Arnberg N. Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans as Viral Decoy Receptors for Human Adenovirus Type 37. Viruses 2019; 11:E247. [PMID: 30871026 PMCID: PMC6466042 DOI: 10.3390/v11030247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans on plasma membranes and in secretions play important roles in infection by many viruses. Species D human adenovirus type 37 (HAdV-D37) is a major cause of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) and infects target cells by interacting with sialic acid (SA)-containing glycans via the fiber knob domain of the viral fiber protein. HAdV-D37 also interacts with sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), but the outcome of this interaction remains unknown. Here, we investigated the molecular requirements of HAdV-D37 fiber knob:GAG interactions using a GAG microarray and demonstrated that fiber knob interacts with a broad range of sulfated GAGs. These interactions were corroborated in cell-based assays and by surface plasmon resonance analysis. Removal of heparan sulfate (HS) and sulfate groups from human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells by heparinase III and sodium chlorate treatments, respectively, reduced HAdV-D37 binding to cells. Remarkably, removal of HS by heparinase III enhanced the virus infection. Our results suggest that interaction of HAdV-D37 with sulfated GAGs in secretions and on plasma membranes prevents/delays the virus binding to SA-containing receptors and inhibits subsequent infection. We also found abundant HS in the basement membrane of the human corneal epithelium, which may act as a barrier to sub-epithelial infection. Collectively, our findings provide novel insights into the role of GAGs as viral decoy receptors and highlight the therapeutic potential of GAGs and/or GAG-mimetics in HAdV-D37 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Chandra
- Section of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Yan Liu
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Jing-Xia Liu
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Science, Ophthalmology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Lars Frängsmyr
- Section of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Nian Wu
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Lisete M Silva
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Mona Lindström
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Science, Ophthalmology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Wengang Chai
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Fatima Pedrosa Domellöf
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Science, Ophthalmology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Ten Feizi
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Niklas Arnberg
- Section of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
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Andrade AL, Campos MQ, Gomes JAP, Berto AGA, Michelacci YM. Effect of Amniotic Membrane Transplantation on Corneal Healing and Proteoglycan Expression in an Experimental Model of Limbal Deficiency in Rabbits. Eur J Ophthalmol 2018; 20:290-9. [DOI: 10.1177/112067211002000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre L. Andrade
- Department of Clinical Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba
| | - Mauro Q. Campos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo - Brazil
| | - José A. P. Gomes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo - Brazil
| | | | - Yara M. Michelacci
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo - Brazil
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Metzler KM, Roberts CJ, Mahmoud AM, Agarwal G, Liu J. Ex Vivo Transepithelial Collagen Cross-linking in Porcine and Human Corneas Using Human Decorin Core Protein. J Refract Surg 2016; 32:410-7. [DOI: 10.3928/1081597x-20160428-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Interleukin-1 receptor role in the viability of corneal myofibroblasts. Exp Eye Res 2012; 96:65-9. [PMID: 22251454 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in modulating myofibroblast viability in mouse corneas with stromal opacity. Twenty-four female B6; 129S1-Il1r1tm1Roml/J homozygous IL-1RI knockout mice and 24 control B6129SF2/J mice were included in this study. Each mouse had opacity-generating irregular phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) performed with an excimer laser in one eye. Groups of 8 mice from each group were euthanized at one month, three months and six months after surgery and the eyes cryo-preserved. The contralateral eye served as unwounded control. Immunohistochemistry was performed for α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) in central sections of all corneas. The TUNEL assay for apoptosis was performed on 8 sections of four eyes from each group. No SMA+ cells were detected in the stroma of unwounded control or knockout corneas. SMA+ myofibroblast density was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the IL-1RI knockout group than in the control group at one month, three and six months after irregular PTK. Mean TUNEL+ stromal cells in the anterior 50 μm of stroma was significantly lower in the IL-1RI knockout group compared to the control group at six months after irregular PTK (p = 0.04). These results corroborate the findings of recent in vitro work that demonstrated an antagonistic effect of TGFβ and IL-1 on myofibroblast viability, and found that IL-1-triggered myofibroblast apoptosis was suppressed by TGFβ. Thus, IL-1 is an important modulator of myofibroblast viability during corneal wound healing.
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de Lima CR, Baccarin RYA, Michelacci YM. Reliability of 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue tests in comparison to agarose gel electrophoresis for quantification of urinary glycosaminoglycans. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 378:206-15. [PMID: 17261277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2006.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relevance of glycosaminoglycan determination in biological fluids is gradually gaining importance in the literature. Nevertheless, the results obtained by different methods vary widely. We evaluated 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMB) dye-binding assays for quantification of urinary glycosaminoglycans, in comparison to densitometry after agarose gel electrophoresis. METHODS Urinary glycosaminoglycans from different mammalian species were quantified by 3 different DMB dye-binding assays. The results were compared to those obtained by densitometry after agarose gel electrophoresis of glycosaminoglycans isolated from urine samples by ion exchange chromatography. RESULTS Densitometry after agarose gel electrophoresis showed glycosaminoglycan urinary concentrations of 1-20 mg/l, and glycosaminoglycan/creatinine ratios of 2-25x10(-3), for all the mammalian species here studied. A decrease with age was observed for humans, cats and horses. In comparison, DMB assays gave much higher results - up to 200 mg/l and 500x10(-3) glycosaminoglycan/creatinine ratios. These values were greatly reduced after 4-h dialysis, suggesting that low molecular weight compounds do interfere. Furthermore, urinary anions such as sulfate, phosphate and citrate, react with metachromatic dyes, such as Toluidine Blue and DMB. CONCLUSION DMB assays, although rapid and simple, are not appropriate to quantify urinary glycosaminoglycans in normal mammalians, since other urinary components interfere with the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cilene R de Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP - São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Borges FT, Michelacci YM, Aguiar JAK, Dalboni MA, Garófalo AS, Schor N. Characterization of glycosaminoglycans in tubular epithelial cells: calcium oxalate and oxalate ions effects. Kidney Int 2005; 68:1630-42. [PMID: 16164640 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction between tubular epithelial cells and calcium oxalate crystals or oxalate ions is a very precarious event in the lithogenesis. Urine contains ions, glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans that inhibit the crystallization process and may protect the kidney against lithogenesis. We examined the effect of oxalate ions and calcium oxalate crystals upon the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans in distal [Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK)] and proximal (LLC-PK1) tubular cell lines. METHODS Glycosaminoglycan synthesis was analyzed by metabolic labeling with (35)S-sulfate and enzymatic digestion with specific mucopolysaccharidases. Cell death was assessed by fluorescent dyes and crystal endocytosis was analised by flow cytometry. RESULTS The main glycosaminoglycans synthesized by both cells were chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate most of them secreted to the culture medium or present at cellular surface. Exposition of MDCK cells to oxalate ions increased apoptosis rate and the incorporation of (35)S-sulfate in chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate, while calcium oxalate crystals were endocyted by LLC-PK1, induced necrotic cell death, and increased (35)S-sulfate incorporation in glycosaminoglycans. These effects seem to be specific and due to increased biosynthesis, since hydroxyapatite and other carboxylic acid did not induced cellular death or glycosaminoglycan synthesis and no changes in sulfation degree or molecular weight of glycosaminoglycans could be detected. Thapsigargin inhibited the glycosaminoglycan synthesis induced by calcium oxalate in LLC-PK1, suggesting that this effect was sensitive to the increase in cytosolic calcium. CONCLUSION Tubular cells may increase the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans to protect from the toxic insult of calcium oxalate crystals and oxalate ions, what could partially limit the lithogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda T Borges
- Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Nefrologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brasil
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Netto MV, Mohan RR, Ambrósio R, Hutcheon AEK, Zieske JD, Wilson SE. Wound healing in the cornea: a review of refractive surgery complications and new prospects for therapy. Cornea 2005; 24:509-22. [PMID: 15968154 DOI: 10.1097/01.ico.0000151544.23360.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The corneal wound healing response is of particular relevance for refractive surgical procedures since it is a major determinant of efficacy and safety. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the healing response in refractive surgery procedures. METHODS Literature review. RESULTS LASIK and PRK are the most common refractive procedures; however, alternative techniques, including LASEK, PRK with mitomycin C, and Epi-LASIK, have been developed in an attempt to overcome common complications. Clinical outcomes and a number of common complications are directly related to the healing process and the unpredictable nature of the associated corneal cellular response. These complications include overcorrection, undercorrection, regression, corneal stroma opacification, and many other side effects that have their roots in the biologic response to surgery. The corneal epithelium, stroma, nerves, inflammatory cells, and lacrimal glands are the main tissues and organs involved in the wound healing response to corneal surgical procedures. Complex cellular interactions mediated by cytokines and growth factors occur among the cells of the cornea, resulting in a highly variable biologic response. Among the best characterized processes are keratocyte apoptosis, keratocyte necrosis, keratocyte proliferation, migration of inflammatory cells, and myofibroblast generation. These cellular interactions are involved in extracellular matrix reorganization, stromal remodeling, wound contraction, and several other responses to surgical injury. CONCLUSIONS A better understanding of the complete cascade of events involved in the corneal wound healing process and anomalies that lead to complications is critical to improve the efficacy and safety of refractive surgical procedures. Recent advances in understanding the biologic and molecular processes that contribute to the healing response bring hope that safe and effective pharmacologic modulators of the corneal wound healing response may soon be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo V Netto
- The Cole Eye Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195, USA
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Abstract
The cornea is a curved and transparent structure that provides the initial focusing of a light image into the eye. It consists of a central stroma that constitutes 90% of the corneal depth, covered anteriorly with epithelium and posteriorly with endothelium. Its transparency is the result of the regular spacing of collagen fibers with remarkably uniform diameter and interfibrillar space. Corneal collagen is composed of heterotypic fibrils consisting of type I and type V collagen molecules. The cornea also contains unusually high amounts of type VI collagen, which form microfibrillar structures, FACIT collagens (XII and XIV), and other nonfibrillar collagens (XIII and XVIII). FACIT collagens and other molecules, such as leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans, play important roles in modifying the structure and function of collagen fibrils.Proteoglycans are macromolecules composed of a protein core with covalently linked glycosaminoglycan side chains. Four leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans are present in the extracellular matrix of corneal stroma: decorin, lumican, mimecan and keratocan. The first is a dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, and the other three are keratan sulfate proteoglycans. Experimental evidence indicates that the keratan sulfate proteoglycans are involved in the regulation of collagen fibril diameter, and dermatan sulfate proteoglycan participates in the control of interfibrillar spacing and in the lamellar adhesion properties of corneal collagens. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are minor components of the cornea, and are synthesized mainly by epithelial cells. The effect of injuries on proteoglycan synthesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Michelacci
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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Berto AGA, Sampaio LO, Franco CRC, Cesar RM, Michelacci YM. A comparative analysis of structure and spatial distribution of decorin in human leiomyoma and normal myometrium. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1619:98-112. [PMID: 12495820 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(02)00446-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Leiomyoma is a benign smooth muscle tumor of the uterus that affects many women in active reproductive life. It is composed by bundles of smooth muscle cells surrounded by extracellular matrix. We have recently shown that the glycosylation of extracellular matrix proteoglycans is modified in leiomyoma: increased amounts of galactosaminoglycans with structural modifications are present. The data here presented show that decorin is present in both normal myometrium and leiomyoma but tumoral decorin is glycosylated with longer galactosaminoglycan side chains. Furthermore, these chains contain a higher ratio D-glucuronate/L-iduronate, as compared to normal tissue. To determine if these changes in proteoglycan glycosylation correlates with modifications in the extracellular matrix organization, we compared the general structural architecture of leiomyoma to normal myometrium. By histochemical and immunofluorescence methods, we found a reorganization of muscle fibers and extracellular matrix, with changes in the distribution of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and collagen. Thin reticular fibers, possibly composed by types I and III collagen, were replaced by thick fibers, possibly richer in type I collagen. Type I collagen colocalized with decorin both in leiomyoma and normal myometrium, in contrast to type IV collagen that did not. The relative amount of decorin was increased and the distribution of decorin and collagen was totally modified in the tumor, as compared to the normal myometrium. These findings reveal that not only decorin structure is modified in leiomyoma but also the tissue architecture changed, especially concerning extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra G A Berto
- Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM), Brazil
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