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Kotb E, El-Nogoumy BA, Alqahtani HA, Ahmed AA, Al-Shwyeh HA, Algarudi SM, Almahasheer H. A putative cytotoxic serine protease from Salmonella typhimurium UcB5 recovered from undercooked burger. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3926. [PMID: 36894576 PMCID: PMC9998444 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29847-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A putative virulence exoprotease designated as UcB5 was successfully purified from the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium to the electrophoretic homogeneity with 13.2-fold and 17.1% recovery by hydrophobic, ion-exchange, and gel permeation chromatography using Phenyl-Sepharose 6FF, DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B, and Sephadex G-75, respectively. By applying SDS-PAGE, the molecular weight was confirmed at 35 kDa. The optimal temperature, pH, and isoelectric point were 35 °C, 8.0, 5.6 ± 0.2, respectively. UcB5 was found to have a broad substrate specificity against almost all the tested chromogenic substrates with maximal affinity against N-Succ-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-pNA achieving Km of 0.16 mM, Kcat/Km of 3.01 × 105 S-1 M-1, and amidolytic activity of 28.9 µmol min-1 L-1. It was drastically inhibited by TLCK, PMSF, SBTI, and aprotinin while, DTT, β-mercaptoethanol, 2,2'-bipyridine, o-phenanthroline, EDTA, and EGTA had no effect, which suggested a serine protease-type. Also, it has shown a broad substrate specificity against a broad range of natural proteins including serum proteins. A cytotoxicity and electron microscopy study revealed that UcB5 could cause subcellular proteolysis that finally led to liver necrosis. For this, future research should focus on using a combination of external antiproteases and antimicrobial agents for the treatment of microbial diseases instead of using drugs alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam Kotb
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia. .,Basic & Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Baher A El-Nogoumy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Haifa A Alqahtani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa A Ahmed
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Commerce, Al-Azhar University (Girls' Branch), P.O. Box 11751, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hussah A Al-Shwyeh
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia.,Basic & Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sakina M Algarudi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia.,Basic & Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Almahasheer
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
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Comprehensive inhibitor profiling of the Proteus mirabilis metalloprotease virulence factor ZapA (mirabilysin). Biochimie 2011; 93:1824-7. [PMID: 21762758 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study we report for the first time the comprehensive inhibitor profiling of the Proteus mirabilis metalloprotease virulence factor ZapA (mirabilysin) using a 160 compound focused library of N-alpha mercaptoamide dipeptides, in order to map the S(1)(') and S(2)(') binding site preferences of this important enzyme. This study has revealed a preference for the aromatic residues tyrosine and tryptophan in P(1)(') and aliphatic residues in P(2)('). From this library, six compounds were identified which exhibited sub- to low-micromolar K(i) values. The most potent inactivator, SH-CO(2)-Y-V-NH(2) was capable of preventing ZapA-mediated hydrolysis of heat-denatured IgA, indicating that these inhibitors may be capable of protecting host proteins against ZapA during colonisation and infection.
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Massaoud MK, Marokházi J, Venekei I. Enzymatic characterization of a serralysin-like metalloprotease from the entomopathogen bacterium, Xenorhabdus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:1333-9. [PMID: 21635975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the enzymatic properties of a serralysin-type metalloenzyme, provisionally named as protease B, which is secreted by Xenorhabdus bacterium, and probably is the ortholog of PrA peptidase of Photorhabdus bacterium. Testing the activity on twenty-two oligopeptide substrates we found that protease B requires at least three amino acids N-terminal to the scissile bond for detectable hydrolysis. On such substrate protease B was clearly specific for positively charged residues (Arg and Lys) at the P1 substrate position and was rather permissive in the others. Interestingly however, it preferred Ser at P1 in the oligopeptide substrate which contained amino acids also C-terminal to the scissile bond, and was cleaved with the highest k(cat)/K(M) value. The pH profile of activity, similarly to other serralysins, has a wide peak with high values between pH 6.5 and 8.0. The activity was slightly increased by Cu(2+) and Co(2+) ions, it was not sensitive for serine protease inhibitors, but it was inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, features shared by many Zn-metalloproteases. At the same time, EDTA inhibited the activity only partially even either after long incubation or in excess amount, and Zn(2+) was inhibitory (both are unusual among serralysins). The 1,10-phenanthroline inhibited activity could be restored with the addition of Mn(2+), Cu(2+) and Co(2+) up to 90-200% of its original value, while Zn(2+) was inefficient. We propose that both the Zn inhibition of protease B activity and its resistance to EDTA inhibition might be caused by an Asp in position 191 where most of the serralysins contain Asn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa K Massaoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Eotovos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Identification of natural target proteins indicates functions of a serralysin-type metalloprotease, PrtA, in anti-immune mechanisms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:3120-6. [PMID: 19304826 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02271-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serralysins are generally thought to function as pathogenicity factors of bacteria, but so far no hard evidence of this (e.g., specific substrate proteins that are sensitive to the cleavage by these proteases) has been found. We have looked for substrate proteins to a serralysin-type proteinase, PrtA, in a natural host-pathogen molecular interaction system involving Manduca sexta and Photorhabdus luminescens. The exposure in vitro of hemolymph to PrtA digestion resulted in selective cleavage of 16 proteins, provisionally termed PAT (PrtA target) proteins. We could obtain sequence information for nine of these PrtA sensitive proteins, and by searching databases, we could identify six of them. Each has immune-related function involving every aspect of the immune defense: beta-1,3 glucan recognition protein 2 (immune recognition), hemocyte aggregation inhibitor protein (HAIP), serine proteinase homolog 3, six serpin-1 variants, including serpin-1I (immune signaling and regulation), and scolexins A and B (coagulation cascade effector function). The functions of the identified PrtA substrate proteins shed new light on a possible participation of a serralysin in the virulence mechanism of a pathogen. Provided these proteins are targets of PrtA in vivo, this might represent, among others, a complex suppressive role on the innate immune response via interference with both the recognition and the elimination of the pathogen during the first, infective stage of the host-pathogen interaction. Our results also raise the possibility that the natural substrate proteins of serralysins of vertebrate pathogens might be found among the components of the innate immune system.
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Perpetuo EA, Lebrun I, Juliano L, Juliano MA, Sakauchi MA, Prado SMA. Analysis of Secreted Protein Profile and Enzymatic Activities from Corynebacterium diphtheriaeand Bordetella pertussison Production Batch Media using Peptide Quenched Fluorescent Substrates. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2007; 37:353-67. [PMID: 17849290 DOI: 10.1080/10826060701593274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Proteases were identified and characterized from the culture supernatant of the C. diphtheriae and B. pertussis bacteria. The proteases were secreted in the media and detected at the end of the exponential growth phase. Activity was detected in some fluorescent substrates, based on selected protein sequences such as insuline beta-chain, bradykinin, and synaptobrevin. The proteases were purified by means of gel filtration chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of the purified proteins indicated, for the main secreted proteins, an estimated molecular mass of 30 kDa in C. diphtheriae and 69 kDa in B. pertussis culture media. The proteases were stable and presented enzymatic activity at 37 degrees C. These proteases were not related to the main toxic compounds described in these two bacteria, but could represent good markers for the fermentation process when the enzyme activity was measured with the fluorescent substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elen A Perpetuo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Marokházi J, Mihala N, Hudecz F, Fodor A, Gráf L, Venekei I. Cleavage site analysis of a serralysin-like protease, PrtA, from an insect pathogen Photorhabdus luminescens and development of a highly sensitive and specific substrate. FEBS J 2007; 274:1946-56. [PMID: 17355285 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was the development of a sensitive and specific substrate for protease A (PrtA), a serralysin-like metzincin from the entomopathogenic microorganism, Photorhabdus. First, cleavage of three biological peptides, the A and B chains of insulin and beta-lipotropin, and of 15 synthetic peptides, was investigated. In the biological peptides, a preference for the hydrophobic residues Ala, Leu and Val was observed at three substrate positions, P2, P1' and P2'. At these positions in the synthetic peptides the preferred residues were Val, Ala and Val, respectively. They contributed to the efficiency of hydrolysis in the order P1' > P2 > P2'. Six amino acids of the synthetic peptides were sufficient to reach the maximum rate of hydrolysis, in accordance with the ability of PrtA to cleave three amino acids from both the N- and the C-terminus of some fragments of biological peptides. Using the best synthetic peptide, a fluorescence-quenched substrate, N-(4-[4'(dimethylamino)phenylazo]benzoyl-EVYAVES-5-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid, was prepared. The approximately 4 x 10(6) M(-1) x s(-1) specificity constant of PrtA (at K(m) approximately 5 x 10(-5) M and k(cat) approximately 2 x 10(2) s(-1)) on this substrate was the highest activity for a serralysin-type enzyme, allowing precise measurement of the effects of several inhibitors and pH on PrtA activity. These showed the characteristics of a metalloenzyme and a wide range of optimum pH, similar to other serralysins. PrtA activity could be measured in biological samples (Photorhabdus-infected insect larvae) without interference from other enzymes, which indicates that substrate selectivity is high towards PrtA. The substrate sensitivity allowed early (14 h post infection) detection of PrtA, which might indicate PrtA's participation in the establishment of infection and not only, as it has been supposed, in bioconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Marokházi
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Belas R, Manos J, Suvanasuthi R. Proteus mirabilis ZapA metalloprotease degrades a broad spectrum of substrates, including antimicrobial peptides. Infect Immun 2004; 72:5159-67. [PMID: 15322010 PMCID: PMC517467 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.9.5159-5167.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2004] [Revised: 06/10/2004] [Accepted: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 54-kDa extracellular metalloprotease ZapA is an important virulence factor of uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis. While ZapA has the ability to degrade host immunoglobulins (Igs), the dramatic attenuation of virulence in ZapA mutants suggests that this enzyme may have a broader spectrum of activity. This hypothesis was tested by in vitro assays with purified ZapA and an array of purified protein or peptide substrates. The data reveal that many proteins found in the urinary tract are substrates of ZapA proteolysis, including complement (C1q and C3), cell matrix (collagen, fibronectin, and laminin), and cytoskeletal proteins (actin and tubulin). Proteolysis of IgA and IgG was significantly enhanced by conditions that denatured the Igs. It was discovered that the antimicrobial peptides human beta-defensin 1 (hBD1) and LL-37 are readily cleaved by the enzyme. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a bacterial protease capable of cleaving hBD1, a component of the human renal tubule innate immune response. Proteolysis of hBD1 resulted in ca. six peptides, while proteolysis of LL-37 resulted in at least nine products. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry analysis of the molecular masses of the reaction products indicated that ZapA preferred no distinct peptide bond. The antimicrobial activity of hBD1 and LL-37 was significantly reduced following ZapA treatment, suggesting that proteolysis results in inactivation of these peptides. The data suggest that a function of ZapA during urinary tract infections is the proteolysis of antimicrobial peptides associated with the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Belas
- Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 710 East Pratt St., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
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