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Involvement of monoaminergic systems in anxiolytic and antidepressive activities of the standardized extract of Cocos nucifera L. J Nat Med 2016; 71:227-237. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-1053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Roopan SM. An Overview of Phytoconstituents, Biotechnological Applications, and Nutritive Aspects of Coconut (Cocos nucifera). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 179:1309-24. [PMID: 27052209 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2067-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cocos nucifera is one of the highest nutritional and medicinal value plants with various fractions of proteins which play a major role in several biological applications such as anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-neoplastic, anti-parasitic, insecticidal, and leishmanicidal activities. This review is focused on several biotechnological, biomedical aspects of various solvent extracts collected from different parts of coconut and the phytochemical constituents which are present in it. The results obtained from this source will facilitate most of the researchers to focus their work toward the process of diagnosing diseases in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Mohana Roopan
- Chemistry of Heterocycles & Natural Product Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, 632 014, India.
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Antidepressant, antioxidant and neurotrophic properties of the standardized extract of Cocos nucifera husk fiber in mice. J Nat Med 2016; 70:510-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-0970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Nguyen QT, Bandupriya HDD, López-Villalobos A, Sisunandar S, Foale M, Adkins SW. Tissue culture and associated biotechnological interventions for the improvement of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.): a review. PLANTA 2015; 242:1059-1076. [PMID: 26189000 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present review discusses not only advances in coconut tissue culture and associated biotechnological interventions but also future research directions toward the resilience of this important palm crop. Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is commonly known as the 'tree of life'. Every component of the palm can be used to produce items of value and many can be converted into industrial products. Coconut cultivation faces a number of acute problems that reduce its productivity and competitiveness. These problems include various biotic and abiotic challenges as well as an unstable market for its traditional oil-based products. Around 10 million small-holder farmers cultivate coconut palms worldwide on c. 12 million hectares of land, and many more people own a few coconut palms that contribute to their livelihoods. Inefficiency in the production of seedlings for replanting remains an issue; however, tissue culture and other biotechnological interventions are expected to provide pragmatic solutions. Over the past 60 years, much research has been directed towards developing and improving protocols for (i) embryo culture; (ii) clonal propagation via somatic embryogenesis; (iii) homozygote production via anther culture; (iv) germplasm conservation via cryopreservation; and (v) genetic transformation. Recently other advances have revealed possible new ways to improve these protocols. Although effective embryo culture and cryopreservation are now possible, the limited frequency of conversion of somatic embryos to ex vitro seedlings still prevents the large-scale clonal propagation of coconut. This review illustrates how our knowledge of tissue culture and associated biotechnological interventions in coconut has so far developed. Further improvement of protocols and their application to a wider range of germplasm will continue to open up new horizons for the collection, conservation, breeding and productivity of coconut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Thien Nguyen
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University-HCM, Quarter 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam.
| | | | - Arturo López-Villalobos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S Sisunandar
- Biology Education Department, The University of Muhammadiyah, Purwokerto, Kampus Dukuhwaluh, Purwokerto, 53182, Indonesia
| | - Mike Foale
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Steve W Adkins
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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Lima EBC, Sousa CNS, Meneses LN, Ximenes NC, Santos Júnior MA, Vasconcelos GS, Lima NBC, Patrocínio MCA, Macedo D, Vasconcelos SMM. Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae): A phytochemical and pharmacological review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 48:953-64. [PMID: 26292222 PMCID: PMC4671521 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20154773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae) is commonly called the “coconut
tree” and is the most naturally widespread fruit plant on Earth. Throughout history,
humans have used medicinal plants therapeutically, and minerals, plants, and animals
have traditionally been the main sources of drugs. The constituents of C.
nucifera have some biological effects, such as antihelminthic,
anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antioxidant, antifungal, antimicrobial, and
antitumor activities. Our objective in the present study was to review the
phytochemical profile, pharmacological activities, and toxicology of C.
nucifera to guide future preclinical and clinical studies using this
plant. This systematic review consisted of searches performed using scientific
databases such as Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, SciVerse, and Scientific Electronic
Library Online. Some uses of the plant were partially confirmed by previous studies
demonstrating analgesic, antiarthritic, antibacterial, antipyretic, antihelminthic,
antidiarrheal, and hypoglycemic activities. In addition, other properties such as
antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cardioprotective,
antiseizure, cytotoxicity, hepatoprotective, vasodilation, nephroprotective, and
anti-osteoporosis effects were also reported. Because each part of C.
nucifera has different constituents, the pharmacological effects of the
plant vary according to the part of the plant evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B C Lima
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - C N S Sousa
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - L N Meneses
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - N C Ximenes
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - M A Santos Júnior
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - G S Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - N B C Lima
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Centro Universitário Christus, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - M C A Patrocínio
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Centro Universitário Christus, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - D Macedo
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - S M M Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
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Jose M, Cyriac MB, Pai V, Varghese I, Shantaram M. Antimicrobial properties of Cocos nucifera (coconut) husk: An extrapolation to oral health. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2014; 5:359-64. [PMID: 25097415 PMCID: PMC4121915 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.136184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Brushing the teeth with fibrous husk of Cocos nucifera (coconut) is a common oral hygiene practice among people of rural areas of South India. However, the probable antimicrobial properties of this plant material against common oral pathogens have not been proved scientifically. Therefore, the present study was designed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Alcoholic extract of the husk of Cocos nucifera was prepared and the antimicrobial properties against common oral pathogens like cariogenic bacteria, periodontal pathogens, and candidal organisms were performed by the Agar Well Diffusion Method. The results obtained were then subjected to statistical analysis using One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference (HSD). RESULTS The alcoholic extract of Cocos nucifera showed a significant concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity, expressed as a zone of inhibition with respect to all tested organisms except Actinomyces species. The inhibitory effect was more significant, with a majority of cariogenic organisms and Candida, with a zone of inhibition ranging from 4.6 mm to 16.3 mm. However, the effect was lesser with Cocos nucifera compared to chlorhexidine. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged from 50 mg/ml to 75 mg/ml. CONCLUSION Cocos nucifera has a significant inhibitory action against common oral pathogens, indicating the presence of highly effective antimicrobial compounds. Therefore, it is proved that its use can contribute to oral health to a great extent. Identification of these active compounds provides the scope for incorporating it into a modern oral care system, so as to control oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maji Jose
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India
| | - Maria B Cyriac
- Department of Oral Pathology, Kannur Dental College, Anjarankandy, Kannur, Kerala, India
| | - Vidya Pai
- Department of Microbiology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India
| | - Ipe Varghese
- Department of Oral Pathologist and Registrar, Kerala University of Health Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Manjula Shantaram
- Department of Biochemistry, PG Centre, Chikka Aluwara, Somawarpet taluk, Kodagu, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Silva RR, e Silva DO, Fontes HR, Alviano CS, Fernandes PD, Alviano DS. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of Cocos nucifera var. typica. Altern Ther Health Med 2013; 13:107. [PMID: 23680079 PMCID: PMC3680169 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Teas from the husk fiber of Cocos nucifera are used in the folk medicine to treat arthritis and other inflammatory processes. Some works show that some varieties have biological activities. However, one of the main variety of the species, C. nucifera var. typica, known in Brazil as “gigante”, was not studied yet. Thus, this study evaluates if this variety has the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities already reported in other varieties. Methods C. nucifera aqueous crude extract (10, 50, and 100 mg/kg) and the reference drugs morphine (1 mg/kg) and acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg/kg) were evaluated in models of inflammation (formalin-induced licking and subcutaneous air pouch). The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) photometric assay and compared with those of the standards (quercetin, rutin, and ascorbic acid). The extract was also screened against Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), in the agar diffusion method. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by the broth micro-dilution assay. Activities of combinations of the extract and antibiotics (methicillin or vancomycin) against MRSA were evaluated using checkerboard assays. Results The extract significantly inhibited the time that the animals spent licking the formalin-injected paws (second phase). The extract also inhibited the inflammatory process induced by subcutaneous carrageenan injection by reducing cell migration, protein extravasation, and TNF-α production. Additionally, the extract showed an antioxidant potential in vitro as good as standards in their antioxidant activity. The extract was active only against S. aureus and MRSA. MIC and the bactericidal concentrations were identical (1,024 μg/ml). The extract and methicillin acted synergistically against the clinical MRSA isolate, whereas an indifferent effect was detected when the extract was combined with vancomycin. Conclusions The extract exhibits anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of the cell migration. The mixture of extract constituents and methicillin could lead to the development of a new combination antibiotic against MRSA infections.
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Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.: Arecaceae): in health promotion and disease prevention. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2011; 4:241-7. [PMID: 21771462 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coconut, Cocos nucifera L., is a tree that is cultivated for its multiple utilities, mainly for its nutritional and medicinal values. The various products of coconut include tender coconut water, copra, coconut oil, raw kernel, coconut cake, coconut toddy, coconut shell and wood based products, coconut leaves, coir pith etc. Its all parts are used in someway or another in the daily life of the people in the traditional coconut growing areas. It is the unique source of various natural products for the development of medicines against various diseases and also for the development of industrial products. The parts of its fruit like coconut kernel and tender coconut water have numerous medicinal properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, antidermatophytic, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, immunostimulant. Coconut water and coconut kernel contain microminerals and nutrients, which are essential to human health, and hence coconut is used as food by the peoples in the globe, mainly in the tropical countries. The coconut palm is, therefore, eulogised as 'Kalpavriksha' (the all giving tree) in Indian classics, and thus the current review describes the facts and phenomena related to its use in health and disease prevention.
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Sosnowska J, Balslev H. American palm ethnomedicine: a meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2009; 5:43. [PMID: 20034398 PMCID: PMC2804589 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4269-5-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many recent papers have documented the phytochemical and pharmacological bases for the use of palms (Arecaceae) in ethnomedicine. Early publications were based almost entirely on interviews that solicited local knowledge. More recently, ethnobotanically guided searches for new medicinal plants have proven more successful than random sampling for identifying plants that contain biodynamic ingredients. However, limited laboratory time and the high cost of clinical trials make it difficult to test all potential medicinal plants in the search for new drug candidates. The purpose of this study was to summarize and analyze previous studies on the medicinal uses of American palms in order to narrow down the search for new palm-derived medicines. METHODS Relevant literature was surveyed and data was extracted and organized into medicinal use categories. We focused on more recent literature than that considered in a review published 25 years ago. We included phytochemical and pharmacological research that explored the importance of American palms in ethnomedicine. RESULTS Of 730 species of American palms, we found evidence that 106 species had known medicinal uses, ranging from treatments for diabetes and leishmaniasis to prostatic hyperplasia. Thus, the number of American palm species with known uses had increased from 48 to 106 over the last quarter of a century. Furthermore, the pharmacological bases for many of the effects are now understood. CONCLUSIONS Palms are important in American ethnomedicine. Some, like Serenoa repens and Roystonea regia, are the sources of drugs that have been approved for medicinal uses. In contrast, recent ethnopharmacological studies suggested that many of the reported uses of several other palms do not appear to have a strong physiological basis. This study has provided a useful assessment of the ethnobotanical and pharmacological data available on palms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sosnowska
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Cracow, Poland
| | - Henrik Balslev
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biological Sciences, Aarhus University, Build. 1540, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C., Denmark
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Rinaldi S, Silva DO, Bello F, Alviano CS, Alviano DS, Matheus ME, Fernandes PD. Characterization of the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities from Cocos nucifera L. (Palmae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 122:541-546. [PMID: 19429325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Cocos nucifera cultivated in Brazil is known as "coco-da-Bahia" or "coqueiro-da-India". The tea from the husk fiber is widely used to several inflammatory disorders. Crude extract and fractions obtained from Cocos nucifera "common variety" were evaluated to test the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Crude extract (CE, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg), fraction 1 (F1, molecular weight lesser than 1 kDa, 1, 10, and 50mg/kg), fraction 2 (F2, molecular weight higher than 1 kDa, 1, 10, and 50mg/kg), and the references drugs morphine (5mg/kg), acetilsalicilic acid (200mg/kg), prometazine (30 mg/kg), and metisergide (5mg/kg) were evaluated on models of analgesia and inflammation. RESULTS CE, F1, and F2 significantly develop peripheral and central antinociceptive activity but with less effect on supra-spinal regions of the brain. Administration of the opioid antagonist, naloxone (5mg/kg) inhibited the antinociceptive effect indicating that Cocos nucifera crude extract and fractions may be acting in opioid receptors. CE and F1 also inhibited rat paw edema induced by histamine, and serotonin. CONCLUSIONS results demonstrated that Cocos nucifera and its fractions have antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities which confirm the popular use of this plant in several inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rinaldi
- Programa de Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Alviano WS, Alviano DS, Diniz CG, Antoniolli AR, Alviano CS, Farias LM, Carvalho MAR, Souza MM, Bolognese AM. In vitro antioxidant potential of medicinal plant extracts and their activities against oral bacteria based on Brazilian folk medicine. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:545-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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