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A Comprehensive Review of Pesticide Residues in Peppers. Foods 2023; 12:foods12050970. [PMID: 36900487 PMCID: PMC10000673 DOI: 10.3390/foods12050970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are chemicals that are used to control pests such as insects, fungi, and weeds. Pesticide residues can remain on crops after application. Peppers are popular and versatile foods that are valued for their flavor, nutrition, and medicinal properties. The consumption of raw or fresh peppers (bell and chili) can have important health benefits due to their high levels of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Therefore, it is crucial to consider factors such as pesticide use and preparation methods to fully realize these benefits. Ensuring that the levels of pesticide residues in peppers are not harmful to human health requires rigorous and continuous monitoring. Several analytical methods, such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), mass spectrometry (MS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), can detect and quantify pesticide residues in peppers. The choice of analytical method depends on the specific pesticide, that is being tested for and the type of sample being analyzed. The sample preparation method usually involves several processes. This includes extraction, which is used to separate the pesticides from the pepper matrix, and cleanup, which removes any interfering substances that could affect the accuracy of the analysis. Regulatory agencies or food safety organizations typically monitor pesticide residues in peppers by stipulating maximum residue limits (MRLs). Herein, we discuss various sample preparation, cleanup, and analytical techniques, as well as the dissipation patterns and application of monitoring strategies for analyzing pesticides in peppers to help safeguard against potential human health risks. From the authors' perspective, several challenges and limitations exist in the analytical approach to monitoring pesticide residues in peppers. These include the complexity of the matrix, the limited sensitivity of some analytical methods, cost and time, a lack of standard methods, and limited sample size. Furthermore, developing new analytical methods, using machine learning and artificial intelligence, promoting sustainable and organic growing practices, improving sample preparation methods, and increasing standardization could assist efficiently in analyzing pesticide residues in peppers.
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Hernández-Mariano JÁ, Torres-Sánchez L, Bassol-Mayagoitia S, Escamilla-Nuñez MC, Cebrian ME, Villeda-Gutiérrez ÉA, López-Rodríguez G, Félix-Arellano EE, Blanco-Muñoz J. Effect of exposure to p,p´-DDE during the first half of pregnancy in the maternal thyroid profile of female residents in a Mexican floriculture area. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 156:597-604. [PMID: 28448812 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (p,p´-DDE), the main metabolite of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), has been associated with changes in human thyroid hormone levels. Maternal thyroid hormones are essential for adequate fetal neurodevelopment during the first half of pregnancy. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between maternal p,p´-DDE concentration and the maternal thyroid profile during the first half of pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed the information of 430 pregnant women from a Mexican floriculture area, with a gestational age ≤16 weeks. By questionnaire, we obtained sociodemographic, reproductive, and life-style, information. Serum concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and total and free T3 and T4 were determined by means of Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA). p,p´-DDE was analyzed by Gas Chromatography. The association between p,p´-DDE and thyroid profile was assessed through linear and logistic regression models. RESULTS Thirty eight percent of women had p,p´-DDE levels below the Limit of Detection and 12.3% below the Limit of Quantification. Within the quantifiable range, median was 53.03ng/g. TSH >2.5 mIU/L was present in 9.3% of women; 47.7% had isolated hypothyroxinemia; 3.5% had subclinical hypothyroidism, and 5.8% had overt hypothyroidism. We observed a significant positive association between quantifiable p,p´-DDE and total T3 serum levels in comparison with those with concentrations below the Limit of Detection (β=0.19; 95% CI=0.06, 0.34). There were no significant associations with other hormones of the thyroid profile or with clinical diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that p,p´-DDE exposure, even at low concentrations, could disrupt thyroid homeostasis during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luisa Torres-Sánchez
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (National Institute of Public Health), Cuernavaca, México
| | | | | | - Mariano E Cebrian
- Departamento de Toxicología. Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F., México
| | | | | | | | - Julia Blanco-Muñoz
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (National Institute of Public Health), Cuernavaca, México.
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Blanco-Muñoz J, Lacasaña M, López-Flores I, Rodríguez-Barranco M, González-Alzaga B, Bassol S, Cebrian ME, López-Carrillo L, Aguilar-Garduño C. Association between organochlorine pesticide exposure and thyroid hormones in floriculture workers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 150:357-363. [PMID: 27344267 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that exposure to DDT may be related to changes in thyroid hormone levels in animals and humans, even though results across studies are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to assess the association between exposure to p,p'-DDE (a stable metabolite of DDT) and serum levels of thyroid hormones in floriculture workers. A longitudinal study was conducted on 136 male subjects from the States of Mexico and Morelos, Mexico, who were occupationally exposed to pesticides, during agricultural periods of high (rainy season) and low (dry season) levels of pesticide application. Using a structured questionnaire, a survey was carried out on socio-demographic characteristics, anthropometry, clinical history, alcohol and tobacco consumption, residential chemical exposure, and occupational history. Blood and urine samples were collected to determine serum levels of TSH, total T3, total T4, and p,p'-DDE, and metabolites of organophosphate pesticides (OP), respectively. The analysis of the associations between p,p'-DDE levels and thyroid hormone profile adjusting by potential confounding variables including urinary OP metabolites was carried out using multivariate generalized estimating equation (GEE) models. Our results showed that the geometric means of p,p'-DDE levels were 6.17 ng/ml and 4.71 ng/ml in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. We observed positive associations between the serum levels of p,p'-DDE and those of total T3 (β=0.01, 95% CI: -0.009, 0.03), and total T4 (β=0.08, 95% CI:0.03, 0.14) and negative but no significant changes in TSH in male floricultural workers, supporting the hypothesis that acts as thyroid disruptor in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Blanco-Muñoz
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (National Institute of Public Health), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Marina Lacasaña
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (Andalusian School of Public Health), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada López-Flores
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; Departamento de Genética. Universidad de Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (Andalusian School of Public Health), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz González-Alzaga
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (Andalusian School of Public Health), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Susana Bassol
- Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Mariano E Cebrian
- Departamento de Toxicología. Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Lizbeth López-Carrillo
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (National Institute of Public Health), Cuernavaca, Mexico
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Relationship between self-reported fish and shellfish consumption, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values and total mercury concentrations in pregnant women (II) from Baja California Sur, Mexico. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:1115-1122. [PMID: 28936396 PMCID: PMC5598523 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
[THg], δ13C, and δ15N were measured in hair segments of pregnant women from Mexico. Higher δ15N was related to [THg] and frequency of fish and shellfish consumption. THg exposure and assimilation are more complex in higher fish consumption categories. At high fish consumption, trophic level remains elevated while [THg] is lower.
Seafood is a valuable source of nutrients important for fetal development. However, seafood consumption is the main route of exposure to monomethyl mercury (MeHg+) for humans. MeHg+ is highly bioavailable and potentially adversely affects fetal neurodevelopment. MeHg+ exposure from fish consumption varies significantly by age and trophic level of fish consumed as well as the frequency and amount of fish consumed. This study investigates total Hg concentrations ([THg]) in hair segments of pregnant Mexican women in relation to (1) self-reported frequency of fish and shellfish consumption, (2) maternal trophic level and marine diet contributions, determined using hair carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stable isotopes, and (3) relates [THg] to various hair advisory thresholds. We also examined whether variation in C and N isotope values is explained by self-reported frequency of fish and shellfish consumption. A significant proportion of hair samples had [THg] higher than suggested agency thresholds and, for women within the range of the various advisory thresholds (1–20 μg g−1), the specific statistic used and threshold applied are important considerations for assessing and communicating risk. Individuals enriched in 15N (δ15N values) had higher [THg] as did individuals that reported consuming fish and shellfish more frequently, suggesting that variation in [THg] can be explained by both consumer reported diet and diet as determined by C and N stable isotope assessment. However, at higher reported fish consumption levels the trophic level is maintained while [THg] is paradoxically lower. This suggests that THg exposure and assimilation are more complicated in higher fish frequency consumption categories. [THg] is more variable at the higher concentrations, possibly indicating some exposure to non-dietary Hg, heritable variations affecting Hg toxicodynamics, and BMI and tobacco exposure factors as outlined in our companion paper.
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Arrebola JP, Fernández MF, Olea N, Ramos R, Martin-Olmedo P. Human exposure to p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) in urban and semi-rural areas in southeast Spain: a gender perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 458-460:209-16. [PMID: 23651776 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) is the main metabolite of pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and a marker of past exposure to this organochlorine pesticide. p,p'-DDE is considered a persistent organic pollutant with potential adverse effects on human health. The aims of the present study were to assess p,p'-DDE levels in serum and adipose tissue from a cohort of adults in southern Spain and to explore the predictors of exposure from a gender perspective. Chemical analyses were performed using gas chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry in tandem mode. The study population (n=387) was intraoperatively recruited in two areas of Granada Province (southern Spain), and data on potential predictors of these concentrations were gathered by questionnaire. The statistical analysis was performed by means of multivariable linear regression models. All participants showed detectable concentrations of p,p'-DDE in both serum and adipose tissue, with median concentrations of 175.7 and 93.0 ng/g lipid, respectively (p<0.001), and the two measurements showed positive correlations. Women showed higher concentrations than men (115.8 and 66.2 ng/g lipid, respectively, p<0.001). Concentrations in both matrices were positively associated with fatty food consumption, as well as with age and BMI, the latter only in adipose tissue. The multivariate model showed that, among women, adipose tissue concentrations were approximately 40% higher in those residing in the semi-rural area and 2-fold higher in those whose mothers had participated in agricultural activities during the pregnancy. In this study population, gender and place of residence play a key role in human exposure to p,p'-DDE and can be used to identify subjects at special risk of long-term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Arrebola
- Laboratory of Medical Investigations, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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Sexton K, Salinas JJ, McDonald TJ, Gowen RMZ, Miller RP, McCormick JB, Fisher-Hoch SP. Biomarkers of maternal and fetal exposure to organochlorine pesticides measured in pregnant Hispanic women from Brownsville, Texas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:237-48. [PMID: 23343981 PMCID: PMC3564140 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10010237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers of organochlorine pesticides were measured in both venous and umbilical cord blood from 35 pregnant Hispanic women living in Brownsville, Texas, USA. Gas chromatography with an electron capture detector was used to analyze specimens for 30 individual pesticides or their metabolites. Results indicate that blood concentrations were relatively low for most individual compounds, but that high-end (upper 10th percentile) values for total DDT were comparatively high. Although health effects associated with measured blood concentrations are uncertain, there is concern that fetal exposure to low levels of these OC compounds, either individually or in combination, might contribute to subsequent health problems, including neurodevelopmental effects, cancer, endocrine disruption, obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sexton
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Brownville Regional Campus, 80 Fort Brown-AHC, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA; E-Mails: (J.J.S.); (R.M.Z.G.); (J.B.M.); (S.P.F.-H.)
| | - Jennifer J. Salinas
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Brownville Regional Campus, 80 Fort Brown-AHC, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA; E-Mails: (J.J.S.); (R.M.Z.G.); (J.B.M.); (S.P.F.-H.)
| | - Thomas J. McDonald
- School of Rural Public Health, Texas A&M System Health Science Center, SRPH Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Rose M. Z. Gowen
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Brownville Regional Campus, 80 Fort Brown-AHC, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA; E-Mails: (J.J.S.); (R.M.Z.G.); (J.B.M.); (S.P.F.-H.)
| | - Rebecca P. Miller
- Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Region 12, 5425 Polk Street, Houston, TX 77023, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Joseph B. McCormick
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Brownville Regional Campus, 80 Fort Brown-AHC, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA; E-Mails: (J.J.S.); (R.M.Z.G.); (J.B.M.); (S.P.F.-H.)
| | - Susan P. Fisher-Hoch
- University of Texas School of Public Health, Brownville Regional Campus, 80 Fort Brown-AHC, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA; E-Mails: (J.J.S.); (R.M.Z.G.); (J.B.M.); (S.P.F.-H.)
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Aguilar-Garduño C, Lacasaña M, Blanco-Muñoz J, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Hernández AF, Bassol S, González-Alzaga B, Cebrián ME. Changes in male hormone profile after occupational organophosphate exposure. A longitudinal study. Toxicology 2012; 307:55-65. [PMID: 23153546 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing concern about the endocrine effects of long-term, low-level exposure to organophosphate (OP) compounds. Studies on experimental animals have found that OP pesticides have an impact on the endocrine system and a few clinical and epidemiological studies have also shown that OPs may affect the male hormone profile, although results are inconsistent. We have evaluated the effect of exposure to OP pesticides, measured through urinary levels of six dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites, on male hormone profile in 136 floriculture workers from the State of Mexico and Morelos during two agricultural periods with different degree of pesticide exposure. Generalized estimated equations (GEE) models were developed and adjusted for several potential confounders, including PON1 enzyme activity, as a biomarker of susceptibility, and serum levels of p,p'-DDE, a metabolite of the pesticide DDT widely used in Mexico until 1999 for control of agricultural pests and malaria. Exposure of male floriculture workers to OP pesticides was associated with increased serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin and with decreased serum testosterone and inhibin B levels. Among all DAPs tested, only DETP was inversely associated with luteinizing hormone (LH). Estradiol showed a marginally significant positive trend with DEP and DETP derivatives. In conclusion, OP pesticides may have an impact on the endocrine function because of their potential to modify the male hormone profile as a function of the type of pesticide used as well as the magnitude of exposure.
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Rodríguez-Dozal S, Riojas Rodríguez H, Hernández-Ávila M, Van Oostdam J, Weber JP, Needham LL, Trip L. Persistent organic pollutant concentrations in first birth mothers across Mexico. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2012; 22:60-69. [PMID: 21971379 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2011.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This project was initiated by the North America Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC). Its main purpose was to obtain an initial profile on pregnant woman's exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in North America (Canada, the United States and Mexico). Persistent organic pollutants are transferred to the fetus via the placenta during the pregnancy or to the infant via maternal milk; therefore, the pregnant woman's body burden is important because of the higher exposures and potential health effects in the fetus and infant. This paper presents the results from 240 pregnant women in 10 Mexican cities, and includes the concentrations of various POPs such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins and furans (PCDDs and PCDFs) in maternal plasma. We found concentrations of p,p'-DDE in maternal samples from Coatzacoalcos to be ∼60% higher than those found in Ciudad Obregon, which had the second highest concentration. Pregnant women from Merida had higher mean concentrations of PCBs than all women in other regions. Results for PCDDs and PCDFs plus dioxin-like PCBs data were only available on the basis of composite samples, and their concentrations are similar in most cities except for Coatzacoalcos, which had more than double the concentration found in other cities. Although this study provides useful information on the variability of POPs in specific populations and possible regional/local differences, these results cannot be generalized to the entire Mexican population because of differences in age, gender, sources of exposure and nonrandom nature of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rodríguez-Dozal
- Environmental Health Department, Center for Population Heath Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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Qin YY, Leung CKM, Lin CK, Leung AOW, Wang HS, Giesy JP, Wong MH. Halogenated POPs and PAHs in blood plasma of Hong Kong residents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:1630-1637. [PMID: 21207933 DOI: 10.1021/es102444g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to quantify organic chlorinated pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in blood plasma collected from 111 healthy residents in Hong Kong to assess the levels of these pollutants in the general population during the period of March to April, 2008. Concentrations of these residues in blood plasma obtained from the Hong Kong Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Naphthalene, phenanthrene, p,p'-DDE, PCB-180, and PBDE-47 were detected in 100% of the participants. Females had significantly greater concentrations of acenaphthylene (female: 93.3 ng/g lipid; male: 39.8, p < 0.05), anthracene (22.3; 15.3, p < 0.05), fluoranthene (138; 125, p < 0.05), p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, PCB-183, BDE-99 than males. Blood of smokers contained significantly greater (p < 0.05) concentrations of acenaphthene, benzo(a)pyrene, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, PCB-138, BDE-47, and BDE-99 than did blood of nonsmokers. Positive correlations were found between concentrations of each class of pollutant, with respect to seafood diet habit, Body Mass Index (BMI), and age. Concentrations of HCHs and DDTs in blood plasma of healthy Hong Kong residents were greater than those of other countries, and it was found that smoking, consumption of a seafood diet, BMI, and age could influence concentrations in human blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan Qin
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, PR China
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Association between organophosphate pesticides exposure and thyroid hormones in floriculture workers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 243:19-26. [PMID: 19914268 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability of organophosphate pesticides to disturb thyroid gland function has been demonstrated by experimental studies on animal, but evidence of such effects on human remains scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the association between exposure to organophosphate compounds and serum levels of thyroid hormones in floriculture workers. A longitudinal study was conducted on 136 male subjects from the State of Mexico and Morelos, Mexico, occupationally exposed to organophosphate pesticides, during agricultural periods of high (rainy season) and low (dry season) levels of pesticide application. Using a structured questionnaire, a survey was carried out on sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometry, clinical history, alcohol and tobacco consumption, residential chemical exposure, and occupational history. Urine and blood samples were taken the day after pesticide application to determine urine dialkylphosphate (DAP) levels, serum levels of TSH, total T(3), total T(4), serum PON1 activity, and serum p,p'-DEE levels. The analysis of the association between DAP levels and thyroid hormonal profile was carried out using multivariate generalized estimating equation (GEE) models. Our results showed an increase in both TSH and T(4) hormones in serum associated with a increase in total dimethylphosphate levels (SigmaDMP) in urine (p-trend<0.001) and a decrease in total T(3) serum levels with an increase of SigmaDMP levels in the urine (p-trend=0.053). These results suggest that exposure to organophosphate pesticides may be responsible of increasing TSH and T(4) serum hormone levels and decreasing T(3) serum hormone levels, therefore supporting the hypothesis that organophosphate pesticides act as endocrine disruptors in humans.
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Bradman ASA, Schwartz JM, Fenster L, Barr DB, Holland NT, Eskenazi B. Factors predicting organochlorine pesticide levels in pregnant Latina women living in a United States agricultural area. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2007; 17:388-99. [PMID: 17033681 PMCID: PMC5765750 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jes.7500525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine (OC) pesticide use was restricted starting in the 1970s in developed countries and the 1980s and 1990s in developing countries. Current exposure to OC pesticides - dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), lindane (99% pure gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH)), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) - occurs on a limited basis. We measured para, para' (p,p')-DDE, p,p'-DDT, ortho, para' (o,p')-DDT, HCB, beta (beta)-HCH (the most persistent isomer of technical-grade HCH) and gamma-HCH in serum from 426 low-income pregnant Latina women living in an agricultural community in California. Detection frequencies were 94% to 100%. Median levels (ng/g lipid) of p,p'-DDE (1,052), p,p'-DDT (13), beta-HCH (37) and HCB (65) were significantly higher than United States population levels. Multivariate analyses of p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, beta-HCH and HCB indicate that time spent living outside the United States and birthplace in an area of Mexico with recent use of OC pesticides were significant predictors of exposure. Time spent living in the United States was associated with increased serum levels of p,p'-DDE and beta-HCH, but the increase for each year lived in the United States was lower than for each year lived outside the United States. There was no difference between the increase of HCB levels over time spent in or outside the United States, suggesting current and thus preventable exposure routes. However, we observed no associations between serum levels of any OC compound and current intake of saturated fat or agricultural take-home exposure risk factors. Lactation history and recent weight gain were negatively associated with serum levels of some, but not all OC compounds studied. Smoking history was borderline associated with elevated HCB levels. We observed no significant associations with body mass index. Although the weight of evidence from this study indicates that most exposure occurred before moving to the United States, the results for HCB indicate the possibility of ongoing exposure in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S A Bradman
- Center for Children's Environmental Health Research, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7380, USA.
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Torres-Sánchez L, López-Carrillo L. Efectos a la salud y exposición a p,p'-DDT y p,p'-DDE: el caso de México. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2007; 12:51-60. [PMID: 17680058 DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232007000100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Basado en la revisión sistemática de 32 artículos publicados en PubMed-Medline hasta enero del 2006 y utilizando como palabras clave DDT exposure, human, milk y Mexico; este estudio analiza la situación acerca de la exposición en México a difenildicloroetano (DDT) y su principal metabolito p,p,'-DDE, así como, su posible repercusión sobre la salud humana. Aún cuando, el uso del DDT se suspendió en 1999, los estudios evaluados reportan niveles importantes de p,p'-DDE, en muestras biológicas de suero, tejido adiposo y leche materna de poblaciones no ocupacionalmente expuestas. Así mismo, existen evidencias sobre daños a la salud, especialmente relacionados con el área reproductiva masculina, la lactancia materna y más recientemente daños a nivel celular, así como, alteración en el desarrollo psicomotor de niños expuestos in utero. Aún cuando existen muchas lagunas, acerca de otros efectos adversos a la salud relacionados con la exposición a DDT o sus metabolitos, la experiencia lograda hasta ahora, debe ser tomada en cuenta en México y el resto de Latinoamérica, para que considerando el principio precautorio se legisle sobre el DDT y otros contaminantes orgánicos persistente que tienen actividad y características similares al DDT o sus metabolitos.
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Torres-Sánchez L, Rothenberg SJ, Schnaas L, Cebrián ME, Osorio E, del Carmen Hernández M, García-Hernández RM, del Rio-Garcia C, Wolff MS, López-Carrillo L. In utero p,p'-DDE exposure and infant neurodevelopment: a perinatal cohort in Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:435-9. [PMID: 17431495 PMCID: PMC1849908 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (DDE) affects neurodevelopment in infants, although a critical exposure window has not yet been identified. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to assess the prenatal DDE exposure window and its effect on the psychomotor development index (PDI) and mental development index (MDI) during the first year of life. METHODS We recruited 244 children whose pregnancies and deliveries were uncomplicated, and whose mothers were monitored throughout the pregnancy. Participating mothers were not occupationally exposed to DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) but were residents of a zone in Mexico with endemic malaria. We measured serum levels of DDE before pregnancy and during each trimester of the pregnancy. We evaluated PDI and MDI of the Bayley Scales for Infant Development (BSID-II), at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of age. We adjusted for quality of the home environment and maternal intellectual coefficient (IQ). We used generalized mixed-effects models for statistical analysis. RESULTS Third-trimester DDE level (7.8 +/- 2.8 ppb) was significantly higher than the level at baseline, first, and second trimesters, but the differences never exceeded 20%. Only DDE levels during the first trimester of pregnancy were associated with a significant reduction in PDI (every doubled increase of DDE level reduced the PDI 0.5 points). DDE was not associated with MDI. CONCLUSIONS A critical window of exposure to DDE in utero may be the first trimester of the pregnancy, and psychomotor development is a target of this compound. Residues of DDT metabolites may present a risk of developmental delay for years after termination of DDT use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen J. Rothenberg
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Morelos, México
- Depto. Ecología Humana, CINVESTAV, Merida, Yucatán, México
| | | | | | - Erika Osorio
- Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, México DF, México
| | | | | | | | - Mary S. Wolff
- Community Medicine, Division of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lizbeth López-Carrillo
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Morelos, México
- Address correspondence to L. López-Carrillo, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Col Sta. Maria Ahuacatitlán, CP:62508, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. Telephone and fax: (777) 311-2338. E-mail:
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Koepke R, Warner M, Petreas M, Cabria A, Danis R, Hernandez-Avila M, Eskenazi B. Serum DDT and DDE levels in pregnant women of Chiapas, Mexico. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 59:559-65. [PMID: 16599003 PMCID: PMC4030544 DOI: 10.1080/00039890409603434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The authors measured the main ingredients of technical DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl [p,p'-DDT]) and its principal metabolite, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)ethylene [p,p'-DDE]) in serum collected from 52 pregnant women in Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico in 1998. The median lipid-adjusted serum levels for the women were 676 ng/g p,p'-DDT (range: 56-23,169 ng/g) and 4,843 ng/g p,p'-DDE (range: 113-41,964 ng/g). In regression analysis, serum DDT and DDE increased with age (test for trend, p = .022) but decreased with total lactation (test for trend, p < .001). Residence in a house that had ever been sprayed for malaria control was also related to serum DDT and DDE. This study provides evidence of high-level exposure to DDT and DDE among pregnant women living in Chiapas, Mexico, despite countrywide restrictions on its use at the time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Koepke
- School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7360, USA
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Fulop JA. Integrative tumor board: recurrent breast cancer or new primary? Naturopathic medicine. Integr Cancer Ther 2004; 2:276-83. [PMID: 15035892 DOI: 10.1177/15347354030023012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Judy A Fulop
- Center for Integrative Medicine, Northwestern Memorial Physicians Group, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, 680 N. Lake Shore Drive, Suite 815, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Chanon KE, Méndez-Galván JF, Galindo-Jaramillo JM, Olguín-Bernal H, Borja-Aburto VH. Cooperative actions to achieve malaria control without the use of DDT. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2003; 206:387-94. [PMID: 12971694 DOI: 10.1078/1438-4639-00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The success of regional networks to provide incentives and mechanisms for sharing information is illustrated through the North American Regional Action Plan on DDT (NARAP). This NARAP was designed to reduce human and environmental exposure to DDT and its metabolites in North America through cooperative efforts. The increasing role of environmental concerns in the planning and design of Mexico's DDT phase-out program motivated the Mexican Ministry of Health to undertake an alternative program for malaria control maximizing community participation without negatively affecting human and ecosystem health. This program relies on: 1) elimination of parasites in people, 2) improvement of personal and household hygiene, and 3) use of environmental management practices to eliminate mosquito breeding sites. This new strategy resulted in the elimination of DDT for malaria control in Mexico in the year 2000. While malaria and its corresponding vectors show considerable variability within a single country and certainly around the globe, the case example of Mexico provides a methodology for developing alternatives to DDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith E Chanon
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
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