1
|
Kacholi DS. A comprehensive review of antimalarial medicinal plants used by Tanzanians. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2024; 62:133-152. [PMID: 38270178 PMCID: PMC10812860 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2024.2305453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Tanzania has rich medicinal plant (MP) resources, and most rural inhabitants rely on traditional healing practices for their primary healthcare needs. However, available research evidence on antimalarial MPs is highly fragmented in the country. OBJECTIVE This systematic review compiles ethnomedicinal research evidence on MPs used by Tanzanians as antimalarials. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic web search was conducted using various electronic databases and grey materials to gather relevant information on antimalarial MPs utilized by Tanzanians. The review was per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The data were collected from 25 articles, and MS Excel software was used to analyse relevant ethnobotanical information using descriptive statistics. RESULTS A total of 227 MPs belonging to 67 botanical families and 180 genera were identified. Fabaceae (15.9%) is the most frequently utilized family. The ethnobotanical recipes analysis indicated leaves (40%) and trees (44%) are the preferred MPs part and life form, respectively. Decoctions (67%) are the dominant preparation method of remedies. Of the recorded MPs, 25.9% have been scientifically investigated for antimalarial activities with positive results. However, 74.1% of MPs have no scientific records on antimalarial activities, but they could be potential sources of remedies. CONCLUSIONS The study discloses a wealth of antimalarial MPs possessed by Tanzanians and suggests a need for research to authenticate the healing potential of antimalarial compounds from the unstudied MPs. Additionally, it indicates that some of the presented MPs are potential sources for developing safe, effective and affordable antimalarial drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Sylvester Kacholi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dar es Salaam University College of Education (DUCE), University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gumisiriza H, Olet EA, Mukasa P, Lejju JB, Omara T. Ethnomedicinal plants used for malaria treatment in Rukungiri District, Western Uganda. Trop Med Health 2023; 51:49. [PMID: 37644587 PMCID: PMC10466780 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-023-00541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a major global health challenge and a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. In Uganda, limited access to medical facilities has perpetuated the reliance of indigenous communities on herbal medicine for the prevention and management of malaria. This study was undertaken to document ethnobotanical knowledge on medicinal plants prescribed for managing malaria in Rukungiri District, a meso-endemic malaria region of Western Uganda. METHODS An ethnobotanical survey was carried out between May 2022 and December 2022 in Bwambara Sub-County, Rukungiri District, Western Uganda using semi-structured questionnaire. A total of 125 respondents (81 females and 44 males) were randomly selected and seven (7) key informants were engaged in open interviews. In all cases, awareness of herbalists on malaria, treatment-seeking behaviour and herbal treatment practices were obtained. The ethnobotanical data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, informant consensus factor and preference ranking. RESULTS The study identified 48 medicinal plants belonging to 47 genera and 23 families used in the treatment of malaria and its symptoms in the study area. The most frequently cited species were Vernonia amygdalina, Aloe vera and Azadirachta indica. Leaves (74%) was the most used plant organ, mostly for preparation of decoctions (41.8%) and infusions (23.6%) which are administered orally (89.6%) or used for bathing (10.4%). CONCLUSIONS Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants used as prophylaxis and for treatment of malaria still exist among the local communities of Bwambara Sub-County. However, there is a need to investigate the antimalarial efficacy, phytochemical composition and safety of species (such as Digitaria abyssinica and Berkheya barbata) with high percentage use values to validate their use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannington Gumisiriza
- Department of Chemistry, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda.
| | - Eunice Apio Olet
- Department of Biology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Paul Mukasa
- Department of Chemistry, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Julius B Lejju
- Department of Biology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Timothy Omara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences and Aerospace Studies, Moi University, P.O. Box 3900, Eldoret, Kenya
- Center of Excellence II in Phytochemicals, Textile and Renewable Energy (ACE II PTRE), Moi University, P.O. Box 3900, Eldoret, Kenya
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tabuti JRS, Obakiro SB, Nabatanzi A, Anywar G, Nambejja C, Mutyaba MR, Omara T, Waako P. Medicinal plants used for treatment of malaria by indigenous communities of Tororo District, Eastern Uganda. Trop Med Health 2023; 51:34. [PMID: 37303066 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-023-00526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains the leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa. Although recent developments such as malaria vaccine trials inspire optimism, the search for novel antimalarial drugs is urgently needed to control the mounting resistance of Plasmodium species to the available therapies. The present study was conducted to document ethnobotanical knowledge on the plants used to treat symptoms of malaria in Tororo district, a malaria-endemic region of Eastern Uganda. METHODS An ethnobotanical study was carried out between February 2020 and September 2020 in 12 randomly selected villages of Tororo district. In total, 151 respondents (21 herbalists and 130 non-herbalists) were selected using multistage random sampling method. Their awareness of malaria, treatment-seeking behaviour and herbal treatment practices were obtained using semi-structured questionnaires and focus group discussions. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, paired comparison, preference ranking and informant consensus factor. RESULTS A total of 45 plant species belonging to 26 families and 44 genera were used in the preparation of herbal medicines for management of malaria and its symptoms. The most frequently mentioned plant species were Vernonia amygdalina, Chamaecrista nigricans, Aloe nobilis, Warburgia ugandensis, Abrus precatorius, Kedrostis foetidissima, Senna occidentalis, Azadirachta indica and Mangifera indica. Leaves (67.3%) were the most used plant part while maceration (56%) was the major method of herbal remedy preparation. Oral route was the predominant mode of administration with inconsistencies in the posology prescribed. CONCLUSION This study showed that the identified medicinal plants in Tororo district, Uganda, are potential sources of new antimalarial drugs. This provides a basis for investigating the antimalarial efficacy, phytochemistry and toxicity of the unstudied species with high percentage use values to validate their use in the management of malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R S Tabuti
- Department of Environmental Management, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Samuel Baker Obakiro
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, P.O. Box 1460, Mbale, Uganda.
| | - Alice Nabatanzi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Godwin Anywar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Cissy Nambejja
- Natural Chemotherapeutics Research Institute (NCRI), Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 4864, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michael R Mutyaba
- National Drug Authority, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 23096, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Timothy Omara
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), The Tulln University and Research Center (UFT), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Paul Waako
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, P.O. Box 1460, Mbale, Uganda
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Walusansa A, Asiimwe S, Ssenku JE, Anywar G, Namara M, Nakavuma JL, Kakudidi EK. Herbal medicine used for the treatment of diarrhea and cough in Kampala city, Uganda. Trop Med Health 2022; 50:5. [PMID: 34991719 PMCID: PMC8739351 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-021-00389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, diarrheal and respiratory diseases are among the main causes of mortality and morbidity. In Uganda, cities are facing proliferation of trade in herbal medicines (HM), including those for diarrhea and/or cough. Information on the economic, and the ethnopharmacological aspects of these HM is scarce, deterring the sector from achieving optimal capacity to support national development. We profiled the anti-diarrhea and/or anti-cough HM, and the basic economic aspects of HM trade in Kampala city, to support ethnopharmacological knowledge conservation and strategic planning. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 65 herbalists using semi-structured questionnaires. This was supplemented by an observational survey using a high-resolution digital camera. Data were collected following the guidelines for research on HM, established by Uganda National Drug Authority, and World Health organization. RESULTS Eighty-four plant species from 41 families were documented. Fabaceae and Myricaceae had the highest number of species (9, 10.7% each). Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck was the most commonly cited for cough, with a relative frequency of citation (RFC) of 1.00, and its relative medical importance was not significantly different from the other top 5 species except for Azadirachta indica A.Juss (RFC = 0.87). Entada abyssinica A. Rich (RFC = 0.97) was the most cited for diarrhea. Trees (34, 40.5%) were mostly used, and mainly harvested from wild habitats (55.2%) in 20 districts across Uganda. These HM were mainly sold as powders and concoctions, in markets, shops, pharmacies, and roadside or mobile stalls. The highest prices were Uganda Shillings (UGX) 48,000 ($13.15)/kg for Allium sativum L, and UGX 16,000 ($4.38)/kg for C. limon. All participants used HM trade as a sole source of basic needs; majority (60.0%) earned net monthly profit of UGX. 730,000 ($200) ≤ 1,460,000 ($400). The main hindrances to HM trade were the; disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic (n = 65, 100%), and the scarcity of medicinal plants (58, 89.2%). CONCLUSION There is a rich diversity of medicinal plant species traded in Kampala to treat diarrhea and cough. The HM trade significantly contributes to the livelihoods of the traders in Kampala, as well as the different actors along the HM value chain throughout the country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Walusansa
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Habib Medical School, Islamic University in Uganda, Kampala, Uganda.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, Mbale, Uganda.
| | - Savina Asiimwe
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jamilu E Ssenku
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Godwin Anywar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Milbert Namara
- College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Cir, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Jesca L Nakavuma
- Department of Biomolecular and Biolaboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Esezah K Kakudidi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Muronga M, Quispe C, Tshikhudo PP, Msagati TAM, Mudau FN, Martorell M, Salehi B, Abdull Razis AF, Sunusi U, Kamal RM, Sharifi-Rad J. Three Selected Edible Crops of the Genus Momordica as Potential Sources of Phytochemicals: Biochemical, Nutritional, and Medicinal Values. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:625546. [PMID: 34054516 PMCID: PMC8155620 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.625546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Momordica species (Family Cucurbitaceae) are cultivated throughout the world for their edible fruits, leaves, shoots and seeds. Among the species of the genus Momordica, there are three selected species that are used as vegetable, and for medicinal purposes, Momordica charantia L (Bitter melon), Momordica foetida Schumach (Bitter cucumber) and Momordica balsamina L (African pumpkin). The fruits and leaves of these Momordica species are rich in primary and secondary metabolites such as proteins, fibers, minerals (calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc), β-carotene, foliate, ascorbic acid, among others. The extracts from Momordica species are used for the treatment of a variety of diseases and ailments in traditional medicine. Momordica species extracts are reputed to possess anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anthelmintic bioactivity, abortifacient, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and play chemo-preventive functions. In this review we summarize the biochemical, nutritional, and medicinal values of three Momordica species (M. charantia, M. foetida and M. balsamina) as promising and innovative sources of natural bioactive compounds for future pharmaceutical usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mashudu Muronga
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias De La Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Phumudzo P. Tshikhudo
- Pest Risk Analysis, Directorate Plant Health, Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Titus A. M Msagati
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Unit, College of Science Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Florida, South Africa
| | - Fhatuwani N. Mudau
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
- School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Universidad de Concepción, Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, UDT, Concepción, Chile
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Usman Sunusi
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University Kano P M B, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Ramla Muhammad Kamal
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Omokhua-Uyi AG, Van Staden J. Phytomedicinal relevance of South African Cucurbitaceae species and their safety assessment: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 259:112967. [PMID: 32422356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE South Africa has a very rich flora. Many of these species such as those in the Cucurbitaceae family are exploited as medicines for the treatment of various infections. AIM OF THE REVIEW The aim of the review was to synthesize the existing but scattered literature of some plant species in the Cucurbitaceae family used as sources of medicines in South Africa. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature survey was carried out on the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacological relevance and safety assessment of the South African Cucurbitaceae used as medicines. RESULTS A total of 11 plants namely; Coccinia rehmannii Cogn., Cucumis africanus L.f., Cucumis anguria L. var. longaculeatus J.H.Kirkbr., Cucumis myriocarpus Naudin subsp. myriocarpus, Cucumis zeyheri Sond., Cucumis metuliferus E. Mey ex Naudin, Kedrostis nana (Lam) Cogn., Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl., Momordica balsamina L., Momordica charantia L., and Momordica foetida Schumach. and Thonn were identified. Various traditional medicinal uses for these plants, from common ailments to life-threatening infections were reported. Biological activities including antidiabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective were reported. However, some of the plants have not been investigated for some of the biological activities related to their traditional uses. In addition, most of the studies were carried out using non-standardized extracts. Thus, only a few studies on their bioactive constituents exist. Common compounds identified within the species are hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids such as sinapic, gallic, vanillic and salicylic acids; flavonoids such as naringenin, quercetin, kaempferol and rutin; fatty acids such as linoleic, palmitoleic, myristic and stearic acids; the saponin glycosides, momordicin alkaloids and cucurbitacins. However, most of these compounds have not been tested for biological activities. Cucurbitacins were implicated as a major class of toxic compounds present in the plants resulting in poisoning and death. CONCLUSIONS Adequate knowledge of the traditional use of these plants in medicine and the parts used are very important due to the presence of toxic substances and their wide usage. Proper screening of the safety of these plants and products derived from them calls for urgent attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aitebiremen Gift Omokhua-Uyi
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3201, South Africa
| | - Johannes Van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3201, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
da Silva GC, de Oliveira AM, Machado JCB, Ferreira MRA, de Medeiros PL, Soares LAL, de Souza IA, Paiva PMG, Napoleão TH. Toxicity assessment of saline extract and lectin-rich fraction from Microgramma vacciniifolia rhizome. Toxicon 2020; 187:65-74. [PMID: 32890585 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Microgramma vacciniifolia is broadly used in folk medicine but safety information is unavailable. Therefore, we evaluated the toxicity of a saline extract and a lectin-rich fraction of M. vacciniifolia rhizome. The extract showed hemolytic activity on mice erythrocytes at 1000 μg/mL, whereas the fraction promoted hemolysis (8.57-26.15%) at all tested concentrations (10-1000 μg/mL). Acute toxicity test in mice indicated an LD50 of >5000 mg/kg. Hematological alterations and increased serum alkaline phosphatase level were observed in the treated animals. Transaminases and urea levels increased in the groups treated with the extract or fraction at 5000 mg/kg. Leukocyte infiltration was observed in the liver of extract-treated animals and in the liver and lungs of mice treated with the fraction. The kidneys of animals treated with the fraction at 5000 mg/kg presented hydropic degeneration. The extract and fraction did not induce oxidative stress in the liver and did not show genotoxicity, as examined by micronucleus and comet assays. In conclusion, the preparations were not lethal to mice but caused some signs of toxicity, mainly the fraction. The results indicated the need to evaluate the toxicity of M. vacciniifolia rhizome in other models and in chronic assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Cavalcante da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Alisson Macário de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Departamento de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Janaina Carla Barbosa Machado
- Departamento de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Paloma Lys de Medeiros
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Luiz Alberto Lira Soares
- Departamento de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ivone Antônia de Souza
- Departamento de Antibióticos, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Maria Guedes Paiva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Thiago Henrique Napoleão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Antimalarial Plants Used across Kenyan Communities. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:4538602. [PMID: 32617107 PMCID: PMC7306085 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4538602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is one of the serious health problems in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Its treatment has been met with chronic failure due to pathogenic resistance to the currently available drugs. This review attempts to compile phytotherapeutical information on antimalarial plants in Kenya based on electronic data. A comprehensive web search was conducted in multidisciplinary databases, and a total of 286 plant species from 75 families, distributed among 192 genera, were retrieved. Globally, about 139 (48.6%) of the species have been investigated for antiplasmodial (18%) or antimalarial activities (97.1%) with promising results. However, there is no record on the antimalarial activity of about 51.4% of the species used although they could be potential sources of antimalarial remedies. Analysis of ethnomedicinal recipes indicated that mainly leaves (27.7%) and roots (19.4%) of shrubs (33.2%), trees (30.1%), and herbs (29.7%) are used for preparation of antimalarial decoctions (70.5%) and infusions (5.4%) in Kenya. The study highlighted a rich diversity of indigenous antimalarial plants with equally divergent herbal remedy preparation and use pattern. Further research is required to validate the therapeutic potential of antimalarial compounds from the unstudied claimed species. Although some species were investigated for their antimalarial efficacies, their toxicity and safety aspects need to be further investigated.
Collapse
|
9
|
Exploring Antimalarial Herbal Plants across Communities in Uganda Based on Electronic Data. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:3057180. [PMID: 31636682 PMCID: PMC6766105 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3057180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most rampant diseases today not only in Uganda but also throughout Africa. Hence, it needs very close attention as it can be severe, causing many deaths, especially due to the rising prevalence of pathogenic resistance to current antimalarial drugs. The majority of the Ugandan population relies on traditional herbal medicines for various health issues. Thus, herein, we review various plant resources used to treat malaria across communities in Uganda so as to provide comprehensive and valuable ethnobotanical data about these plants. Approximately 182 plant species from 63 different plant families are used for malaria treatment across several communities in Uganda, of which 112 plant species have been investigated for antimalarial activities and 96% of the plant species showing positive results. Some plants showed very strong antimalarial activities and could be investigated further for the identification and validation of potentially therapeutic antimalarial compounds. There is no record of an investigation of antimalarial activity for approximately 39% of the plant species used for malaria treatment, yet these plants could be potential sources for potent antimalarial remedies. Thus, the review provides guidance for areas of further research on potential plant resources that could be sources of compounds with therapeutic properties for the treatment of malaria. Some of the plants were investigated for antimalarial activities, and their efficacy, toxicity, and safety aspects still need to be studied.
Collapse
|
10
|
Gumisiriza H, Birungi G, Olet EA, Sesaazi CD. Medicinal plant species used by local communities around Queen Elizabeth National Park, Maramagambo Central Forest Reserve and Ihimbo Central Forest Reserve, South western Uganda. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 239:111926. [PMID: 31067488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The application of ethnobotanical indigenous knowledge is very important in improving primary healthcare systems among the local communities living around and within protected areas in South Western Uganda. In this area, there are biodiversity endowed Queen Elizabeth National Park (QENP), Maramagambo Central Forest Reserve (MCFR) and Ihimbo Central Forest Reserve (ICFR). Despite the rich floral diversity and cultural heritage, there is no published documentation on the use of medicinal plants in this area. This information can be used as a basis for the selection of medicinal plants for further phytochemical and pharmacological studies. STUDY AIM This study identified and documented the use of medicinal plants, plant parts used, and mode of preparation and administration by the local communities living around and within QENP, MCFR and ICFR. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was used to collect data from 202 informants using semi-structured questionnaires, open interviews and field visits. Ethnobotanical data was analyzed using use reports (UR), frequency of citation (FC) and Informant Consensus Factor (FIC). The plants species were identified by botanists and voucher specimens were deposited. RESULTS A total of 302 medicinal plant species were mentioned by informants, out of which only 211 species belonging to 65 families and 165 genera were collected, identified and documented. The remaining 91 species were not available for collection and informants stated that they had become very rare within the study area. Herbs (35.8%) were the main source of herbal medicine. Leaves (60.4%) were the most commonly used plant parts used in the preparation of herbal remedies. Most of the medicinal plants were harvested from the wild, either growing in abundance (41%) or as rare species (21%). The most common mode of administration was oral, while other exceptional modes such as touching with bare hands and sweeping over the affected part were reported for the first time. The medicinal plant species were reported to treat 134 physical ailments, which were grouped into 16 ICPC-2 disease categories. Digestive disorders (854 UR) and general and unspecified disorders (507) scored the highest FIC value of 0.83. The highest number of medicinal plants (146 plant species) was used for treatment of digestive disorders. Among the species with higher use reports, Gouania longispicata had the highest frequency of citation (FC = 174) and was mentioned to be used to treat 41 physical ailments. The most important ailment treated by Gouania longispicata was allergy with 102 use reports. CONCLUSIONS A variety of medicinal plants are used by communities living near protected areas in South Western Uganda. Most species were used in the treatment of digestive disorders, followed by general and unspecified disorders. Much as allergy has not been identified as a major threat by the health sector in Uganda, the study found out that it is one of the prevalent ailments in the study area. While the therapeutic value of some of the documented medicinal plant species, especially those with higher frequency of citation have been scientifically validated, the efficacy and safety of other species with wide application need to be investigated. In this study, we recommend further scientific studies on Gouania longispicata to validate its wide usage in the study area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannington Gumisiriza
- Department of Chemistry, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P. O Box, 1410, Mbarara, Uganda.
| | - Grace Birungi
- Department of Chemistry, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P. O Box, 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Eunice Apio Olet
- Department of Biology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P. O Box, 1410, Uganda
| | - Crispin Duncan Sesaazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P. O Box, 1410, Uganda
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Obbo CJD, Kariuki ST, Gathirwa JW, Olaho-Mukani W, Cheplogoi PK, Mwangi EM. In vitro antiplasmodial, antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial activities of selected medicinal plants from Ugandan flora: Refocusing into multi-component potentials. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 229:127-136. [PMID: 30273736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Seven medicinal plants from Ugandan flora, namely Entada abyssinica, Khaya anthotheca, Vernonia amygdalina, Baccharoides adoensis, Schkuhria pinnata, Entandropragma utile and Momordica foetida, were selected in this study. They are used to treat conditions and infections ranging from inflammations, pains and fevers to viruses, bacteria, protozoans and parasites. Two of the plants, V. amygdalina and M. foetida, are also used as human food or relish, while others are important in ethnoveterinary practices and in zoopharmacognosy in the wild. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antiplasmodial, antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial activities, along with cytotoxicity of the multi-component extracts of these plants. MATERIALS AND METHODS Different parts of the plants were prepared and serially extracted with hexane, petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and double distilled water. Solvent free extracts were assayed for in vitro inhibition against four reference parasite strains, Plasmodium falciparum (K1), Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (STIB 900), Trypanosoma cruzi (Talahuen C2C4) and Leishmania donovani (MHOM-ET-67/L82) using standard methods. Toxicity was assessed against L6 skeletal fibroblast and mouse peritoneal macrophage (J774) cells and selectivity indices (SIs) calculated for the most active extracts. RESULTS The strongest activities, demonstrating median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values ≤ 2 μg/ml, were observed for the dichloromethane and petroleum ether extracts of K. anthotheca, B. adoensis and S. pinnata. Overall, IC50 values ranged from < 1 μg/ml to > 90 μg/ml. Out of 22 extracts demonstrating IC50s < 20 μg/ml, seven were against T. b. rhodesiense (IC50: 1.6-16.2 μg/ml), six against T. cruzi (IC50: 2.1-18.57 μg/ml), none against L. donovani (IC50: falling > 3.3 and >10 μg/ml), and nine against P. falciparum (IC50: 0.96 μg/ml to 4.69 μg/ml). Selectivity indices (SI) calculated for the most active extracts ranged from <1.00 to 94.24. However, the B. adoensis leaf dichloromethane extract (a) was equipotent (IC50 = 3.3 μg/ml) against L. donovani and L6 cells respectively, indicating non-specific selection. Trypanosome and Plasmodium parasites were comparatively more sensitive to the test extracts. CONCLUSIONS The benefits achieved from the seven tested plant species as traditional ethnomedicinal and ethnoveterinary therapies or in zoopharmacognosy against infections and conditions of animals in the wild are strongly supported by results of this study. The synergy of plant extracts, so achieved by concerted actions of the ligands, produces adequate perturbation of targets in the four parasite genera, resulting in the strong potencies exhibited by low IC50 values. The total inhibitory effect, achieved as a sum of perturbations contributed by each participating compound in the extract, minimises toxic effects of the compounds as seen in the high SI's obtained with some extracts. Those extracts demonstrating SI ≥ 4 form promising candidates for further cell-based and system pharmacology studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J D Obbo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Njoro, Kenya; Department of Biological Sciences, Kyambogo University, Post Box 1, Kyambogo, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - S T Kariuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Njoro, Kenya
| | - J W Gathirwa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 54840, Nairobi 00200, Kenya
| | - W Olaho-Mukani
- African Union-Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources, P.O. Box 30786, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - P K Cheplogoi
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Njoro, Kenya.
| | - E M Mwangi
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Njoro, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Adia MM, Emami SN, Byamukama R, Faye I, Borg-Karlson AK. Antiplasmodial activity and phytochemical analysis of extracts from selected Ugandan medicinal plants. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 186:14-19. [PMID: 27019273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Resistance of the parasites to known antimalarial drugs has provided the necessity to find new drugs from natural products against malaria. The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of some plants used by Traditional Medical Practitioners (TMPs) of Prometra and Rukararwe in malaria treatment in Uganda to provide scientific proof of the efficacies claimed by these Herbalists. MATERIALS AND METHODS The air dried samples of Clerodendrum rotundifolium (leaves), Microglossa pyrifolia (leaves), Momordica foetida (leaves) and Zanthoxylum chalybeum (stem bark) used for malaria treatment by TMPs were successively extracted with ethyl acetate, methanol and water to yield twelve extracts. The extracts were tested against the chloroquine-sensitive (NF54) and chloroquine-resistant (FCR3) Plasmodium falciparum strains in vitro using the micro Mark III test which is based on assessing the inhibition of schizont maturation. A compound A was extracted and purified from the stem bark of Z. chalybeum and its structure was identified and confirmed by spectroscopic methods. RESULTS Most of the extracts tested (92%) showed an antiplasmodial activity with IC50<50µg/mL. In spite of successive extractions with different solvents, potent anti-plasmodial activity (IC50<5µg/mL) was observed in the ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous extracts of M. pyrifolia and C. rotundifolium. Preferential enrichments of activity into water (IC50<15µg/mL) and Ethyl acetate (IC50<5µg/mL) were seen in the case of M. foetida and Z. chalybeum respectively. The most active extracts were from C. rotundifolium and M. pyrifolia with IC50 values less than 2µg/mL. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and cardiac glycocides. Fagaramide isolated from Z. chalybeum had a higher activity (IC50 2.85µg/mL) against the chloroquine-resistant strain than against the chloroquine-senstive (IC50 16.6µg/mL) strain used in the study. CONCLUSION The plant extracts analysed in this study presented an average antiplasmodial activity (58%). This study revealed for the first time the antiplasmodial activity of the plant C. rotundofolium. It's the first time the compound fagaramide (N-isobutyl-3-(3,4-methylene dioxyphenyl)-2E-propenamide) has been isolated from Z. chalybeum as one of the compounds that contribute to the activity of this plant against P. falciparum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madina Mohamed Adia
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Seyedeh Noushin Emami
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW) Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Byamukama
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ingrid Faye
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW) Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Borg-Karlson
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chiu HH, Hsieh YC, Chen YH, Wang HY, Lu CY, Chen CJ, Li YK. Three important amino acids control the regioselectivity of flavonoid glucosidation in glycosyltransferase-1 from Bacillus cereus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8411-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7536-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
14
|
Optimization of Pressurized Hot Water Extraction of Flavonoids from Momordica foetida Using UHPLC-qTOF-MS and Multivariate Chemometric Approaches. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
15
|
Ngarivhume T, Van't Klooster CIEA, de Jong JTVM, Van der Westhuizen JH. Medicinal plants used by traditional healers for the treatment of malaria in the Chipinge district in Zimbabwe. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 159:224-37. [PMID: 25449454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Because about 50% of the Zimbabwean population is at risk of contracting malaria each year, the majority of people, especially in rural areas, use traditional plant-based medicines to combat malaria. This explorative ethnobotanical survey was undertaken to document how malaria is conceptualized and diagnosed by traditional healers, and to record the medicinal plants used in the prevention and treatment of malaria, their mode of preparation and administration. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research was conducted in three villages in Headman Muzite׳s area and in Chiriga village. These villages are located in the Chipinge district in the Manicaland Province in Zimbabwe.Traditional healers were selected with the assistance of the headman of the Muzite area and a representative of the Zimbabwe National Traditional Healers Association. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 traditional healers from four villages in the Chipinge district in Zimbabwe. RESULTS In total, 28 plants from 16 plant families are used by the healers who manage malaria with medicinal plants. The most cited plant is Cassia abbreviata Oliv. (Leguminosae) followed by Aristolochia albida Duch (Aristolociaceae) and Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. (Rutaceae). Roots (55.3%) are the most common part used. Most of the plant parts used to treat malaria are stored as dried powders in closed bottles. The powders are soaked in hot or cold water and the water extract is taken as the active medicine. The healers consider their medicinal knowledge as a spiritual family heritage. Only 25% of the healers refer the malaria patients that do not respond to their treatment to hospital - they believe evil spirits cause their remedies to failure and they would rather try a different plant or perform a cleansing ceremony. CONCLUSIONS Local knowledge of medicinal plants in the treatment of malaria still exists in all four villages surveyed and traditional healers appear to play an important role in primary health care services in this remote rural area in Zimbabwe. This explorative survey underscores the need to preserve and document traditional healing for managing malaria and for more future scientific research on the plants to determine their efficacy and their safety. This could improve their traditional anti-malarial recipes and might contribute to a better integration of Zimbabwean traditional medicine into the national health system in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talkmore Ngarivhume
- Department of Chemistry, Walter Sisulu University, NMD campus, P.O. Bag X1, Mthatha 5117, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Charlotte I E A Van't Klooster
- Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR), University of Amsterdam (UvA), P.O. Box 15718, 1001 NE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joop T V M de Jong
- Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR), University of Amsterdam (UvA), P.O. Box 15718, 1001 NE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H Van der Westhuizen
- Directorate: Research Development, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
de Azevedo Neta Mahon CPC, Colodel EM, Balogun SO, de Oliveira RG, de Oliveira Martins DT. Toxicological evaluation of the hydroethanolic extract of Dilodendron bipinnatum Radlk. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:665-671. [PMID: 24933228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dilodendron bipinnatum Radlk., Sapindaceae, is popularly known as 'mulher-pobre'. Its stem bark macerate or decoction is popularly used mainly to treat uterine inflammation and bone fractures. Acute oral and subchronic toxicities of the hydroethanolic extract of Dilodendron bipinnatum (HEDb) were investigated as well as the classes of phytochemical present in the extract. MATERIALS AND METHODS Acute toxicity of HEDb was investigated by hippocratic screening in Swiss mice, cytotoxicity and potential genotoxic effect were evaluated with micronucleus test in the CHO-k1cells. Subchronic oral toxicity of HEDb was assessed in Wistar rats with graded doses of HEDb repeatedly administered for 30 days, in order to evaluate the behavioral changes, weight gain, water and feed consumption, urine and feces excretion, hematological and biochemical parameters and histopathological examinations of vital organs. RESULTS In hippocratic screening doses up to 5000 mg/kg p.o. did not cause any changes in female mice, while signs of reduction in motility, increased respiratory rate and tail erection were observed in male mice but were all reversed within an hour. In cytotoxicity assay, IC50 was 118±1.55 µg/mL in CHO-k1 cells. Micronucleus test demonstrated that the plant extract is non-genotoxic. In subchronic toxicity studies, minor change was observed as an increase in the urine output in the last 18 days of treatment with 500 mg/kg of HEDb, while other parameters remained unchanged. All alterations observed were discrete and minor in nature and were not accompanied by any relevant clinical signs or any toxicologically significant biochemical, hematological and histopathological changes. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of aurones, chalcones, coumarins, flavonones, flavononoids, phenols, and saponins. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate high safety profile of HEDb in both experimental animals and cell models assays. However, there may be risk of hepatotoxicity in the use of the extract at high doses for a prolonged period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Edson Moleta Colodel
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT) 78060-900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Sikiru Olaitan Balogun
- Departament of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT) 78060-900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Ruberlei Godinho de Oliveira
- Departament of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT) 78060-900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Oliveira MC, Lemos LMS, de Oliveira RG, Dall'Oglio EL, de Sousa Júnior PT, de Oliveira Martins DT. Evaluation of toxicity of Calophyllum brasiliense stem bark extract by in vivo and in vitro assays. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:30-38. [PMID: 24933219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Calophyllum brasiliense Camb., Clusiaceae, is commonly known as "guanandi" and its stem bark is used in Brazilian traditional medicine to treat rheumatism, vein problems, hemorrhoids and gastric ulcers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of hexane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense stem bark (HECb) using in vitro and in vivo experimental models. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro toxicity was evaluated by Alamar Blue cytotoxicity assay and micronucleus test, using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-k1) epithelial cells. in vivo toxicity was evaluated by oral acute and subchronic toxicity assays. In the oral acute toxicity screening, a single dose of HECb was administered to mice at doses ranging from 250 to 1000 mg/kg. In the subchronic study, HECb was administered orally for 30 days to Wistar rats at doses of 100 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg. Phytochemical analyses were performed by HPLC/UV-vis, secondary metabolites were quantified by spectrophotometric methods. RESULTS HECb presented IC50=119.94±4.31 µg/mL after a 24 h cytotoxicity test using CHO-k1 cells, showing low cytotoxicity. However, when the cells were exposed to HECb for 72 h, the IC50 value was 8.39±2.00 µg/mL, showing in this case, a pronounced cytotoxic effect. In the oral acute toxicity studies, doses up to 500 mg/kg of HECb did not cause any changes in both male and female mice. At 1000 mg/kg, male mice showed signs typical of depression and stimulation that were reversed at 72 h. Besides, female mice were more sensitive to the toxic effect of HECb at 1000 mg/kg, which initially presented typical agitation signals, followed by depression signals, leading to death of all the animals at 24h. In subchronic assay with rats, HECb administered orally at doses of 100 and 500 mg/kg did not cause significant changes in all clinical parameters evaluated. Histopathological analyses showed no deleterious effect in the vital organs of rats. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, steroids, and volatile coumarins. Analysis by HPLC showed two major peaks characteristic of chromanones. CONCLUSIONS In vitro toxicological tests showed that HECb exhibited cytotoxicity especially after 72 h of exposition, and mutagenicity on the highest tested dose. The in vivo studies demonstrated that HECb produced some toxicity signs at the highest dose tested, particularly, in the acute toxicity test but showed no significant signs of toxicity in the subchronic assay. Based on these and previous pharmacological studies, it is possible to say that HECb did not exhibit significant toxicity at its effective dose. This suggests that HECb is relatively safe in humans at its effective dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Canevari Oliveira
- Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, no. 2367, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Larissa Maria Scalon Lemos
- Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, no. 2367, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Ruberlei Godinho de Oliveira
- Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, no. 2367, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Evandro Luiz Dall'Oglio
- Natural Products Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact and Earth Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, no. 2367, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Teixeira de Sousa Júnior
- Natural Products Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact and Earth Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, no. 2367, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Domingos Tabajara de Oliveira Martins
- Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, no. 2367, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso 78060-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
de Oliveira RG, Mahon CPAN, Ascêncio PGM, Ascêncio SD, Balogun SO, de Oliveira Martins DT. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of hydroethanolic extract of Dilodendron bipinnatum Radlk. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:387-395. [PMID: 24930355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dilodendron bipinnatum Radlk. (Sapindaceae), popularly known as "mulher-pobre", is a native tree of the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The stem bark of Dilodendron bipinnatum is used by the population, in the forms of decoction and maceration in the treatment of inflammatory conditions. There is no information in the literature demonstrating the anti-inflammatory activity of Dilodendron bipinnatum and its respective mechanism of action. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of action of the hydroethanolic extract of the stem bark of Dilodendron bipinnatum (HEDb) using in vivo and in vitro experimental models. MATERIALS AND METHODS The stem bark of Dilodendron bipinnatum was macerated in 70% hydroethanolic solution (1:3, w/v) for 7 days, filtered, concentrated on a rotary evaporator and the residual solvent removed in oven at 40°C, thus obtaining HEDb. Cytotoxicity of HEDb in RAW 264.7 was assessed by the Alamar blue assay. in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of HEDb was evaluated with carrageenan and dextran-induced paw edemas and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced peritonitis in mice. Effects of HEDb on the inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10) concentrations in the peritoneal fluid were evaluated using commercial ELISA kits. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with LPS and/or INF-γ, while a Griess method was employed to determine nitric oxide (NO) concentrations in the peritoneal lavage and in the supernatants of RAW 264.7 cells. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out using classical methods and secondary metabolites detected on HEDb were analyzed and confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS HEDb showed very low cytotoxicity with IC50>200±0.38 μg/mL. HEDb effectively inhibited paw edema by carrageenan in the 2nd hour at 20 mg/kg (36%, p<0.001), and by dextran in the 1st hour at 100 mg/kg (46%, p<0.01), after induction with the phlogistic agents. Furthermore, HEDb reduced total leukocytes and neutrophils migration at all doses tested producing maximum effect at 20 mg/kg (45% and 64%, p<0.001 respectively). HEDb also attenuated increases in the concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) and increased the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the peritonitis model. However, it had no effect on NO production in activated RAW 264.7 cells. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, chalcones, flavones, flavonones, flavonoids, saponins and coumarins. HPLC analyses identified some tannins, with epigallocatechin gallate being the major compound. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide evidence for the popular use of the stem bark of Dilodendrum bipinnatum in inflammation. Its anti-inflammatory action was due, at least in part, to the inhibition of cell migration, of the inflammatory mediators and Th1 cytokines and an increase in Th2 cytokines, without affecting NO pathway. It can be suggested that tannins account at least in part for the anti-inflammatory activity of HEDb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruberlei Godinho de Oliveira
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, no. 2367, Coxipó, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá 78060-900, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Clarisse Pinto Azevedo Neto Mahon
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, no. 2367, Coxipó, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá 78060-900, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Poliana Guerino Marson Ascêncio
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Tocantins (UFT), Av. NS15, Palmas 77020-210, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Donizeti Ascêncio
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Tocantins (UFT), Av. NS15, Palmas 77020-210, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Sikiru Olaitan Balogun
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, no. 2367, Coxipó, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá 78060-900, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Domingos Tabajara de Oliveira Martins
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, no. 2367, Coxipó, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá 78060-900, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
da Silva AO, Damaceno Alves A, Almeida DATD, Balogun SO, de Oliveira RG, Aires Aguiar A, Soares IM, Marson-Ascêncio PG, Ascêncio SD, de Oliveira Martins DT. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and mechanism of action of extract of Macrosiphonia longiflora (Desf.) Müll. Arg. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 154:319-329. [PMID: 24681039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Macrosiphonia longiflora (Desf.) Müll. Arg (Apocynaceae), popularly known as 'velame' and 'velame branco', is a native subshrub that grows in the Brazilian Cerrado. This plant is widely used in traditional medicine in the form of decoction and infusion, particularly as anti-inflammatory, depurative, anti-rheumatic, antisyphilitic and antiulcer remedy. There is no available information in the literature that has addressed its pharmacological activity and phytochemical analysis. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory pharmacological profile of the hydroethanolic extract of Macrosiphonia longiflora, using in vivo and in vitro acute inflammation experimental models, as well as investigate the roles of cytokines and nitric oxide in its mechanism of action, and including phytochemical analysis constitution of its hydroethanolic extract. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hydroethanolic (70%) extract of Macrosiphonia longiflora (HEMl) was prepared by maceration. The preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed according to procedures described in the literature. Selected secondary metabolites detected were quantified by spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Its cytotoxic potential in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-k1) epithelial cell lines was evaluated using Alamar Blue. in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated with carrageenan- and dextran-induced paw edemas, carrageenan-induced pleurisy in rats and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced peritonitis in mice. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with LPS and interferon (INF)-γ. Effects of HEMl on the inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-10, IL-17, INF-γ and TNF-α) concentrations in the peritoneal lavage were evaluated using commercial ELISA kits, while the Griess method was employed to determine nitric oxide (NO) concentrations in the peritoneal lavage, as well as in the supernatants of RAW 264.7 cells. RESULTS Preliminary phytochemical analysis, revealed the presence of phenolics compounds, terpenoids, alkaloids and flavonoids. Spectrophotometric analysis revealed the presence of relatively high content of phenolics and flavonoids in HEMl. HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of the quantified compounds and demonstrated the presence of ellagic acid in the detected matrix of compounds. HEMl appeared to be non-cytotoxic. It effectively inhibited (p<0.05) paw edema induced by carrageenan and dextran. Furthermore, HEMl also significantly reduced exudates volume and leukocyte migration in the carrageenan-induced pleurisy and LPS-induced peritonitis, neutrophils counts in LPS-induced peritonitis. HEMl also acts by effectively inhibiting the following inflammatory cytokines: IL-1β and IL-10 levels in the peritoneal lavage, but had no effect on IL-17 level in the peritonitis model. In addition, HEMl had no effect on the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) present in the peritoneal lavage and cells supernatants. The concentration of NO, as assessed by measurement of nitrite (NO2(-)), showed that pretreatment with HEMl reduced NO significantly in the peritoneal lavage and in RAW 264.7 cells co-stimulated with LPS and INF-γ. CONCLUSION The results obtained in this study indicate that HEMl possesses very low cytotoxic potential. In addition, it demonstrated a potent anti-inflammatory activity in both the in vivo and in vitro models of acute inflammation. The anti-inflammatory effect is partly related to the inhibition of IL-1β, IL-10, and nitric oxide releases, but independent of TNF-α and IL-17 modulation. Phytochemical analysis revealed the predominant presence of the flavonoids (naringin, rutin, myricetin, morin, quercetin, (±)-naringenin, and luteolin) and phenols (ellagic acid), which are possibly involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of HEMl. The current study provided supportive evidence for the popular use of HEMl in the treatment of inflammatory conditions, and shed more light on the possible roles of the inflammatory cytokines in its mechanisms of action as anti-inflammatory agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anísio Onório da Silva
- Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, n. 2367, Cuiabá 78060-900, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Aurea Damaceno Alves
- Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, n. 2367, Cuiabá 78060-900, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Danielle Ayr Tavares de Almeida
- Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, n. 2367, Cuiabá 78060-900, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Sikiru Olaitan Balogun
- Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, n. 2367, Cuiabá 78060-900, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Ruberlei Godinho de Oliveira
- Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, n. 2367, Cuiabá 78060-900, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Aline Aires Aguiar
- Research Laboratory of Natural Products (LPPN), Federal University of Tocantins, Av. NS15, Palmas, Tocantins 77020-210, Brazil
| | - Ilsamar Mendes Soares
- Research Laboratory of Natural Products (LPPN), Federal University of Tocantins, Av. NS15, Palmas, Tocantins 77020-210, Brazil
| | - Poliana Guerino Marson-Ascêncio
- Research Laboratory of Natural Products (LPPN), Federal University of Tocantins, Av. NS15, Palmas, Tocantins 77020-210, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Donizeti Ascêncio
- Research Laboratory of Natural Products (LPPN), Federal University of Tocantins, Av. NS15, Palmas, Tocantins 77020-210, Brazil
| | - Domingos Tabajara de Oliveira Martins
- Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, n. 2367, Cuiabá 78060-900, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ochwang'i DO, Kimwele CN, Oduma JA, Gathumbi PK, Mbaria JM, Kiama SG. Medicinal plants used in treatment and management of cancer in Kakamega County, Kenya. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 151:1040-1055. [PMID: 24362078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional medicine plays a critical role in treatment of chronic debilitating and life threatening conditions and diseases. Cancer is one such condition whose therapeutic intervention is commonly through inexpensive traditional herbal remedies. Increasingly industrialised societies are developing drugs and chemotherapeutics from these traditional herbal plants. Plant biogeography determines the abundance and availability of medicinal plants which in turn determine their use by local communities. The present study was carried out in Kakamega County of Kenya to identify and document medicinal plants used for treatment and management of cancer states by communities living adjacent to Kakamega Tropical rainforest of Kakamega County, Kenya. MATERIALS AND METHODS An ethnobotanical survey was done using semi-structured questionnaires administered to 32 randomly selected herbalists from Kakamega County. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Sixty five (65) plants of 59 genera and 32 families were identified as candidates in therapeutic intervention against cancer states. Most commonly cited plant species were Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. ssp. nilotica (Seem), Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.) Kuntze, Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex poir, Prunus africana (Hook. f.) kalkman, Cyphostemma serpens (A. Rich), Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don and Aloe volkensii Engl. The following were documented for the first time; Aeschynomene abyssinica (A. Rich.) Vatke, Synsepalum cerasiferum (welw.) T. D penn., Albizia coriaria Welw. ex Oliv., Aloe volkensii Engl. Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill, Croton macrostachyus Delile, Cyphostemma serpens (A. Rich), Dicliptera laxata C.B. Clarke, Ekebergia capensis Sparrm., Gardenia volkensii K. schum. ssp. volkensii, Glycine wightii (wight & Arn.), Ocimum gratissimum Suave, Olea hotcsh spp. hochstetteri, Pavetta abyssinica Fresen., Phyllanthus fischeri Pax, Psydrax schimperiana (A. Rich), Rhus vulgaris Meikle, Senna didymobotyra (Fresen.) Irwin and Barneby, Solanecio nandensis (S. Moore) C. Jeffrey, Solanum mauritianum Scop, Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. ssp. nilotica (Seem), Spermacoce princea (K. Schum.) Verdc., Tabernaemontana stapfiana Britten, Tragia brevipes Pax and Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman. The most frequently used plant parts were fresh or dried leaves and stem barks. Administration to patients was almost exclusively oral, with the exceptions being topical application especially for breast cancer and skin sarcomas. CONCLUSIONS This study identified diverse medicinal plants used in therapeutic and management intervention against cancer by communities living adjacent to Kakamega Tropical Rainforest. The primary mode of administration was oral.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic O Ochwang'i
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Charles N Kimwele
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Jemimah A Oduma
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Peter K Gathumbi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - James M Mbaria
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Stephen G Kiama
- Wangari Maathai Institute for Peace and Environmental Studies, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mafioleti L, da Silva Junior IF, Colodel EM, Flach A, Martins DTDO. Evaluation of the toxicity and antimicrobial activity of hydroethanolic extract of Arrabidaea chica (Humb. & Bonpl.) B. Verl. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:576-582. [PMID: 24070833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Arrabidaea chica (Bignoniaceae) is a vine native to the Amazon Rainforest, popularly known as "crajiru" and whose infusion and decoction of the leaves are used to treat diseases such as gastric ulcers, inflammations, infections, anemia, herpes, jaundice among others. It is also used as a natural dye. This work aimed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo toxicity, antimicrobial activity including analysis of chemical constitution of the hydroethanolic extract of the leaves of Arrabidaea chica (HEAc). MATERIALS AND METHODS Acute and subchronic toxicity of HEAc was evaluated in mice and rats, respectively, and by Alamar blue (cytotoxicity assay) using CHO-K1 cells. Antimicrobial activity of HEAc was tested by broth microdilution method using a panel of bacteria and yeast of clinical interest. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of HEAc was performed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry [ESI(+)-MS]. Secondary metabolites were quantified by colorimetric methods. RESULTS When administered in vivo at doses up to 3000 mg/kg v.o., HEAc did not cause any signs and symptoms of acute toxicity in mice and no cytotoxicity in CHO-K1 cells. Administration for 30 days caused leukocytosis (200 mg/kg) and reversible reductions in non-dose dependent of body weight, total weight gain and feed intake in rats given 200mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of HEAc, but were not accompanied by behavioral and clinical changes (laboratory and histopathological) that may have demonstrated evidences of subchronic toxicity HEAc demonstrated a pronounced activity against Helicobacter pylori (MIC=12.5 μg/mL) and moderate activity against Enterococcus faecalis (MIC=100 μg/mL) in broth microdilution. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of HEAc by colorimetric methods revealed that mainly the presence of phenolic compounds (16.6%), especially flavones and flavonols (4.02%). [ESI(+)-MS] fingerprint analyses of HEAc revealed the presence of 3-deoxyanthocyanidins and kaempferol. CONCLUSION Our data provide evidence that HEAc is safe and can be useful in infections related to Helicobacter pylori and Enterococcus faecalis. Phytochemical analysis revealed the predominant presence of flavones and flavonols, possibly involved in the antimicrobial action of HEAc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Mafioleti
- Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, no 2367, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso 78060-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
da Silva IF, de Oliveira RG, Mendes Soares I, da Costa Alvim T, Donizeti Ascêncio S, de Oliveira Martins DT. Evaluation of acute toxicity, antibacterial activity, and mode of action of the hydroethanolic extract of Piper umbellatum L. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 151:137-143. [PMID: 24189034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Piper umbellatum L., Piperaceae, is a shrub that grows up to 3m high. It is commonly known as "capeba" or "pariparoba" in Brazil. Tea prepared using the leaves of this plant is employed in the treatment of infections and inflammatory processes in different countries. Approximately 50 compounds, notably from the flavonoid, alkaloid, terpene, and sterol classes, have been isolated from the leaves of Piper umbellatum. To evaluate the acute toxicity, antibacterial activity, and mode of action of the hydroethanolic extract of Piper umbellatum leaves (HEPu). MATERIALS AND METHODS Acute toxicity of HEPu against CHO-K1 cells was evaluated using a cytotoxicity assay with Alamar Blue and that against mice was assessed by the Hippocratic test. Antibacterial activity of HEPu was tested using the broth microdilution method using a panel of clinically relevant bacteria, and the effects of HEPu on the bacterial membrane were analyzed in detail. A preliminary phytochemical analysis based on coloration/precipitation was performed according to procedure described in the literature. Secondary metabolites detected were analyzed and confirmed by thin layer chromatography (TLC), spectrophotometry, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS Piper umbellatum did not appear to be toxic in the in vitro (IC50>200 µg/mL) cytotoxicity test. When administered in vivo at doses up to 2000 mg/kg p.o., HEPu did not cause any signs or symptoms of toxicity in mice. It demonstrated a good spectrum of antibacterial activity and its mode of action appeared to be associated with changes in the permeability of bacterial membranes; it led to increased entry of hydrophobic antibiotics, efflux of K(+), and nucleotide leakage. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, and sterols in the extract. Spectrophotometric and HPLC analysis revealed the presence of the flavonoids rutin and quercetin. CONCLUSION In summary, HEPu has antibacterial activity and low acute toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Its mode of action appears to be associated with changes in the permeability of the bacterial cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane, which can at least be partly attributed to the flavonoids present in the extract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iberê Ferreira da Silva
- Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, no. 2367, Coxipó, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Ruberlei Godinho de Oliveira
- Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, no. 2367, Coxipó, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Ilsamar Mendes Soares
- Federal University of Tocantins, Faculty of Food Engineering, Agroenergy Undergraduate Program, Av. NS 15, Block number III, 26 Room, Palmas, Tocantins 77020-210, Brazil
| | - Tarso da Costa Alvim
- Federal University of Tocantins, Faculty of Food Engineering, Agroenergy Undergraduate Program, Av. NS 15, Block number III, 26 Room, Palmas, Tocantins 77020-210, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Donizeti Ascêncio
- Federal University of Tocantins, Faculty of Food Engineering, Agroenergy Undergraduate Program, Av. NS 15, Block number III, 26 Room, Palmas, Tocantins 77020-210, Brazil; Federal University of Tocantins, Faculty of Medicine, Av. NS15, BALA Block, 11 C Room, Palmas, Tocantins 77020-210, Brazil
| | - Domingos Tabajara de Oliveira Martins
- Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, no. 2367, Coxipó, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso 78060-900, Brazil..
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Acquaviva R, Di Giacomo C, Vanella L, Santangelo R, Sorrenti V, Barbagallo I, Genovese C, Mastrojeni S, Ragusa S, Iauk L. Antioxidant activity of extracts of Momordica foetida Schumach. et Thonn. Molecules 2013; 18:3241-9. [PMID: 23486103 PMCID: PMC6269981 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18033241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Momordica foetida Schumach. et Thonn. (Cucurbitaceae) is a perennial climbing herb with tendrils, found in swampy areas in Central Uganda. Antidiabetic and antilipogenic activities were reported for some Momordica species, however the mechanism of action is still unknown. Oxidative stress may represent an important pathogenic mechanism in obesity-associated metabolic syndrome. The present study evaluated free radical scavenging capacity of different concentrations of aqueous, methanolic and dichloromethane leaf extracts of Momordica foetida Schumach. et Thonn. and the ability of these extracts to inhibit in vitro plasma lipid peroxidation; in addition, healthy human adipose mesenchymal stem cell cultures were used in order to test the hypothesis that these extracts may affect adipocyte differentiation. Results obtained in this study suggested that aqueous extract might be useful in preventing metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Acquaviva
- Department of Drug Science—Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Claudia Di Giacomo
- Department of Drug Science—Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Luca Vanella
- Department of Drug Science—Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Rosa Santangelo
- Author to home correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-095-738-4115; Fax: +39-095-738-4220
| | - Valeria Sorrenti
- Department of Drug Science—Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Ignazio Barbagallo
- Department of Drug Science—Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Carlo Genovese
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Silvana Mastrojeni
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ragusa
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Liliana Iauk
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Behery FA, Naeem ZEM, Maatooq GT, Amer MM, Ahmed AF. A novel antioxidant phenanthrenoid dimer fromJuncus acutusL. Nat Prod Res 2013; 27:155-63. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2012.662759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
25
|
Leishmanicidal effect of Spiranthera odoratíssima (Rutaceae) and its isolated alkaloid skimmianine occurs by a nitric oxide dependent mechanism. Parasitology 2011; 138:1224-33. [PMID: 21810308 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182011001168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the neglected diseases. High cost, systemic toxicity, and diminished efficacy due to development of resistance by the parasites has a negative impact on the current treatment options. Thus, the search for a new, effective and safer anti-leishmanial drug becomes of paramount importance. Compounds derived from natural products may be a better and cheaper source in this regard. This study evaluated the in vitro anti-leishmanial activity of Spiranthera odoratíssima (Rutaceae) fractions and isolated compounds, using promastigote and amastigote forms of different Leishmania species. J774 A.1 macrophage was used as the parasite host cell for the in vitro assays. Evaluations of cytoxicity, nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-10 and in silico analysis were carried out. In vitro experiments showed that the fruit hexanic fraction (Fhf) and its alkaloid skimmianine (Skm) have a significant (P<0·001) effect against L. braziliensis. This anti-L. braziliensis activity of Fhf and Skm was due to increased production of NO and attenuation of IL-10 production in the macrophages at concentrations ranging from 1·6 to 40·0 μg/ml. The in silico assay demonstrated significant interaction between Skm and amino acid residues of NOS2. Skm is thus a promising drug candidate for L. braziliensis due to its potent immunomodulatory activity.
Collapse
|
26
|
de Sá MS, Costa JFO, Krettli AU, Zalis MG, Maia GLDA, Sette IMF, Câmara CDA, Filho JMB, Giulietti-Harley AM, Ribeiro Dos Santos R, Soares MBP. Antimalarial activity of betulinic acid and derivatives in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum and in vivo in P. berghei-infected mice. Parasitol Res 2009; 105:275-9. [PMID: 19367418 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most important tropical diseases and mainly affects populations living in developing countries. Reduced sensitivity of Plasmodium sp. to formerly recommended antimalarial drugs places an increasing burden on malaria control programs as well as on national health systems in endemic countries. The present study aims to evaluate the antimalarial activity of betulinic acid and its derivative compounds, betulonic acid, betulinic acid acetate, betulinic acid methyl ester, and betulinic acid methyl ester acetate. These substances showed antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites in vitro, with IC(50) values of 9.89, 10.01, 5.99, 51.58, and 45.79 microM, respectively. Mice infected with Plasmodium berghei and treated with betulinic acid acetate had a dose-dependent reduction of parasitemia. Our results indicate that betulinic acid and its derivative compounds are candidates for the development of new antimalarial drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Santos de Sá
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|