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Santos Fernandes J, Fernandes JO, Bernardino CAR, Mahler CF, Braz BF, Santelli RE, Cincotto FH. A New Electrochemical Sensor Based on Carbon Black Modified With Palladium Nanoparticles for Direct Determination of 17α‐ethinylestradiol in Real Samples. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Santos Fernandes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Institute of Chemistry Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Julia Oliveira Fernandes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Institute of Chemistry Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | - Claudio Fernando Mahler
- Department of Civil Engineering COPPE Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Bernardo Ferreira Braz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Institute of Chemistry Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Ricardo Erthal Santelli
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Institute of Chemistry Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- National Institute of Science & Technology of Bioanalytics (INCTBio) Brazil
| | - Fernando Henrique Cincotto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Institute of Chemistry Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- National Institute of Science & Technology of Bioanalytics (INCTBio) Brazil
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Segan D, Stanley G, Messina P, Swiecicki J, Ngo K, Vivier V, Buriez O, Labbé E. Interaction of Redox Probes and Ferrocene‐labelled Peptides with Lipid Bilayers Observed at Lipid Bilayer‐Modified Electrodes. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Segan
- PASTEUR Département de chimie École Normale Supérieure PSL University Sorbonne Université CNRS 75005 Paris France
| | - George Stanley
- Laboratoire des biomolécules (LBM) Département de chimie École Normale supérieure PSL University Sorbonne Université CNRS 75005 Paris France
| | - Pierluca Messina
- PASTEUR Département de chimie École Normale Supérieure PSL University Sorbonne Université CNRS 75005 Paris France
| | - Jean‐Marie Swiecicki
- Laboratoire des biomolécules (LBM) Département de chimie École Normale supérieure PSL University Sorbonne Université CNRS 75005 Paris France
| | - Kieu Ngo
- Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Électrochimiques (LISE) Sorbonne Université CNRS 75005 Paris France
| | - Vincent Vivier
- Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Électrochimiques (LISE) Sorbonne Université CNRS 75005 Paris France
| | - Olivier Buriez
- PASTEUR Département de chimie École Normale Supérieure PSL University Sorbonne Université CNRS 75005 Paris France
| | - Eric Labbé
- PASTEUR Département de chimie École Normale Supérieure PSL University Sorbonne Université CNRS 75005 Paris France
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Ayabe T, Chen A, Sagara T. Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical probing of the ionic channel in Nafion films using the redox of perfluoroalkyl viologen. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Coyle VE, Kandjani AE, Field MR, Hartley P, Chen M, Sabri YM, Bhargava SK. Co3O4 needles on Au honeycomb as a non-invasive electrochemical biosensor for glucose in saliva. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 141:111479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Hernandez-Aldave S, Tarat A, McGettrick JD, Bertoncello P. Voltammetric Detection of Caffeine in Beverages at Nafion/Graphite Nanoplatelets Layer-by-Layer Films. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E221. [PMID: 30736450 PMCID: PMC6410159 DOI: 10.3390/nano9020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report for the first time a procedure in which Nafion/Graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) thin films are fabricated using a modified layer-by-layer (LbL) method. The method consists of dipping a substrate (quartz and/or glassy carbon electrodes) into a composite solution made of Nafion and GNPs dissolved together in ethanol, followed by washing steps in water. This procedure allowed the fabrication of multilayer films of (Nafion/GNPs)n by means of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic‒hydrophobic interactions between Nafion, GNPs, and the corresponding solid substrate. The average thickness of each layer evaluated using profilometer corresponds to ca. 50 nm. The as-prepared Nafion/GNPs LbL films were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), FTIR, and optical microscopy. This characterization highlights the presence of oxygen functionalities that support a mechanism of self-assembly via hydrogen bonding interactions, along with hydrophobic interactions between the carbon groups of GNPs and the Teflon-like (carbon‒fluorine backbone) of Nafion. We showed that Nafion/GNPs LbL films can be deposited onto glassy carbon electrodes and utilized for the voltammetric detection of caffeine in beverages. The results showed that Nafion/GNPs LbL films can achieve a limit of detection for caffeine (LoD) of 0.032 μM and linear range between 20‒250 μM using differential pulse voltammetry, whereas, using cyclic voltammetry LoD and linear range were found to be 24 μM and 50‒5000 μM, respectively. Voltammetric detection of caffeine in beverages showed good agreement between the values found experimentally and those reported by the beverage producers. The values found are also in agreement with those obtained using a standard spectrophotometric method. The proposed method is appealing because it allows the fabrication of Nafion/GNPs thin films in a simple fashion using a single-step procedure, rather than using composite solutions with opposite electrostatic charge, and also allows the detection of caffeine in beverages without any pre-treatment or dilution of the real samples. The proposed method is characterized by a fast response time without apparent interference, and the results were competitive with those obtained with other materials reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hernandez-Aldave
- Systems and Process Engineering Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Crwmlyn Burrows, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK.
| | - Afshin Tarat
- Perpetuus Advanced Materials, Unit B1, Olympus Court, Millstream Way, Swansea Vale, Llansamlet, SA7 0AQ, UK.
| | - James D McGettrick
- SPECIFIC, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK.
| | - Paolo Bertoncello
- Systems and Process Engineering Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Crwmlyn Burrows, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK.
- Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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González B, del Valle MA, Díaz FR, Espinosa-Bustos C, Ramírez AMR, Hernández LA. Synthesis, characterization, electropolymerization, and possible utilities of a new ruthenium-thiophene complex. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz González
- Laboratorio de Electroquímica de Polímeros, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida V. Mackenna; 4860 Macul 7820436 Santiago Chile
| | - M. Angélica del Valle
- Laboratorio de Electroquímica de Polímeros, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida V. Mackenna; 4860 Macul 7820436 Santiago Chile
| | - Fernando R. Díaz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida V. Mackenna; 4860 Macul 7820436 Santiago Chile
| | - Christian Espinosa-Bustos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida V. Mackenna; 4860 Macul 7820436 Santiago Chile
| | - Andrés M. R. Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Electroquímica de Polímeros, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida V. Mackenna; 4860 Macul 7820436 Santiago Chile
| | - Loreto A. Hernández
- Laboratorio de Electroquímica de Polímeros, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida V. Mackenna; 4860 Macul 7820436 Santiago Chile
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Raymundo-Pereira PA, Ceccato DA, Junior AGB, Teixeira MFS, Lima SAM, Pires AM. Study on the structural and electrocatalytic properties of Ba2+- and Eu3+-doped silica xerogels as sensory platforms. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22508j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports on the sol–gel synthesis of barium- and europium-doped silica xerogel and its use as an electrocatalytic sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A. Raymundo-Pereira
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista
- Presidente Prudente
- Brazil
- Instituto de Biociências
| | - Diego A. Ceccato
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista
- Presidente Prudente
- Brazil
- Instituto de Biociências
| | - Airton G. B. Junior
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista
- Presidente Prudente
- Brazil
- Instituto de Biociências
| | - Marcos F. S. Teixeira
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista
- Presidente Prudente
- Brazil
- Instituto de Biociências
| | - Sergio A. M. Lima
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista
- Presidente Prudente
- Brazil
- Instituto de Biociências
| | - Ana. M. Pires
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista
- Presidente Prudente
- Brazil
- Instituto de Biociências
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DOMAGALA S, SKRZYPEK S, CICHOMSKI M, LENIART A. The mediatory activity of meso-tetraphenylporphyrin iron(III) complex immobilized in Nafion film on a Pt electrode in the oxidation of 1,2- and 1,4-hydroquinones. Turk J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.3906/kim-1508-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Raymundo-Pereira PA, Mascarenhas ACV, Teixeira MFS. Evaluation of the Oxo-bridged Dinuclear Ruthenium Ammine Complex as Redox Mediator in an Electrochemical Biosensor. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Machini WBS, Teixeira MFS. Electrochemical Properties of the Oxo-Manganese-Phenanthroline Complex Immobilized on Ion-Exchange Polymeric Film and Its Application as Biomimetic Sensor for Sulfite Ions. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Roy E, Maity SK, Patra S, Madhuri R, Sharma PK. A metronidazole-probe sensor based on imprinted biocompatible nanofilm for rapid and sensitive detection of anaerobic protozoan. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04868g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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12
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Paul DK, Karan K, Docoslis A, Giorgi JB, Pearce J. Characteristics of Self-Assembled Ultrathin Nafion Films. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4002319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Devproshad K. Paul
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kunal Karan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aristides Docoslis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Javier B. Giorgi
- Centre for Catalysis Research
and Innovation, Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua Pearce
- Department
of Mechanical and
Materials Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Snowden ME, Edwards MA, Rudd NC, Macpherson JV, Unwin PR. Intrinsic electrochemical activity of single walled carbon nanotube–Nafion assemblies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:5030-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp44538k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Electrochemical investigation of the dimeric oxo-bridged ruthenium complex in aqueous solution and its incorporation within a cation-exchange polymeric film on the electrode surface for electrocatalytic activity of hydrogen peroxide oxidation. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Somerset VS, Hernandez LH, Iwuoha EI. Stripping voltammetric measurement of trace metal ions using screen-printed carbon and modified carbon paste electrodes on river water from the Eerste-Kuils River System. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2011; 46:17-32. [PMID: 21104492 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2011.526075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) and carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) were prepared as "mercury-free" electrochemical sensors for the determination of trace metal ions in aqueous solutions. SPCEs were coated with conducting polymer layers of either polyaniline (PANI), or polyaniline-poly(2,2'-dithiodianiline) (PANI-PDTDA). Furthermore, CPEs containing electroactive compounds with reactivity towards metal ions were employed to obtain enhanced selectivity. Optimised experimental conditions for Hg(2+), Pb(2+), Ni(2+) and Cd(2+) determination included the supporting electrolyte concentration, deposition potential (E(d)) and accumulation time (t(acc)). For the modified carbon paste sensors (MCPEs) it was found that -400 mV is an adequate deposition potential and an accumulation time of 120 s was adequate for the determination using the different constructed electrodes. Initial results showed linearity in the examined concentration range between 1 × 10(-9) M and 1 × 10(-6) M using the SPCE/PANI-PDTDA sensor on laboratory prepared standard solutions, while good selectivity for the different metal ions were obtained. Furthermore, the limit of detection (LOD) was determined for each of the sensors and for the SPCE/PANI-PDTDA sensor it was found to be 2.2 × 10(-13) M, while for the SPCE/PANI sensor the LOD was determined to be 8.4 × 10(-11) M. The MCPE sensors also showed good linearity between the concentration range of 1 × 10(-3) to 1 × 10(-9) M. The LOD values for the various MCPE sensors, were found to be Hg(II) - 1.3 × 10(-7) M; Cd(II) - 2.9 × 10(-7) M; Ni(II) - 3.2 × 10(-7) M; and Pb(II) - 1.7 × 10(-7) M for the CPE/PANI-PDTDA sensor. For the CPE/PANI sensor the LOD values were Hg(II) - 1.5 × 10(-5) M; Cd(II) - 8.6 × 10(-7) M; Ni(II) - 9.5 × 10(-7) M; and Pb(II) - 1.3 × 10(-6) M. For the CPE/MBT sensor the LOD values were Hg(II) - 3.8 × 10(-5) M; Cd(II) - 1.4 × 10(-6) M; Ni(II) - 1 × 10(-6) M; and Pb(II) - 6.3 × 10(-5) M. Very low detection was obtained for the SPCE/PANI-PDTDA sensor in Hg(2+) determination, while the MCPE sensors delivered sensitive simultaneous detection for Hg(2+), Pb(2+), Ni(2+) and Cd(2+) metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon S Somerset
- NRE, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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Moretto LM, Kohls T, Badocco D, Pastore P, Sojic N, Ugo P. Electrochemiluminescence of loaded in Nafion Langmuir–Blodgett films: Role of the interfacial ultrathin film. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2009.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Moretto LM, Kohls T, Chovin A, Sojic N, Ugo P. Epifluorescence imaging of electrochemically switchable Langmuir-Blodgett films of Nafion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:6367-6374. [PMID: 18476666 DOI: 10.1021/la703998e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A combination of electrochemistry and luminescence methods was exploited to obtain information on the electrochemical activity and homogeneity of Nafion Langmuir-Blodgett films. The redox behavior of the Ru(bpy)3(2+) probe incorporated in the Nafion film was monitored by epifluorescence microscopy. The photoluminescent images, recorded by a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, reflect the distribution of the probe in the film, which resulted as very uniform, particularly in comparison with spin-coated films. Apparent diffusion coefficients (Dapp) determined by cyclic voltammetry for films of less than 10 layers are in the range of 1 x 10(-12) to 8 x 10(-12) cm(2) s(-1), that is, 2 orders of magnitude lower than values reported in the literature for spin-coated Nafion films. The application to the electrode of a potential able to oxidize the luminescent Ru(bpy)3(2+) to the nonluminescent Ru(bpy)3(3+) switched off the photoluminescence with a response time that for the LB films was much shorter than that for the spin-coated ones. Experimental evidence and calculations indicate that lowering of the film thickness down to the nanometric level is very effective in shortening the switching time, notwithstanding the lowering of the Dapp value in LB films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Maria Moretto
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Venice, Santa Marta 2137, 30123-Venice, Italy
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Bertoncello P, Ciani I, Li F, Unwin PR. Measurement of apparent diffusion coefficients within ultrathin nafion Langmuir-Schaefer films: comparison of a novel scanning electrochemical microscopy approach with cyclic voltammetry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:10380-8. [PMID: 17129006 DOI: 10.1021/la061214i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to evaluate the apparent diffusion coefficient, Dapp, of redox-active species in ultrathin Nafion films is described. In this technique, an ultramicroelectrode (UME) tip, positioned close to a film on a macroscopic electrode, is used to oxidize (or reduce) a species in bulk solution, causing the tip-generated oxidant (reductant) to diffuse to the film/solution interface. The oxidation (reduction) of film-confined species regenerates the reductant (oxidant) in solution, leading to feedback to the UME. A numerical model is developed that allows Dapp to be determined. For these studies, ultrathin films of Nafion were prepared using the Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) technique and loaded with an electroactive species, either the ferrocene derivative ferrocenyltrimethylammonium cation, FA+, or tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II), Ru(bpy)32+. The morphology and the thickness of the Nafion LS films (1.5 +/- 0.2 nm per layer deposited) were evaluated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). For comparison with the SECM measurements, cyclic voltammetry (CV) was employed to evaluate the concentration of electroactive species within the Nafion LS films and to determine Dapp. The latter was found to be essentially invariant with film thickness, but the value for Ru(bpy)32+ was 1 order of magnitude larger than for FA+. CV and SECM measurements yield different values of Dapp, and the underlying reasons are discussed. In general, the Dapp values for these films are considerably smaller than for recast Nafion films, which can be attributed to the compactness of Nafion LS films. Nonetheless, the ultrathin nature of the films leads to fast response times, and we thus expect that these modified electrodes could find applications in sensing, electroanalysis, and electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bertoncello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
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Moretto LM, Bertoncello P, Vezzà F, Ugo P. Electrochemistry of cytochrome c incorporated in Langmuir–Blodgett films of Nafion® and Eastman AQ 55®. Bioelectrochemistry 2005; 66:29-34. [PMID: 15833699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2004.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2004] [Revised: 03/29/2004] [Accepted: 03/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ultrathin films of Nafion and Eastman-AQ 55 loaded with cytochrome c (cyt c) were obtained and transferred on indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes via the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique. The pressure-area isotherms for mixed ionomer-protein films indicate that the miscibility of cyt c in the interfacial layer is better for Nafion than for AQ 55. Interestingly, these composite films maintain the electroactivity of cyt c without requiring the addition of promoters or mediators. Both for AQ 55-cyt c and Nafion-cyt c films, the half-wave potential for the reversible reduction of ferricytochrome c corresponds to the value expected for the weakly adsorbed protein. The modified electrodes show electrocatalytic reaction with ascorbate anion. Comparison with previous literature reports indicate that for Nafion the LB coating procedure is unique in keeping the electroactivity of cyt c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia M Moretto
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Venice, Calle Larga S. Marta 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy
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