Diferenças de gênero na tendência de mortalidade por câncer de pulmão nas macrorregiões brasileiras

Suicide rates between men and women in Brazil, 2000-2017

This study aimed to analyze the trend in the standardized suicide rates by gender, according to Brazil's geographic regions from 2000 to 2017. Mortality data were retrieved from the Brazilian Mortality Information System database. Linear regression models were used, and Durbin-Watson tests were applied to detect the independence of the residues, as well as Prais-Winsten to control serial autocorrelation. We classified the trends as increasing, decreasing, and stable at 5% significance level. The standardized rate of deaths by suicide for men increased by 75%, from 6.5 to 11.3 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. For women, the increase was 85%, from 1.6 to 3.0 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. We found a gradual increase in the standardized suicide rates in all regions for both genders. The growth magnitude of suicide rates in the South is twice for women, whereas for the Northeast it is greater for men. The South and the Central-West regions presented the highest rates, whereas the North the lowest. The trend of standardized rates of suicide is linear and significantly increasing for Brazil and its total geographic regions for both genders. Male and female suicide rates indicate different risk rates according to gender.

Trends in corrected lung cancer mortality rates in Brazil and regions

OBJECTIVE

To describe the trend in cancer mortality rates in Brazil and regions before and after correction for underreporting of deaths and redistribution of ill-defined and nonspecific causes.

METHODS

The study used data of deaths from lung cancer among the population aged from 30 to 69 years, notified to the Mortality Information System between 1996 and 2011, corrected for underreporting of deaths, non-registered sex and age , and causes with ill-defined or garbage codes according to sex, age, and region. Standardized rates were calculated by age for raw and corrected data. An analysis of time trend in lung cancer mortality was carried out using the regression model with autoregressive errors.

RESULTS

Lung cancer in Brazil presented higher rates among men compared to women, and the South region showed the highest death risk in 1996 and 2011. Mortality showed a trend of reduction for males and increase for women.

CONCLUSIONS

Lung cancer in Brazil presented different distribution patterns according to sex, with higher rates among men and a reduction in the mortality trend for men and increase for women.

OBJETIVO

Descrever a tendência da mortalidade por câncer de pulmão no Brasil e regiões, antes e após as correções por sub-registro de óbitos, redistribuição de causas mal definidas e causas inespecíficas.

MÉTODOS

Foram utilizados dados de óbitos por câncer de pulmão da população de 30 a 69 anos, notificados ao Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade, entre 1996 e 2011, corrigidos para sub-registro de óbitos, declaração de sexo e idade ignorados e causas com códigos mal definidos e inespecíficos segundo sexo, idade e região. Foram calculadas taxas padronizadas por idade para dados brutos e corrigidos. Realizou-se análise da tendência temporal da mortalidade por câncer de pulmão por meio do modelo de regressão com erros autorregressivos.

RESULTADOS

O câncer de pulmão no Brasil apresentou taxas mais elevadas em homens que em mulheres e a região Sul foi a que apresentou maior risco de morte em 1996 e 2011. A mortalidade tendeu a reduzir para o sexo masculino e a aumentar para o sexo feminino.

CONCLUSÕES

O câncer de pulmão no Brasil apresenta padrão de distribuição diferente segundo sexo, com taxas mais elevadas em homens e com redução da tendência de mortalidade para o sexo masculino e aumento das taxas para o sexo feminino.

Gender inequalities in non communicable disease mortality in Brazil

The relative burden due to non communicable diseases (NCD) is increasing worldwide and has been shown to be generally greater for men than women. The objective of this paper is to describe gender differences in NCD mortality rates and trends in Brazil. Standardized mortality rates for the years 1991-2010 were corrected for sub notification and ill defined causes of death and calculated using sex specific five year age grades. Trends in standardized mortality were studied using joinpoint regression models. In 2010, rates for NCDs (men: 479/100000; women: 333/100000) and for most major NCD categories (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and other chronic diseases) were higher for men than women. Age standardized mortality rates declined for both sexes over the period, beginning in 1993 and attenuating in more recent years. From its peak in 1993 to 2010, the unconditional probability of dying between the ages of 30 and 70 due to one of the four principal NCD groupings decreased for men from 32.3% to 22.8%; for women, from 23.5% to 15.4%. In conclusion, age standardized NCD mortality, though decreasing dramatically over the past two decades in Brazil, remains notably greater in men than in women and, this difference, in relative terms, will increase if these trends continue.

Trends in lung cancer mortality in Brazil from the 1980s into the early 21st century: age-period-cohort analysis

The aim of this study was to describe the pattern of trends in lung cancer mortality in Brazil and identify the effects of the factors age, period and cohort (APC) on mortality rates. A time series study was conducted using secondary population-based data. Lung cancer mortality rates by sex were calculated for the period 1980 to 2007. APC models were adjusted to identify the influence of age, period and cohort effects on rates. Lung cancer mortality rates are significantly higher among men. Specific rates for men over the age of 64 and for women of all ages are increasing. There was a greater increase of adjusted rates among women. With respect to the age effect, mortality risk increases with age starting with the earliest age groups. With regard to the cohort effect, there is a lesser risk of mortality among men born after 1950 and an increasing risk across all cohorts among women. The results regarding younger generations indicate that present trends are likely to continue. The cohort effect among women suggests an increasing trend in mortality rates, whereas a decrease in rates among men under the age of 65 suggests that this trend will continue. These trends reflect tobacco control measures adopted since 1986.