1
|
Petakh P, Kamyshnyi O. AMR mechanisms in L. interrogans serovars: a comprehensive study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1384427. [PMID: 38681225 PMCID: PMC11045430 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1384427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the global health challenges of the 21st century. Data regarding AMR mechanisms in Leptospira interrogans, the causative agents of leptospirosis, have been relatively limited. Therefore, our study aimed to identify resistance genes and explore potential resistance mechanisms specific to particular serovars. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of 98 Leptospira strains, representing 10 common serovars, using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) FASTA files. Employing the PATRIC tool from the Bacterial and Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center (BV-BRC), we scrutinized the genomes for AMR genes. Our investigation revealed 32 genes associated with AMR, with 20 key genes consistently prevalent across most strains. Notably, we identified unique efflux pump systems in serovar Pomona, indicating distinctive resistance mechanisms in this serovar. In summary, our findings shed light on the genetic landscape of AMR in Leptospira, uncovering both common and serovar-specific resistance elements. The presence of unique efflux pump systems in serovar Pomona introduces a novel dimension to our understanding of resistance mechanisms. These insights underscore the importance of tailored intervention strategies and collaborative efforts between human and veterinary healthcare professionals, as well as environmental scientists, to address the complex dynamics of leptospirosis and its implications for antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Petakh
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Kamyshnyi
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tracking Animal Reservoirs of Pathogenic Leptospira: The Right Test for the Right Claim. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6040205. [PMID: 34941661 PMCID: PMC8705917 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6040205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is the most prevalent bacterial zoonosis worldwide and, in this context, has been extensively investigated through the One Health framework. Diagnosis of human leptospirosis includes molecular and serological tools, with the serological Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) still being considered as the gold standard. Mammals acting as reservoirs of the pathogen include species or populations that are able to maintain chronic infection and shed the bacteria via their urine into the environment. Animals infected by Leptospira are often identified using the same diagnosis tool as in humans, i.e., serological MAT. However, this tool may lead to misinterpretations as it can signal previous infection but does not provide accurate information regarding the capacity of animals to maintain chronic infection and, hence, participate in the transmission cycle. We employ in this paper previously published data and present original results on introduced and endemic small mammals from Indian Ocean islands to show that MAT should not be used for the identification of Leptospira reservoirs. By contrast, serological data are informative on the level of exposure of animals living in a specific environment. We present a sequential methodology to investigate human leptospirosis in the One Health framework that associates molecular detection in humans and animals, together with MAT of human samples using Leptospira isolates obtained from reservoir animals occurring in the same environment.
Collapse
|
3
|
Influence of Selective Agents (EMJH-STAFF), Sample Filtration and pH on Leptospira interrogans Serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae Cultivation and Isolation from Swine Urine. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8060090. [PMID: 34070655 PMCID: PMC8226611 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8060090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospira spp. cause the zoonotic disease leptospirosis, which occurs in numerous mammalians worldwide. Isolation is still important for serotyping and genotyping of Leptospira, which in turn is essential for epidemiological surveillance of leptospirosis and the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines. However, isolation of Leptospira from clinical specimens is inherently insensitive. This study was conducted to examine the influence of selective agents, sample filtration, sample pH and the use of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) buffer for sample storage to improve the success of cultivation and isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae from swine urine. EMJH (Ellinghausen McCullough, Johnson and Harris) medium including the selective agents sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, amphotericin, fosfomycin and 5-fluorouracil (STAFF) increased the success of Leptospira isolation from spiked swine urine samples. Sample filtration yielded only negative results. Isolation in EMJH-STAFF was successful from swine urine with a density as low as 104 Leptospira/mL, and urine with pH ≤ 7 impaired the cultivation rate. Cultivation and isolation were not improved by the addition of PBS to spiked urine samples prior to storage for 24 h at 4 °C. The results of the study demonstrate that cultivation and isolation of leptospires from swine urine can be improved by enhanced methods.
Collapse
|
4
|
Guedes IB, de Souza GO, de Paula Castro JF, Cavalini MB, de Souza Filho AF, Maia ALP, Dos Reis EA, Cortez A, Heinemann MB. Leptospira interrogans serogroup Pomona strains isolated from river buffaloes. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:194. [PMID: 33666800 PMCID: PMC7932906 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02623-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
At present, little is known regarding the prevalence of buffalo leptospirosis worldwide, especially with respect to which Leptospira strains may infect this animal species. Furthermore, most investigations into this disease in buffaloes have only been performed with serological studies. In Brazil, particularly in the Amazon, buffalo production is growing and is just as important as cattle production, although few studies have been performed on buffalo compared to cattle. Thus, the aim of this study was to isolate and characterise Leptospira strains from river buffaloes raised in the Brazilian Amazon region. We collected 109 kidney samples from slaughtered buffaloes raised in the Amazon Delta region of Brazil. The samples were analysed by bacteriological culture for the isolation of leptospires, and the obtained isolates were serologically and molecularly characterised by microscopic agglutination test (MAT), DNA sequencing and multiple locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). Five isolates were obtained, and in serogrouping analyses, these isolates were only reactive for the Pomona serogroup, with an observed titre of 25,600. The DNA sequencing results revealed that all the isolates belonged to the species Leptospira interrogans, and the MLVA results showed that the VNTR loci 4, 7 and 10 profile of all the isolates was 4-1-10. In this study, we observed that Pomona serogroup strains circulate in buffaloes in the Amazon, showing that in Brazil, buffaloes can be affected by Leptospira strains other than the Sejroe group, which are adapted to cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Israel Barbosa Guedes
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele Oliveira de Souza
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Fernandes de Paula Castro
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Matheus Burilli Cavalini
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antônio Francisco de Souza Filho
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson Luiz Pinheiro Maia
- Médico Veterinário, Auditor Fiscal Agropecuário, Agência de Defesa e Inspeção Agropecuária do Estado do Amapá, Macapá, AP, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Cortez
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Santo Amaro, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ospina-Pinto MC, Hernández-Rodríguez P. Identification of Leptospira spp. in the animal-environment interface (swine-water) in pig production cycle. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:155. [PMID: 33555432 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leptospirosis, caused by Leptospira spp., is a zoonosis with multiple hosts and reservoirs. Thus, the "One Health" approach must be addressed in order to guide prevention and control measures regarding this microorganism. There are few studies involving all stages of the pig production cycle and potential sources of infection such as water sources, which could represent a risk for local rural communities. OBJECTIVE To identify Leptospira spp. in the animal-environment interface (swine-water) in the pig production cycle. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted in a swine farm in Puerto López in the department of Meta, Colombia. Swine blood samples (n = 65) were collected for microscopic agglutination test (MAT), while urine and water samples (n = 80) were tested for Leptospira using bacterial isolation, serotyping of the isolates, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS A total of 58 (89.2%) porcine sera were positive for at least one Leptospira serogroup, with Grippotyphosa as the most frequent serogroup. Leptospira spp. were isolated in 25% (20/80) of the urine and water samples. Leptospira-positive cultures were 100% (20/20) identified within the genus Leptospira (rrl gene) and 50% (10/20) corresponded to pathogenic species (lipL32 gene) by PCR, and 45% (9/20) were positive to at least one antiserum. None of the direct urine and water samples was positive by PCR. CONCLUSION It is suggested that the bacteria might be transmitted in the animal-environment interface in the pig production cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Catalina Ospina-Pinto
- School of Agricultural Sciences. Molecular Biology and Immunogenetics Research Group (BIOMIGEN), Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Patricia Hernández-Rodríguez
- Department of Basics Sciences. Molecular Biology and Immunogenetics Research Group (BIOMIGEN), Universidad de La Salle, Carrera 2 No. 10 - 70, Bogotá, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Leptospira transport medium (LTM): A practical tool for leptospires isolation. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 175:105995. [PMID: 32593629 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.105995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The isolation of Leptospira is challenging, since the bacteria of this genus are susceptible to adverse environmental conditions and may not remain viable for extend periods in urine samples. This study attempted to develop and evaluate a simple and practical method to isolate leptospires from bovine urine samples. A culture medium for sample transport, named Leptospira Transport Medium (LTM), was described and validated using reference serovars of Leptospira spp. in addition to autochthonous strains isolated in Brazil. We evaluated LTM in the field, by collecting 215 urine samples from slaughtered cattle and immediately seeding them in LTM and Fletcher's medium, used as control. The cultures were sent to a laboratory within 10 days for further processing. Moreover, 16S PCR was also performed on the urine samples directly to detect Leptospira DNA. Using LTM enabled 52 isolates (24.2%) to be obtained in pure culture, and contamination was only observed in 15/215 samples (7.0%). Regarding the samples in Fletcher's medium, 10 (4.6%) isolates were obtained. With 16S PCR performed in the urine samples, 31 samples (14.4%) were determined to be positive. LTM was developed and used in a simple and practical way and can significantly improve the isolation of leptospires from urine samples, as well as being highly useful in remote areas, not only in Brazil but also in other countries where few easily accessible laboratories are available. Furthermore, LTM can be prepared by laboratories and provided to veterinarians and technicians for urine collection in the field.
Collapse
|
7
|
Bertasio C, Papetti A, Scaltriti E, Tagliabue S, D’Incau M, Boniotti MB. Serological Survey and Molecular Typing Reveal New Leptospira Serogroup Pomona Strains among Pigs of Northern Italy. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050332. [PMID: 32365494 PMCID: PMC7281294 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine act as both maintenance and incidental hosts of pathogenic Leptospira spp. Here, a serological test was performed on 131,660 pig sera collected between 2002 and 2017 from 4715 farms in Northern Italy. A positivity rate of 13.05% was determined. Australis was the most frequently identified serogroup (77.29%), followed by Pomona (18.47%), Tarassovi (1.51%) and Icterohaemorrhagie (1.40%). Culture isolation and real-time Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were carried out on 347 kidneys and 470 clinical samples, respectively. Overall, 133 strains were cultured successfully and 43 randomly chosen isolates were identified as serogroup Pomona. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) revealed that 41 isolates and 8 DNA extracted from biological samples belonged to sequence type 140. Using a multiple-locus, variable-number tandem repeat analysis, 43 samples produced identical profiles but, after 2014, three new Leptospira interrogans serogroup Pomona genotypes were observed. Interestingly, two isolates showed new MLST profiles and an unclassified identification by monoclonal antibodies. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing clustered them into L. kirschneri species and a core genome MLST analysis revealed an allelic identity of 96% compared with Mozdok strains. Genotyping allowed us to discriminate leptospires and to identify new emerging strains. The accurate identification of infective strains is required for formulating preventive methods and intervention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bertasio
- National Reference Centre for Animal Leptospirosis (NRCL), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’ Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, via Bianchi 7/9, 25121 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +030-22-90-309
| | - Alice Papetti
- National Reference Centre for Animal Leptospirosis (NRCL), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’ Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, via Bianchi 7/9, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Erika Scaltriti
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’ Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Strada dei Mercati 13/a, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Tagliabue
- National Reference Centre for Animal Leptospirosis (NRCL), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’ Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, via Bianchi 7/9, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Mario D’Incau
- National Reference Centre for Animal Leptospirosis (NRCL), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’ Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, via Bianchi 7/9, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Boniotti
- National Reference Centre for Animal Leptospirosis (NRCL), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’ Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, via Bianchi 7/9, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guedes IB, de Souza GO, de Oliveira LAR, Castro JFDP, de Souza Filho AF, Maia ALP, Heinemann MB. Prevalence of Leptospira serogroups in buffaloes from the Brazilian Amazon. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:433-440. [PMID: 32319231 PMCID: PMC7397922 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Brazil has one of the largest buffalo populations in the Americas, buffalo leptospirosis is still poorly explored when compared to that in bovines; thus, the aim of this research was to carry out a large serological study for leptospirosis in this species in the Brazilian Amazon. For this, we collected 1,405 serum samples from buffaloes raised in the Amazon delta region, which is considered a major area of buffalo production in Brazil. The test used was a microscopic agglutination test (MAT) adopting 34 Leptospira antigens, some of which have never been tested for buffaloes in Brazil, including autochthonous strains; in total, 20 serogroups were evaluated. From the total of 1,405 serum samples, 894 (63.6%) reacted in the MAT to at least one of the 20 serogroups, and 511 (36.4%) did not react. The serogroups Sejroe, Autumnalis and Pomona were the most prevalent, with titres ranging from 100 to 12,800, and the autochthonous strains used were not significant in relation to the reference serovars. Leptospirosis in buffaloes seems to have a serological profile similar to leptospirosis in cattle, mainly due to the prevalence of the Sejroe serogroup; however, the results of this study suggested that in the Brazilian Amazon, Leptospira strains that are serologically distinct from the autochthonous strains isolated in the southeastern region of Brazil may be circulating in these animals. Other serovars could also be inserted into the panel of antigens used in MAT for serological studies on buffaloes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Israel B Guedes
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele O de Souza
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian A R de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana F de P Castro
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio F de Souza Filho
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anderson L P Maia
- Médico Veterinário, Auditor Fiscal Agropecuário, Agência de Defesa e Inspeção Agropecuária do Estado do Amapá, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fernandes JJ, Araújo Júnior JP, Malossi CD, Ullmann LS, da Costa DF, Silva MLCR, Alves CJ, de Azevedo SS, Higino SSDS. High frequency of seropositive and carriers of Leptospira spp. in pigs in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:2055-2061. [PMID: 32026195 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Carrier animals are considered key in the transmission cycle of leptospirosis. Although investigations have been carried out on several species, the role of pigs in the epidemiology of the disease is still poorly studied in the semi-arid region. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the presence of Leptospira spp. in the genitourinary tract of pigs intended for slaughter. Fifty pigs were used: adults and unvaccinated. Samples of the kidney, urine, and vaginal fluid were collected for the molecular detection of Leptospira spp. and blood samples for the serological test. The molecular test was performed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the serological test was performed with the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Samples with DNA amplification were submitted to genetic sequencing. Twenty (40%) animals were found with anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies, and the majority of the reactions (50%) occurred for the serogroup Tarassovi. Leptospiral DNA was found in the tissue of 11 (22%) pigs. The gene from a urine sample was sequenced and showed similarity to L. borgpetersenii. The results evidenced a high rate of porcine carriers; therefore, they appear to be important sources of agent infection, being potential transmitters of the disease to other animal species and man.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juciê Jales Fernandes
- Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, no number, Santa Cecília, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Diego Figueiredo da Costa
- Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, no number, Santa Cecília, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | - Clebert José Alves
- Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, no number, Santa Cecília, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Sergio Santos de Azevedo
- Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, no number, Santa Cecília, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Guedes IB, Araújo SADA, de Souza GO, de Souza Silva SO, Taniwaki SA, Cortez A, Brandão PE, Heinemann MB. Circulating Leptospira species identified in cattle of the Brazilian Amazon. Acta Trop 2019; 191:212-216. [PMID: 30639452 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to detect the most prevalent serogroups and circulating Leptospira species in cows from Brazilian Amazon. Samples of blood serum, urine and kidney of 208 animals were collected at a municipal slaughterhouse in the Baixo Tocantins region of Pará State, Northern Brazil. The tests used were microscopic agglutination test (MAT), bacteriological isolation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. The frequency of MAT-reactive cows was 46.6% (97/208) with titers ranging from 100 to 3200, being Sejroe serogroup the most prevalent. There was no Leptospira isolation, but the DNA of bacterium was detected in 5.8% (12/208) of the kidney and in 14.9% (31/208) of the urine samples. DNA sequencing was performed directly from PCR products of 30 samples (3 kidneys and 27 urines), with identification of four different species: L. borgpetersenii with 56.7% (17/30), followed by L. kirschneri with 13.3% (4/30), L. interrogans with 6.7% (2/30), L. santarosai with 3.3% (1/30), and 20.0% (6/30) of samples were identified only at the genus level. These results reveal a diversity and peculiarity for bovine leptospirosis in the Amazon region, mainly due to the low frequency of L. santarosai and more surprising, the presence of L. kirschneri, differently of what is observed in other regions of Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Israel Barbosa Guedes
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Gisele Oliveira de Souza
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sheila Oliveira de Souza Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sueli Akemi Taniwaki
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Cortez
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Santo Amaro, UNISA, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Eduardo Brandão
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Draft Genome Sequence of Brazilian Leptospira interrogans Serovar Pomona Strain GR5, Isolated from Apparently Healthy Gilt. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2018; 6:6/23/e00491-18. [PMID: 29880594 PMCID: PMC5992358 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00491-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona is one of the most important serovars associated with worldwide porcine leptospirosis, and its infection is characterized by high antibody titers and the establishment of a renal carrier state. Here, we present the draft genome sequence of Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona strain GR5 isolated from apparently healthy gilt in Brazil.
Collapse
|
12
|
Serological survey on Leptospira infection in slaughtered swine in North-Central Italy. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:1275-1280. [PMID: 29843827 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818001358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine can act as asymptomatic carriers of some Leptospira serovars. In this study, 1194 sera from 61 farms located in five different Regions of North-West Italy were collected from slaughtered healthy pigs. Presence of antibody against four Leptospira serovars was evaluated. Overall, 52.5% of analysed farms presented at least one positive animal and 34.4% presented at least one positive swine with titre ⩾1:400. A percentage of 16.6% sera was positive and 5.9% samples presented a positive titre ⩾1:400. Tuscany and Lombardy showed the highest percentage of positive farms (64.3% and 54.6%, respectively) and sera (28.5% and 13.3%, respectively), probably due to environmental conditions and potential risk factors, which promote maintenance and spreading of Leptospira in these areas. The main represented serogroups were Australis (21.3% positive farms, 8.2% positive sera) and Pomona (18.0% positive farms, 8.1% positive sera). In swine, these serogroups are the most detected worldwide; however, our results seem to highlight a reemerging of serogroup Pomona in pigs in investigated areas. A low percentage of sera (0.6%) scored positive to Canicola, leaving an open question on the role of pigs in the epidemiology of this serovar. Higher antibody titres were detected for serogroups Australis and Pomona. Swine leptospirosis is probably underestimated in Italy and could represent a potential risk for animal and human health.
Collapse
|
13
|
Liegeon G, Delory T, Picardeau M. Antibiotic susceptibilities of livestock isolates of leptospira. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 51:693-699. [PMID: 29305960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is the most common zoonotic disease and is endemic worldwide. The antibiotic susceptibilities of Leptospira strains isolated from both humans and animals are poorly documented. This issue is particularly important for isolates from food-producing animals which are regularly exposed to antibiotic treatments. This study assessed the susceptibility of 35 leptospira strains isolated from food-producing animals of diverse geographical origins between 1936 and 2016 to the antimicrobial agents used most commonly in animals. A broth microdilution method was used to determine the susceptibilities of Leptospira strains isolated from livestock to 11 antibiotics. All isolates were susceptible to penicillin, amoxicillin, clavulanate, cephalexin, ceftriaxone, doxycycline, tetracycline, streptomycin, enrofloxacin and spectinomycin, but not polymyxin [minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≥ 4 μg/L]. For tetracycline and doxycycline, the MIC was significantly higher for the recent isolates from Sardinia, Italy than for the other isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were also determined with 10- and 100-fold higher inocula. High inocula significantly diminished the antibacterial effect by at least 10-fold for enrofloxacin (MIC ≥256 μg/L), streptomycin (MIC ≥16 μg/L) and tetracycline (MIC ≥32 μg/L), suggesting selection of resistant strains for high inocula. These findings contribute to the assessment of whether certain antibiotics are potentially useful for the treatment of leptospirosis, and point out the risk of failure for some antibiotics during infection with a high inoculum in both animals and humans. This study strengthens the need to detect and prevent the emergence of antimicrobial resistance of this major emerging zoonotic pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffroy Liegeon
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Spirochetes Unit, French National Reference Centre for Leptospirosis, Paris, France
| | - Tristan Delory
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hopital Saint-Louis, Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Picardeau
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Spirochetes Unit, French National Reference Centre for Leptospirosis, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Arent Z, Gilmore C, Barlow AM, Smith L, Ellis WA. Leptospira interrogans
serogroup Pomona infections in the UK: is there a real threat for farm animals? Vet Rec 2017; 180:424. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.103891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Arent
- OIE Leptospira Reference Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Division; Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute; Stoney Road, Stormont Belfast BT4 3SD UK
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine UJ-UR, University of Agriculture in Krakow; Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, Krakow 30-059 Poland
| | - C. Gilmore
- OIE Leptospira Reference Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Division; Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute; Stoney Road, Stormont Belfast BT4 3SD UK
| | - A. M. Barlow
- APHA-Starcross VI Centre; Staplake Mount, Starcross Exeter Devon EX6 8PE UK
- Formerly AHVLA Langford; Langford House, Langford Somerset BS40 5DX UK
| | - L. Smith
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA); Woodham Lane, New Haw Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - W. A. Ellis
- OIE Leptospira Reference Laboratory, Veterinary Sciences Division; Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute; Stoney Road, Stormont Belfast BT4 3SD UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Arent ZJ, Gilmore C, San-Miguel Ayanz JM, Neyra LQ, García-Peña FJ. Molecular Epidemiology of Leptospira Serogroup Pomona Infections Among Wild and Domestic Animals in Spain. ECOHEALTH 2017; 14:48-57. [PMID: 28213654 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Strains of Leptospira serogroup Pomona are known to cause widespread animal infections in many parts of the world. Forty-three isolates retrieved from domestic animals and wild small mammals suggest that serogroup Pomona is epidemiologically relevant in Spain. This is supported by the high prevalence of serovar Pomona antibodies in livestock and wild animals. In this study, the strains were serologically and genetically characterized in an attempt to elucidate their epidemiology. Serological typing was based on the microscopic agglutination test but molecular typing involved species-specific polymerase chain reaction, restriction endonuclease analysis, and multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis. The study revealed that the infections are caused by two serovars, namely Pomona and Mozdok. Serovar Pomona was derived only from farm animals and may be adapted to pigs, which are recognized as the maintenance host. The results demonstrated that serovar Pomona is genetically heterogeneous and three different types were recognized. This heterogeneity was correlated with different geographical distributions of the isolates. All strains derived from small wild mammals were identified as serovar Mozdok. Some isolates of this serovar retrieved from cattle confirm that this serovar may also be the cause of infections in food-producing animals for which these wild species may be source of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z J Arent
- OIE Leptospira Reference Laboratory, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast, BT4 3SD, UK.
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-AUK, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Kraków, Poland.
| | - C Gilmore
- OIE Leptospira Reference Laboratory, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast, BT4 3SD, UK
| | | | - L Quevedo Neyra
- ADS JANDAVET, Calle Paterna, Local 4, 11170, Medina Sidonia (Cádiz), Spain
| | - F J García-Peña
- Bacteriology Department 2, Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria de Algete (MAGRAMA), 28110, Algete, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sarmento AM, Azevedo SS, Morais ZM, Souza GO, Oliveira FC, Gonçales AP, Miraglia F, Vasconcellos SA. Emprego de estirpes Leptospira spp. isoladas no Brasil na microtécnica de soroaglutinação microscópica aplicada ao diagnóstico da leptospirose em rebanhos bovinos de oito estados brasileiros. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2012000700003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar a conveniência do emprego de estirpes de leptospiras autóctones isoladas no Brasil, na coleção de antígenos da microtécnica de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM) aplicada a leptospirose. Foram amostradas por conveniência 109 propriedades e 9820 bovinos, fêmeas em idade reprodutiva, distribuídos em 85 municípios, dos Estados de Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina e São Paulo. Dos 9820 animais examinados, 5806 (59,12%) foram reagentes na SAM para pelo menos um sorovar com a coleção de 23 sorovares de referência. Com a coleção de antígenos de referência e dez estirpes autóctones houve 6400 (65,17%) reagentes, com diferença significativa entre as proporções (p=0,001). Os sorovares mais prováveis identificados com a coleção de antígenos de referência foram Hardjo (43,03%), Shermani (20 %), Wolffi (9,96%), Grippothyphosa (5,42%) e Pomona (4,28%). Com a coleção ampliada por dez estirpes isoladas no Brasil, os sorovares mais prováveis foram Hardjo (31,00%), Guaricura-M4/84 (22,50%), Shermani (15,43%), Wolffi (4,76%), Grippothyphosa (3,71%) e Autumnalis (3,24%). O sorovar Guaricura, estirpe M4/84, isolada de bovinos e búfalos no Estado de São Paulo, despontou como um dos três sorovares mais freqüentes nos Estados de Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais e São Paulo. A introdução de estirpes autóctones na coleção de antígenos da SAM propiciou a confirmação do diagnóstico de leptospirose em 594 animais (6,00%) classificados como não reagentes pela coleção de referência (p=0,001).
Collapse
|
17
|
Molecular and serological characterization of Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola isolated from dogs, swine, and bovine in Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 45:117-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|