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Pérez LJ, Lanka S, DeShambo VJ, Fredrickson RL, Maddox CW. A Validated Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay for the Diagnosis of Infectious Leptospira spp.: A Novel Assay for the Detection and Differentiation of Strains From Both Pathogenic Groups I and II. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:457. [PMID: 32265882 PMCID: PMC7100377 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is recognized as the most globally widespread reemerging zoonosis and represents a serious threat for both human and animal health. Indeed, leptospirosis is linked to more than 60,000 human deaths per year and to incalculable economic burden as consequence of medical treatment costs and livestock loss. The increasing number of reports from species of pathogenic Leptospira spp. group II causing disease in both humans and animals constitutes an additional concern to the complex epidemiology of this zoonotic agent. Diagnostic methods based on qPCR have improved the diagnosis of Leptospira spp. in terms of cost, time, and reliability, but most of the validated assays fail to detect species from the pathogenic group II. Hence, the current study was aimed to develop and validate a novel multiplex qPCR to enable the specific and selective detection of the whole group of infectious Leptospira spp., including both pathogenic groups I and II and moreover, selectively discriminate between them. To fit the "fitness of purpose" for the specific detection of infectious Leptospira spp. and further discrimination between both pathogenic groups three target regions on the 16S RNA gene were selected. These targets facilitated a broad and selective spectrum for the detection of all infectious Leptospira spp. with the exclusion of all saprophytic groups and the novel clade of environmental Leptospira spp. The analytical sensitivity (ASe) showed by the new assay also enables a wide window of detection for the agent at different stages of infection since the assay was able to efficiently detect at 95% of confidence ∼5 leptospires/reaction. From the evaluation of the analytical specificity (ASp) by in silico and in vitro approaches, it was congruently revealed that the primers and probes selected only recognized the specific targets for which the assay was intended. Bayesian latent class analysis of performance of the new assay on 684 clinical samples showed values of diagnostic sensitivity of 99.8% and diagnostic specificity of 100%. Thus, from the evaluation of the analytical and diagnostic parameters, the new multiplex qPCR assay is a reliable method for the diagnosis of Leptospira spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester J. Pérez
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Saraswathi Lanka
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Vanessa J. DeShambo
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Richard L. Fredrickson
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Carol W. Maddox
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Rios L, Perera CL, Coronado L, Relova D, Álvarez AM, Ganges L, Díaz de Arce H, Núñez JI, Pérez LJ. Multi-Target Strategy for Pan/Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) Detection: A Combination of Sequences Analysis, in Silico Predictions and Laboratory Diagnostic Evaluation. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:160. [PMID: 30050913 PMCID: PMC6052897 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals that causes severe economic losses. The disease is characterized by a vesicular condition and it cannot be differentiated from other vesicular diseases. Therefore, laboratory confirmation of any suspected FMD case is compulsory. Despite viral isolation in cell cultures has been considered for many years as the gold standard for FMD diagnosis, the advantages of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) technology have motivated its use directly in clinical specimens for FMD diagnosis. The current work was aimed to develop and validate a molecular multi-check strategy using rRT-PCR (mMulti-rRT-PCR) based on SYBR-Green I for pan/foot-and-mouth disease virus (pan/FMDV) diagnosis. From in silico approaches, different primer pairs previously reported were selected and modified to reduce the likelihood of viral escape as well as potential failures in the pan/FMDV detection. The analytical parameters were evaluated using a high number of representative viral strains. The repeatability of the assay and its performance on field samples were also assessed. The mMulti-rRT-PCR was able to detect emergent FMDV strains that circulated in South America between the years 2006–2010 and on which the single rRT-PCRs failed when they were applied independently. The results obtained here showed that the proposed system is an accurate and rapid diagnosis method for sensitive and specific detection of FMDV. Thus, a validated mMulti-rRT-PCR assay based on SYBR-Green I detection coupled to melting curves resolution for pan/FMDV diagnosis on clinical samples is proposed. This study also highlights the need to incorporate the multi-target detection principle in the diagnosis of highly variable agents, specially, of those listed by OIE like FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliam Rios
- Reiman Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - Carmen L Perera
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis and Risk Analysis of the Caribean Region, San José de las Lajas, Cuba
| | - Liani Coronado
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis and Risk Analysis of the Caribean Region, San José de las Lajas, Cuba
| | - Damarys Relova
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis and Risk Analysis of the Caribean Region, San José de las Lajas, Cuba
| | - Ana M Álvarez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agricolas, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain.,IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - José I Núñez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lester J Pérez
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Dalhousie University, Saint John, NB, Canada
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Qin S, Underwood D, Driver L, Kistler C, Diallo I, Kirkland PD. Evaluation of a duplex reverse-transcription real-time PCR assay for the detection of encephalomyocarditis virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:554-559. [PMID: 29860932 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718779112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated a fluorogenic probe-based assay for the detection of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) by comparing a set of published primers and probe to a new set of primers and probe. The published reagents failed to amplify a range of Australian isolates and an Italian reference strain of EMCV. In contrast, an assay based on 2 new sets of primers and probes that were run in a duplex reverse-transcription real-time PCR (RT-rtPCR) worked well, with high amplification efficiency. The analytical sensitivity was ~100-fold higher than virus isolation in cell culture. The intra-assay variation was 0.21-4.90%. No cross-reactivity was observed with a range of other porcine viruses. One hundred and twenty-two clinical specimens were tested simultaneously by RT-rtPCR and virus isolation in cell culture; 72 specimens gave positive results by RT-rtPCR, and 63 of these were also positive by virus isolation. Of 245 archived cell culture isolates of EMCV that were tested in the RT-rtPCR, 242 samples were positive. The new duplex RT-rtPCR assay is a reliable tool for the detection of EMCV in clinical specimens and for use in epidemiologic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Qin
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Qin, Kirkland).,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China (Qin).,Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia (Underwood, Driver, Kistler, Diallo)
| | - Darren Underwood
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Qin, Kirkland).,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China (Qin).,Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia (Underwood, Driver, Kistler, Diallo)
| | - Luke Driver
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Qin, Kirkland).,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China (Qin).,Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia (Underwood, Driver, Kistler, Diallo)
| | - Carol Kistler
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Qin, Kirkland).,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China (Qin).,Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia (Underwood, Driver, Kistler, Diallo)
| | - Ibrahim Diallo
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Qin, Kirkland).,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China (Qin).,Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia (Underwood, Driver, Kistler, Diallo)
| | - Peter D Kirkland
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Qin, Kirkland).,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China (Qin).,Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia (Underwood, Driver, Kistler, Diallo)
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Vansteenkiste K, Van Limbergen T, Decaluwé R, Tignon M, Cay B, Maes D. Clinical problems due to encephalomyocarditis virus infections in two pig herds. Porcine Health Manag 2016; 2:19. [PMID: 28405445 PMCID: PMC5382511 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-016-0036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infections with encephalomyocarditis virus may cause myocarditis and sudden death in young pigs and reproduction disorders in sows. The presence of encephalomyocarditis virus infected rodents is considered a major risk factor for transmission of the virus to pigs. There is currently no effective treatment. Tightening up biosecurity, applying effective rodent control and reducing stress are the main control measures. Case presentation Two farrow-to-finish herds suffering from problems with sudden death are presented. In herd A, suckling piglets from 3 to 12 days old were dying acutely whereas in herd B, piglets at the end of the nursery period (8–10 weeks) were showing identical problems. A presumptive diagnosis of encephalomyocarditis virus infection was made because typical lesions were observed in some of the affected pigs. These lesions were not always present in pigs dying acutely or in some cases the lesions were very subtle. Therefore other causes had to be ruled out based upon clinical history, clinical signs and diagnostic tests. A conclusive diagnosis was finally established by showing encephalomyocarditis virus in heart tissue using conventional gel-based polymerase chain reaction tests. The real-time PCR test that gave initially negative result was further optimized to avoid false negative results. Conclusions Typical lesions are not always present in piglets infected with encephalomyocarditis virus, indicating the importance of examining multiple animals. Problems in suckling piglets may occur in affected herds without reproductive problems in sows. Transmission routes of EMCV in swine are not fully understood. A stand-empty period following thorough cleaning and disinfection is recommended for controlling EMC virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas Vansteenkiste
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tommy Van Limbergen
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruben Decaluwé
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marylène Tignon
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Machelen, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Cay
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Machelen, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Du Z, Whitt MA, Baumann J, Garner JM, Morton CL, Davidoff AM, Pfeffer LM. Inhibition of type I interferon-mediated antiviral action in human glioma cells by the IKK inhibitors BMS-345541 and TPCA-1. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2012; 32:368-77. [PMID: 22509977 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) signal transduction pathway plays an important role in immunity, inflammation, cell growth, and survival. Since dysregulation of this pathway results in high, constitutive NFκB activation in various cancers and immune disorders, the development of specific drugs to target this pathway has become a focus for treating these diseases. NFκB regulates various aspects of the cellular response to interferon (IFN). However, the role of the upstream regulator of the NFκB signaling pathway, the inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK) complex, on IFN function has not been examined. In the present study, we examined the effects of 2 IKK inhibitors, N-(1,8-Dimethylimidazo[1,2-a]quinoxalin-4-yl)-1,2-ethanediamine hydrochloride (BMS-345541) and 2-[(aminocarbonyl)amino]-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-thiophenecarboxamide (TPCA-1), on IFN action in several human glioma cell lines. IKK inhibitors inhibit glioma cell proliferation, as well as TNF-induced RelA (p65) nuclear translocation and NFκB-dependent IL8 gene expression. Importantly, BMS-345541 and TPCA-1 differentially inhibit IFN-induced gene expression, completely suppressing MX1 and GBP1 gene expression, while having only a minor effect on ISG15 expression. Furthermore, these IKK inhibitors displayed marked differences in blocking IFN-induced antiviral action against cytopathic effects and replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). Our results show that the IKK complex plays an important function in IFN-induced gene expression and antiviral activity. Since VSV and EMCV are oncolytic viruses used in cancer therapy, our results indicate the potential synergy in combining IKK inhibitors with oncolytic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyun Du
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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