1
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Mittal K, Cooper GW, Lee BP, Su Y, Skinner KT, Shim J, Jonus HC, Kim WJ, Doshi M, Almanza D, Kynnap BD, Christie AL, Yang X, Cowley GS, Leeper BA, Morton CL, Dwivedi B, Lawrence T, Rupji M, Keskula P, Meyer S, Clinton CM, Bhasin M, Crompton BD, Tseng YY, Boehm JS, Ligon KL, Root DE, Murphy AJ, Weinstock DM, Gokhale PC, Spangle JM, Rivera MN, Mullen EA, Stegmaier K, Goldsmith KC, Hahn WC, Hong AL. Targeting TRIP13 in favorable histology Wilms tumor with nuclear export inhibitors synergizes with doxorubicin. Commun Biol 2024; 7:426. [PMID: 38589567 PMCID: PMC11001930 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Wilms tumor (WT) is the most common renal malignancy of childhood. Despite improvements in the overall survival, relapse occurs in ~15% of patients with favorable histology WT (FHWT). Half of these patients will succumb to their disease. Identifying novel targeted therapies remains challenging in part due to the lack of faithful preclinical in vitro models. Here we establish twelve patient-derived WT cell lines and demonstrate that these models faithfully recapitulate WT biology using genomic and transcriptomic techniques. We then perform loss-of-function screens to identify the nuclear export gene, XPO1, as a vulnerability. We find that the FDA approved XPO1 inhibitor, KPT-330, suppresses TRIP13 expression, which is required for survival. We further identify synergy between KPT-330 and doxorubicin, a chemotherapy used in high-risk FHWT. Taken together, we identify XPO1 inhibition with KPT-330 as a potential therapeutic option to treat FHWTs and in combination with doxorubicin, leads to durable remissions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Mittal
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Garrett W Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benjamin P Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yongdong Su
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katie T Skinner
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jenny Shim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hunter C Jonus
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Won Jun Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mihir Doshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Diego Almanza
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bryan D Kynnap
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amanda L Christie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Brittaney A Leeper
- Experimental Therapeutics Core and Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Bhakti Dwivedi
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taylor Lawrence
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Manali Rupji
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paula Keskula
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Meyer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine M Clinton
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manoj Bhasin
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian D Crompton
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuen-Yi Tseng
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jesse S Boehm
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David E Root
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David M Weinstock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Prafulla C Gokhale
- Experimental Therapeutics Core and Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Spangle
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Miguel N Rivera
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Mullen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly Stegmaier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelly C Goldsmith
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William C Hahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Andrew L Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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2
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Pichavaram P, Jablonowski CM, Fang J, Fleming AM, Gil HJ, Boghossian AS, Rees MG, Ronan MM, Roth JA, Morton CL, Zambetti GP, Davidoff AM, Yang J, Murphy AJ. Oncogenic Cells of Renal Embryonic Lineage Sensitive to the Small-Molecule Inhibitor QC6352 Display Depletion of KDM4 Levels and Disruption of Ribosome Biogenesis. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:478-491. [PMID: 37988559 PMCID: PMC10987284 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The histone lysine demethylases KDM4A-C are involved in physiologic processes including stem cell identity and self-renewal during development, DNA damage repair, and cell-cycle progression. KDM4A-C are overexpressed and associated with malignant cell behavior in multiple human cancers and are therefore potential therapeutic targets. Given the role of KDM4A-C in development and cancer, we aimed to test the potent, selective KDM4A-C inhibitor QC6352 on oncogenic cells of renal embryonic lineage. The anaplastic Wilms tumor cell line WiT49 and the tumor-forming human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293 demonstrated low nanomolar QC6352 sensitivity. The cytostatic response to QC6352 in WiT49 and HEK293 cells was marked by induction of DNA damage, a DNA repair-associated protein checkpoint response, S-phase cell-cycle arrest, profound reduction of ribosomal protein gene and rRNA transcription, and blockade of newly synthesized proteins. QC6352 caused reduction of KDM4A-C levels by a proteasome-associated mechanism. The cellular phenotype caused by QC6352 treatment of reduced migration, proliferation, tumor spheroid growth, DNA damage, and S-phase cell-cycle arrest was most closely mirrored by knockdown of KDM4A as determined by siRNA knockdown of KDM4A-C. QC6352 sensitivity correlated with high basal levels of ribosomal gene transcription in more than 900 human cancer cell lines. Targeting KDM4A may be of future therapeutic interest in oncogenic cells of embryonic renal lineage or cells with high basal expression of ribosomal protein genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jie Fang
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andrew M. Fleming
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hyea Jin Gil
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Matthew G. Rees
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa M. Ronan
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Roth
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher L. Morton
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gerard P. Zambetti
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andrew M. Davidoff
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andrew J. Murphy
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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3
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Brimble MA, Morton CL, Winston SM, Reeves IL, Spence Y, Cheng PH, Zhou J, Nathwani AC, Thomas PG, Souquette A, Davidoff AM. Pre-Existing Immunity to a Nucleic Acid Contaminant-Derived Antigen Mediates Transaminitis and Resultant Diminished Transgene Expression in a Mouse Model of Hepatic Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Gene Transfer. Hum Gene Ther 2024. [PMID: 38420654 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2023.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver injury with concomitant loss of therapeutic transgene expression can be a clinical sequela of systemic administration of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) when used for gene therapy, and a significant barrier to treatment efficacy. Despite this, it has been difficult to replicate this phenotype in preclinical models, thereby limiting the field's ability to systematically investigate underlying biological mechanisms and develop interventions. Prior animal models have focused on capsid and transgene-related immunogenicity, but the impact of concurrently present nontransgene or vector antigens on therapeutic efficacy, such as those derived from contaminating nucleic acids within rAAV preps, has yet to be investigated. In this study, using Ad5-CMV_GFP-immunized immunocompetent BALB/cJ mice, and a coagulation factor VIII expressing rAAV preparation that contains green flourescent protein (GFP) cDNA packaged as P5-associated contaminants, we establish a model to induce transaminitis and observe concomitant therapeutic efficacy reduction after rAAV administration. We observed strong epitope-specific anti-GFP responses in splenic CD8+ T cells when GFP cDNA was delivered as a P5-associated contaminant of rAAV, which coincided and correlated with alanine and aspartate aminotransferase elevations. Furthermore, we report a significant reduction in detectable circulating FVIII protein, as compared with control mice. Lastly, we observed an elevation in the detection of AAV8 capsid-specific T cells when GFP was delivered either as a contaminant or transgene to Ad5-CMV_GFP-immunized mice. We present this model as a potential tool to study the underlying biology of post-AAV hepatotoxicity and demonstrate the potential for T cell responses against proteins produced from AAV encapsidated nontherapeutic nucleic acids, to interfere with efficacious gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Brimble
- Departments of, Host Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christopher L Morton
- Departments of, Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stephen M Winston
- Departments of, Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Isaiah L Reeves
- Departments of, Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yunyu Spence
- Departments of, Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pei-Hsin Cheng
- Departments of, Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Junfang Zhou
- Departments of, Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amit C Nathwani
- Research Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Departments of, Host Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Aisha Souquette
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew M Davidoff
- Departments of, Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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4
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Singh S, Fang J, Jin H, Van de Velde LA, Wu Q, Cortes A, Morton CL, Woolard MA, Quarni W, Steele JA, Connelly JP, He L, Thorne R, Turner G, Confer T, Johnson M, Caufield WV, Freeman BB, Lockey T, Pruett-Miller SM, Wang R, Davidoff AM, Thomas PG, Yang J. RBM39 degrader invigorates natural killer cells to eradicate neuroblastoma despite cancer cell plasticity. bioRxiv 2024:2024.03.21.586157. [PMID: 38585889 PMCID: PMC10996557 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.21.586157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The cellular plasticity of neuroblastoma is defined by a mixture of two major cell states, adrenergic (ADRN) and mesenchymal (MES), which may contribute to therapy resistance. However, how neuroblastoma cells switch cellular states during therapy remains largely unknown and how to eradicate neuroblastoma regardless of their cell states is a clinical challenge. To better understand the lineage switch of neuroblastoma in chemoresistance, we comprehensively defined the transcriptomic and epigenetic map of ADRN and MES types of neuroblastomas using human and murine models treated with indisulam, a selective RBM39 degrader. We showed that cancer cells not only undergo a bidirectional switch between ADRN and MES states, but also acquire additional cellular states, reminiscent of the developmental pliancy of neural crest cells. The lineage alterations are coupled with epigenetic reprogramming and dependency switch of lineage-specific transcription factors, epigenetic modifiers and targetable kinases. Through targeting RNA splicing, indisulam induces an inflammatory tumor microenvironment and enhances anticancer activity of natural killer cells. The combination of indisulam with anti-GD2 immunotherapy results in a durable, complete response in high-risk transgenic neuroblastoma models, providing an innovative, rational therapeutic approach to eradicate tumor cells regardless of their potential to switch cell states.
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5
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Murphy AJ, Cheng C, Williams J, Shaw TI, Pinto EM, Dieseldorff-Jones K, Brzezinski J, Renfro LA, Tornwall B, Huff V, Hong AL, Mullen EA, Crompton B, Dome JS, Fernandez CV, Geller JI, Ehrlich PF, Mulder H, Oak N, Maciezsek J, Jablonowski CM, Fleming AM, Pichavaram P, Morton CL, Easton J, Nichols KE, Clay MR, Santiago T, Zhang J, Yang J, Zambetti GP, Wang Z, Davidoff AM, Chen X. Genetic and epigenetic features of bilateral Wilms tumor predisposition in patients from the Children's Oncology Group AREN18B5-Q. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8006. [PMID: 38110397 PMCID: PMC10728430 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43730-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing synchronous bilateral Wilms tumor suggests an underlying (epi)genetic predisposition. Here, we evaluate this predisposition in 68 patients using whole exome or genome sequencing (n = 85 tumors from 61 patients with matched germline blood DNA), RNA-seq (n = 99 tumors), and DNA methylation analysis (n = 61 peripheral blood, n = 29 non-diseased kidney, n = 99 tumors). We determine the predominant events for bilateral Wilms tumor predisposition: 1)pre-zygotic germline genetic variants readily detectable in blood DNA [WT1 (14.8%), NYNRIN (6.6%), TRIM28 (5%), and BRCA-related genes (5%)] or 2)post-zygotic epigenetic hypermethylation at 11p15.5 H19/ICR1 that may require analysis of multiple tissue types for diagnosis. Of 99 total tumor specimens, 16 (16.1%) have 11p15.5 normal retention of imprinting, 25 (25.2%) have 11p15.5 copy neutral loss of heterozygosity, and 58 (58.6%) have 11p15.5 H19/ICR1 epigenetic hypermethylation (loss of imprinting). Here, we ascertain the epigenetic and genetic modes of bilateral Wilms tumor predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Murphy
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| | - Changde Cheng
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Justin Williams
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Timothy I Shaw
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Emilia M Pinto
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | | | - Jack Brzezinski
- Department of Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lindsay A Renfro
- Children's Oncology Group and Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brett Tornwall
- Children's Oncology Group Statistics and Data Center, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - Vicki Huff
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew L Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Mullen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Brian Crompton
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Dome
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - James I Geller
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Peter F Ehrlich
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Heather Mulder
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Ninad Oak
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jamie Maciezsek
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Carolyn M Jablonowski
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Andrew M Fleming
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | | | - Christopher L Morton
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Kim E Nichols
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael R Clay
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Teresa Santiago
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Gerard P Zambetti
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Andrew M Davidoff
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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6
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Murphy AJ, Cheng C, Williams J, Shaw TI, Pinto EM, Dieseldorff-Jones K, Brzezinski J, Renfro LA, Tornwall B, Huff V, Hong AL, Mullen EA, Crompton B, Dome JS, Fernandez CV, Geller JI, Ehrlich PF, Mulder H, Oak N, Maciezsek J, Jablonowski C, Fleming AM, Pichavaram P, Morton CL, Easton J, Nichols KE, Clay MR, Santiago T, Zhang J, Yang J, Zambetti GP, Wang Z, Davidoff AM, Chen X. The Genetic and Epigenetic Features of Bilateral Wilms Tumor Predisposition: A Report from the Children's Oncology Group AREN18B5-Q Study. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2675436. [PMID: 36993649 PMCID: PMC10055651 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2675436/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This study comprehensively evaluated the landscape of genetic and epigenetic events that predispose to synchronous bilateral Wilms tumor (BWT). We performed whole exome or whole genome sequencing, total-strand RNA-seq, and DNA methylation analysis using germline and/or tumor samples from 68 patients with BWT from St. Jude Children's Research Hospital and the Children's Oncology Group. We found that 25/61 (41%) of patients evaluated harbored pathogenic or likely pathogenic germline variants, with WT1 (14.8%), NYNRIN (6.6%), TRIM28 (5%) and the BRCA-related genes (5%) BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB2 being most common. Germline WT1 variants were strongly associated with somatic paternal uniparental disomy encompassing the 11p15.5 and 11p13/WT1 loci and subsequent acquired pathogenic CTNNB1 variants. Somatic coding variants or genome-wide copy number alterations were almost never shared between paired synchronous BWT, suggesting that the acquisition of independent somatic variants leads to tumor formation in the context of germline or early embryonic, post-zygotic initiating events. In contrast, 11p15.5 status (loss of heterozygosity, loss or retention of imprinting) was shared among paired synchronous BWT in all but one case. The predominant molecular events for BWT predisposition include pathogenic germline variants or post-zygotic epigenetic hypermethylation at the 11p15.5 H19/ICR1 locus (loss of imprinting). This study demonstrates that post-zygotic somatic mosaicism for 11p15.5 hypermethylation/loss of imprinting is the single most common initiating molecular event predisposing to BWT. Evidence of somatic mosaicism for 11p15.5 loss of imprinting was detected in leukocytes of a cohort of BWT patients and long-term survivors, but not in unilateral Wilms tumor patients and long-term survivors or controls, further supporting the hypothesis that post-zygotic 11p15.5 alterations occurred in the mesoderm of patients who go on to develop BWT. Due to the preponderance of BWT patients with demonstrable germline or early embryonic tumor predisposition, BWT exhibits a unique biology when compared to unilateral Wilms tumor and therefore warrants continued refinement of its own treatment-relevant biomarkers which in turn may inform directed treatment strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brian Crompton
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ninad Oak
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jun Yang
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
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7
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Jablonowski CM, Gil HJ, Pinto EM, Pichavaram P, Fleming AM, Clay MR, Hu D, Morton CL, Pruett-Miller SM, Hansen BS, Chen X, Jones KMD, Liu Y, Ma X, Yang J, Davidoff AM, Zambetti GP, Murphy AJ. TERT Expression in Wilms Tumor Is Regulated by Promoter Mutation or Hypermethylation, WT1, and N-MYC. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071655. [PMID: 35406427 PMCID: PMC8996936 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The telomerase enzyme adds repetitive genetic sequences to the ends of chromosomes called telomeres to prevent cellular senescence. Gain of telomerase function is one of the hallmarks of human cancer. The telomerase protein is coded by the gene TERT and increased TERT RNA levels have been associated with disease relapse in Wilms tumor, the most common kidney cancer of childhood. This study aimed to determine the mechanisms of increased TERT expression in Wilms tumor. This study found mutations in the TERT promoter, increased methylation of the TERT promoter, and genomic copy number amplifications of TERT as potential mechanisms of TERT activation. Conversely, this study found that inactivating WT1 mutation was associated with low TERT RNA levels and telomerase activity. N-MYC overexpression in Wilms tumor cells resulted in increased TERT promoter activity and TERT transcription. TERT transcription is associated with molecular and histologic subgroups in Wilms tumor and telomere-targeted therapies warrant future investigation. Abstract Increased TERT mRNA is associated with disease relapse in favorable histology Wilms tumor (WT). This study sought to understand the mechanism of increased TERT expression by determining the association between TERT and WT1 and N-MYC, two proteins important in Wilms tumor pathogenesis that have been shown to regulate TERT expression. Three out of 45 (6.7%) WTs and the corresponding patient-derived xenografts harbored canonical gain-of-function mutations in the TERT promoter. This study identified near ubiquitous hypermethylation of the TERT promoter region in WT compared to normal kidney. WTs with biallelic inactivating mutations in WT1 (7/45, 15.6%) were found to have lower TERT expression by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR and lower telomerase activity determined by the telomerase repeat amplification protocol. Anaplastic histology and increased percentage of blastema were positively correlated with higher TERT expression and telomerase activity. In vitro shRNA knockdown of WT1 resulted in decreased expression of TERT, reduced colony formation, and decreased proliferation of WiT49, an anaplastic WT cell line with wild-type WT1. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of WT1 resulted in decreased expression of telomere-related gene pathways. However, an inducible Wt1-knockout mouse model showed no relationship between Wt1 knockout and Tert expression in normal murine nephrogenesis, suggesting that WT1 and TERT are coupled in transformed cells but not in normal kidney tissues. N-MYC overexpression resulted in increased TERT promoter activity and TERT transcription. Thus, multiple mechanisms of TERT activation are involved in WT and are associated with anaplastic histology and increased blastema. This study is novel because it identifies potential mechanisms of TERT activation in Wilms tumor that could be of therapeutic interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M. Jablonowski
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 133, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (C.M.J.); (H.J.G.); (P.P.); (A.M.F.); (D.H.); (C.L.M.); (J.Y.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Hyea Jin Gil
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 133, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (C.M.J.); (H.J.G.); (P.P.); (A.M.F.); (D.H.); (C.L.M.); (J.Y.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Emilia M. Pinto
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (E.M.P.); (G.P.Z.)
| | - Prahalathan Pichavaram
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 133, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (C.M.J.); (H.J.G.); (P.P.); (A.M.F.); (D.H.); (C.L.M.); (J.Y.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Andrew M. Fleming
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 133, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (C.M.J.); (H.J.G.); (P.P.); (A.M.F.); (D.H.); (C.L.M.); (J.Y.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Michael R. Clay
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Dongli Hu
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 133, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (C.M.J.); (H.J.G.); (P.P.); (A.M.F.); (D.H.); (C.L.M.); (J.Y.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Christopher L. Morton
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 133, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (C.M.J.); (H.J.G.); (P.P.); (A.M.F.); (D.H.); (C.L.M.); (J.Y.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Shondra M. Pruett-Miller
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (S.M.P.-M.); (B.S.H.)
| | - Baranda S. Hansen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (S.M.P.-M.); (B.S.H.)
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (X.C.); (K.M.D.J.); (Y.L.); (X.M.)
| | - Karissa M. Dieseldorff Jones
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (X.C.); (K.M.D.J.); (Y.L.); (X.M.)
| | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (X.C.); (K.M.D.J.); (Y.L.); (X.M.)
| | - Xiaotu Ma
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (X.C.); (K.M.D.J.); (Y.L.); (X.M.)
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 133, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (C.M.J.); (H.J.G.); (P.P.); (A.M.F.); (D.H.); (C.L.M.); (J.Y.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Andrew M. Davidoff
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 133, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (C.M.J.); (H.J.G.); (P.P.); (A.M.F.); (D.H.); (C.L.M.); (J.Y.); (A.M.D.)
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Gerard P. Zambetti
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (E.M.P.); (G.P.Z.)
| | - Andrew J. Murphy
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 133, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (C.M.J.); (H.J.G.); (P.P.); (A.M.F.); (D.H.); (C.L.M.); (J.Y.); (A.M.D.)
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Correspondence:
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Brimble MA, Cheng PH, Winston SM, Reeves IL, Souquette A, Spence Y, Zhou J, Wang YD, Morton CL, Valentine M, Thomas PG, Nathwani AC, Gray JT, Davidoff AM. Preventing packaging of translatable P5-associated DNA contaminants in recombinant AAV vector preps. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 24:280-291. [PMID: 35211640 PMCID: PMC8829444 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors are increasingly being used for clinical gene transfer and have shown great potential for the treatment of several monogenic disorders. However, contaminant DNA from producer plasmids can be packaged into rAAV alongside the intended expression cassette-containing vector genome. The consequences of this are unknown. Our analysis of rAAV preps revealed abundant contaminant sequences upstream of the AAV replication (Rep) protein driving promoter, P5, on the Rep-Cap producer plasmid. Characterization of P5-associated contaminants after infection showed transfer, persistence, and transcriptional activity in AAV-transduced murine hepatocytes, in addition to in vitro evidence suggestive of integration. These contaminants can also be efficiently translated and immunogenic, revealing previously unrecognized side effects of rAAV-mediated gene transfer. P5-associated contaminant packaging and activity were independent of an inverted terminal repeat (ITR)-flanked vector genome. To prevent incorporation of these potentially harmful sequences, we constructed a modified P5-promoter (P5-HS), inserting a DNA spacer between an Rep binding site and an Rep nicking site in P5. This prevented upstream DNA contamination regardless of transgene or AAV serotype, while maintaining vector yield. Thus, we have constructed an rAAV production plasmid that improves vector purity and can be implemented across clinical rAAV applications. These findings represent new vector safety and production considerations for rAAV gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Brimble
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Department of Haematology, University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Pei-Hsin Cheng
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stephen M. Winston
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Isaiah L. Reeves
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Aisha Souquette
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yunyu Spence
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Junfang Zhou
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yong-Dong Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Christopher L. Morton
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Marcus Valentine
- Cytogenetics Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Amit C. Nathwani
- Department of Haematology, University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
- Katharine Dormandy Haemophilia and Thrombosis Centre, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - John T. Gray
- Vertex Cell and Genetic Therapies, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Andrew M. Davidoff
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Ghilu S, Morton CL, Vaseva AV, Zheng S, Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ. Approaches to identifying drug resistance mechanisms to clinically relevant treatments in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Drug Resist 2022; 5:80-89. [PMID: 35450020 PMCID: PMC8992598 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2021.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Aim Despite aggressive multiagent protocols, patients with metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) have poor prognosis. In a recent high-risk trial (ARST0431), 25% of patients failed within the first year, while on therapy and 80% had tumor progression within 24 months. However, the mechanisms for tumor resistance are essentially unknown. Here we explore the use of preclinical models to develop resistance to complex chemotherapy regimens used in ARST0431. Methods A Single Mouse Testing (SMT) protocol was used to evaluate the sensitivity of 34 RMS xenograft models to one cycle of vincristine, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide (VAC) treatment. Tumor response was determined by caliper measurement, and tumor regression and event-free survival (EFS) were used as endpoints for evaluation. Treated tumors at regrowth were transplanted into recipient mice, and the treatment was repeated until tumors progressed during the treatment period (i.e., became resistant). At transplant, tumor tissue was stored for biochemical and omics analysis. Results The sensitivity to VAC of 34 RMS models was determined. EFS varied from 3 weeks to > 20 weeks. Tumor models were classified as having intrinsic resistance, intermediate sensitivity, or high sensitivity to VAC therapy. Resistance to VAC was developed in multiple models after 2-5 cycles of therapy; however, there were examples where sensitivity remained unchanged after 3 cycles of treatment. Conclusion The SMT approach allows for in vivo assessment of drug sensitivity and development of drug resistance in a large number of RMS models. As such, it provides a platform for assessing in vivo drug resistance mechanisms at a "population" level, simulating conditions in vivo that lead to clinical resistance. These VAC-resistant models represent "high-risk" tumors that mimic a preclinical phase 2 population and will be valuable for identifying novel agents active against VAC-resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Ghilu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, UT Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Christopher L. Morton
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Angelina V. Vaseva
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, UT Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Siyuan Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, UT Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Raushan T. Kurmasheva
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, UT Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Peter J. Houghton
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, UT Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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10
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Murphy AJ, Chen X, Pinto EM, Williams JS, Clay MR, Pounds SB, Cao X, Shi L, Lin T, Neale G, Morton CL, Woolard MA, Mulder HL, Gil HJ, Rehg JE, Billups CA, Harlow ML, Dome JS, Houghton PJ, Easton J, Zhang J, George RE, Zambetti GP, Davidoff AM. Forty-five patient-derived xenografts capture the clinical and biological heterogeneity of Wilms tumor. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5806. [PMID: 31862972 PMCID: PMC6925259 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of model systems has limited the preclinical discovery and testing of therapies for Wilms tumor (WT) patients who have poor outcomes. Herein, we establish 45 heterotopic WT patient-derived xenografts (WTPDX) in CB17 scid-/- mice that capture the biological heterogeneity of Wilms tumor (WT). Among these 45 total WTPDX, 6 from patients with diffuse anaplastic tumors, 9 from patients who experienced disease relapse, and 13 from patients with bilateral disease are included. Early passage WTPDX show evidence of clonal selection, clonal evolution and enrichment of blastemal gene expression. Favorable histology WTPDX are sensitive, whereas unfavorable histology WTPDX are resistant to conventional chemotherapy with vincristine, actinomycin-D, and doxorubicin given singly or in combination. This WTPDX library is a unique scientific resource that retains the spectrum of biological heterogeneity present in WT and provides an essential tool to test targeted therapies for WT patient groups with poor outcomes. The progress in pre-clinical drug discovery for Wilms tumor (WT) is limited by a lack of disease models. Here, the authors develop 45 heterotopic WT patient-derived xenografts including several anaplastic models that recapitulate the biological heterogeneity of WT, and propose this as a resource for evaluating future therapeutics for WT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Murphy
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA. .,Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 910 Madison Ave. 2nd floor, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Emilia M Pinto
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Justin S Williams
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Michael R Clay
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Stanley B Pounds
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Xueyuan Cao
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.,College of Nursing, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 920 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Tong Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Geoffrey Neale
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Christopher L Morton
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Mary A Woolard
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Heather L Mulder
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Hyea Jin Gil
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jerold E Rehg
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Catherine A Billups
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Matthew L Harlow
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Room D640E, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Dome
- Division of Oncology, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Peter J Houghton
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Rani E George
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Room D640E, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Gerard P Zambetti
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Andrew M Davidoff
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.,Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 910 Madison Ave. 2nd floor, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
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11
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Villarreal ED, Hewgley WP, Lang WH, Morton CL, Mao S, Wu J, Sandoval JA. In-bag enzymatic splenic digestion: a novel alternative to manual morcellation? J Surg Res 2017; 218:209-216. [PMID: 28985851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contained in-bag spleen morcellation is a conventional extraction technique for safe spleen removal during laparoscopic splenectomy. Existing data for the use of in-bag enzymatic splenic digestion as an alternative to morcellation are lacking. This proof-of-concept study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of single and combinatorial enzyme digestion of murine spleens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Murine spleens were digested with collagenase alone or with combinations of commercially available enzymes (collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase, neutral protease) to determine their degradation effect. The primary end point was the percentage of mass reduction at 15 and 30 min. RESULTS For collagenase alone (n = 15), the mean reduction in mass was 14 ± 10% (range: 2%-31%) at 15 min and 30 ± 25% (range: 7%-100%) at 30 min. Using combinatorial dissolution with collagenase, hyaluronidase, and elastase (n = 8), the mean reduction in mass was 27 ± 16% (range: 6%-42%) at 15 min and 48 ± 27% (range: 3%-100%) at 30 min. Injecting the enzyme solution into whole spleens (n = 9) yielded a mean reduction in mass of 22 ± 13% (range: 9%-42%) at 15 min and 55 ± 31% (range: 9%-100%) at 30 min; mean reduction was 9 ± 13% (range: 0%-39%) at 15 min and 23 ± 13% (range: 3%-53%) with no injection (n = 12). CONCLUSIONS We provide the first demonstration of successful enzymatic murine spleen digestion as an alternative method for in-bag spleen removal during laparoscopic splenectomy. However, the significant cost and quantities of commercial enzyme required for clinical application dampens the enthusiasm for this novel approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Villarreal
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee; University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - William Preston Hewgley
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee; University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Walter H Lang
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Christopher L Morton
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Shenghua Mao
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jianrong Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - John A Sandoval
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Baptist Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
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12
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Hewgley WP, Lang WH, Morton CL, Sandoval JA. Cytokines in Pediatric and Adult Melanoma. J Am Coll Surg 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.06.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Orr WS, Denbo JW, Saab KR, Myers AL, Ng CY, Zhou J, Morton CL, Pfeffer LM, Davidoff AM. Retraction notice to "Liposome-encapsulated curcumin suppresses neuroblastoma growth through nuclear factor-kB inhibition" [j.surg 151 (2012) 736-744]. Surgery 2016; 159:674. [PMID: 27144251 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Piras BA, Drury JE, Morton CL, Spence Y, Lockey TD, Nathwani AC, Davidoff AM, Meagher MM. Distribution of AAV8 particles in cell lysates and culture media changes with time and is dependent on the recombinant vector. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2016; 3:16015. [PMID: 27069949 PMCID: PMC4813606 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
With clinical trials ongoing, efficient clinical production of adeno-associated virus (AAV) to treat large numbers of patients remains a challenge. We compared distribution of AAV8 packaged with Factor VIII (FVIII) in cell culture media and lysates on days 3, 5, 6, and 7 post-transfection and found increasing viral production through day 6, with the proportion of viral particles in the media increasing from 76% at day 3 to 94% by day 7. Compared to FVIII, AAV8 packaged with Factor IX and Protective Protein/Cathepsin A vectors demonstrated a greater shift from lysate towards media from day 3 to 6, implying that particle distribution is dependent on recombinant vector. Larger-scale productions showed that the ratio of full-to-empty AAV particles is similar in media and lysate, and that AAV harvested on day 6 post-transfection provides equivalent function in mice compared to AAV harvested on day 3. This demonstrates that AAV8 production can be optimized by prolonging the duration of culture post-transfection, and simplified by allowing harvest of media only, with disposal of cells that contain 10% or less of total vector yield. Additionally, the difference in particle distribution with different expression cassettes implies a recombinant vector-dependent processing mechanism which should be taken into account during process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Piras
- Department of Therapeutics Production & Quality, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jason E Drury
- Department of Therapeutics Production & Quality, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christopher L Morton
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yunyu Spence
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Timothy D Lockey
- Department of Therapeutics Production & Quality, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amit C Nathwani
- UCL Katharine Dormandy Haemophilia and Thrombosis Centre, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrew M Davidoff
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael M Meagher
- Department of Therapeutics Production & Quality, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Machado E, White-Gilbertson S, van de Vlekkert D, Janke L, Moshiach S, Campos Y, Finkelstein D, Gomero E, Mosca R, Qiu X, Morton CL, Annunziata I, d’Azzo A. Regulated lysosomal exocytosis mediates cancer progression. Sci Adv 2015; 1:e1500603. [PMID: 26824057 PMCID: PMC4730843 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how tumor cells transition to an invasive and drug-resistant phenotype is central to cancer biology, but the mechanisms underlying this transition remain unclear. We show that sarcomas gain these malignant traits by inducing lysosomal exocytosis, a ubiquitous physiological process. During lysosomal exocytosis, the movement of exocytic lysosomes along the cytoskeleton and their docking at the plasma membrane involve LAMP1, a sialylated membrane glycoprotein and target of the sialidase NEU1. Cleavage of LAMP1 sialic acids by NEU1 limits the extent of lysosomal exocytosis. We found that by down-regulation of NEU1 and accumulation of oversialylated LAMP1, tumor cells exacerbate lysosomal exocytosis of soluble hydrolases and exosomes. This facilitates matrix invasion and propagation of invasive signals, and purging of lysosomotropic chemotherapeutics. In Arf (-⁄-) mice, Neu1 haploinsufficiency fostered the development of invasive, pleomorphic sarcomas, expressing epithelial and mesenchymal markers, and lysosomal exocytosis effectors, LAMP1 and Myosin-11. These features are analogous to those of metastatic, pleomorphic human sarcomas, where low NEU1 levels correlate with high expression of lysosomal exocytosis markers. In a therapeutic proof of principle, we demonstrate that inhibiting lysosomal exocytosis reversed invasiveness and chemoresistance in aggressive sarcoma cells. Thus, we reveal that this unconventional, lysosome-regulated pathway plays a primary role in tumor progression and chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Machado
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shai White-Gilbertson
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Diantha van de Vlekkert
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Laura Janke
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Simon Moshiach
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yvan Campos
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Elida Gomero
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Rosario Mosca
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Christopher L. Morton
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ida Annunziata
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Alessandra d’Azzo
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Yang J, AlTahan AM, Hu D, Wang Y, Cheng PH, Morton CL, Qu C, Nathwani AC, Shohet JM, Fotsis T, Koster J, Versteeg R, Okada H, Harris AL, Davidoff AM. The role of histone demethylase KDM4B in Myc signaling in neuroblastoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 107:djv080. [PMID: 25925418 PMCID: PMC4555638 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic alterations, such as histone methylation, modulate Myc signaling, a pathway central to oncogenesis. We investigated the role of the histone demethylase KDM4B in N-Myc-mediated neuroblastoma pathogenesis. METHODS Spearman correlation was performed to correlate MYCN and KDM4B expression. RNA interference, microarray analysis, gene set enrichment analysis, and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to define the functions of KDM4B. Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence were used to assess protein-protein interactions between N-Myc and KDM4B. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to assess the binding of Myc targets. Constitutive and inducible lentiviral-mediated KDM4B knockdown with shRNA was used to assess the effects on tumor growth. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to assess the prognostic value of KDM4B expression. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS KDM4B and MYCN expression were found to be statistically significantly correlated in a variety of cancers, including neuroblastoma (R = 0.396, P < .001). Functional studies demonstrated that KDM4B regulates the Myc pathway. N-Myc was found to physically interact with and recruit KDM4B. KDM4B was found to regulate neuroblastoma cell proliferation and differentiation in vitro and xenograft growth in vivo (5 mice/group, two-tailed t test, P ≤ 0.001). Finally, together with MYCN amplification, KDM4B was found to stratify a subgroup of poor-prognosis patients (122 case patients, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide insight into the epigenetic regulation of Myc via histone demethylation and proof-of-concept for inhibition of histone demethylases to target Myc signaling in cancers such as neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Surgery (JY, AMA, DH, PHC, CLM, AMD) and Department of Bioinformatics (CQ), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (YW); Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK (ACN); Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (JMS); Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (JK, RV); Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan (HO); Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK (ALH)
| | - Alaa M AlTahan
- Department of Surgery (JY, AMA, DH, PHC, CLM, AMD) and Department of Bioinformatics (CQ), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (YW); Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK (ACN); Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (JMS); Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (JK, RV); Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan (HO); Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK (ALH)
| | - Dongli Hu
- Department of Surgery (JY, AMA, DH, PHC, CLM, AMD) and Department of Bioinformatics (CQ), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (YW); Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK (ACN); Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (JMS); Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (JK, RV); Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan (HO); Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK (ALH)
| | - Yingdi Wang
- Department of Surgery (JY, AMA, DH, PHC, CLM, AMD) and Department of Bioinformatics (CQ), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (YW); Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK (ACN); Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (JMS); Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (JK, RV); Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan (HO); Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK (ALH)
| | - Pei-Hsin Cheng
- Department of Surgery (JY, AMA, DH, PHC, CLM, AMD) and Department of Bioinformatics (CQ), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (YW); Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK (ACN); Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (JMS); Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (JK, RV); Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan (HO); Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK (ALH)
| | - Christopher L Morton
- Department of Surgery (JY, AMA, DH, PHC, CLM, AMD) and Department of Bioinformatics (CQ), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (YW); Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK (ACN); Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (JMS); Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (JK, RV); Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan (HO); Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK (ALH)
| | - Chunxu Qu
- Department of Surgery (JY, AMA, DH, PHC, CLM, AMD) and Department of Bioinformatics (CQ), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (YW); Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK (ACN); Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (JMS); Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (JK, RV); Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan (HO); Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK (ALH)
| | - Amit C Nathwani
- Department of Surgery (JY, AMA, DH, PHC, CLM, AMD) and Department of Bioinformatics (CQ), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (YW); Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK (ACN); Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (JMS); Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (JK, RV); Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan (HO); Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK (ALH)
| | - Jason M Shohet
- Department of Surgery (JY, AMA, DH, PHC, CLM, AMD) and Department of Bioinformatics (CQ), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (YW); Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK (ACN); Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (JMS); Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (JK, RV); Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan (HO); Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK (ALH)
| | - Theodore Fotsis
- Department of Surgery (JY, AMA, DH, PHC, CLM, AMD) and Department of Bioinformatics (CQ), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (YW); Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK (ACN); Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (JMS); Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (JK, RV); Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan (HO); Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK (ALH)
| | - Jan Koster
- Department of Surgery (JY, AMA, DH, PHC, CLM, AMD) and Department of Bioinformatics (CQ), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (YW); Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK (ACN); Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (JMS); Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (JK, RV); Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan (HO); Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK (ALH)
| | - Rogier Versteeg
- Department of Surgery (JY, AMA, DH, PHC, CLM, AMD) and Department of Bioinformatics (CQ), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (YW); Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK (ACN); Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (JMS); Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (JK, RV); Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan (HO); Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK (ALH)
| | - Hitoshi Okada
- Department of Surgery (JY, AMA, DH, PHC, CLM, AMD) and Department of Bioinformatics (CQ), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (YW); Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK (ACN); Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (JMS); Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (JK, RV); Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan (HO); Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK (ALH)
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Department of Surgery (JY, AMA, DH, PHC, CLM, AMD) and Department of Bioinformatics (CQ), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (YW); Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK (ACN); Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (JMS); Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (JK, RV); Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan (HO); Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK (ALH)
| | - Andrew M Davidoff
- Department of Surgery (JY, AMA, DH, PHC, CLM, AMD) and Department of Bioinformatics (CQ), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (YW); Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK (ACN); Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (JMS); Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (TF); Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (JK, RV); Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan (HO); Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK (ALH).
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Nathwani AC, Reiss UM, Tuddenham EGD, Rosales C, Chowdary P, McIntosh J, Della Peruta M, Lheriteau E, Patel N, Raj D, Riddell A, Pie J, Rangarajan S, Bevan D, Recht M, Shen YM, Halka KG, Basner-Tschakarjan E, Mingozzi F, High KA, Allay J, Kay MA, Ng CYC, Zhou J, Cancio M, Morton CL, Gray JT, Srivastava D, Nienhuis AW, Davidoff AM. Long-term safety and efficacy of factor IX gene therapy in hemophilia B. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:1994-2004. [PMID: 25409372 PMCID: PMC4278802 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1407309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 905] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with severe hemophilia B, gene therapy that is mediated by a novel self-complementary adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (AAV8) vector has been shown to raise factor IX levels for periods of up to 16 months. We wanted to determine the durability of transgene expression, the vector dose-response relationship, and the level of persistent or late toxicity. METHODS We evaluated the stability of transgene expression and long-term safety in 10 patients with severe hemophilia B: 6 patients who had been enrolled in an initial phase 1 dose-escalation trial, with 2 patients each receiving a low, intermediate, or high dose, and 4 additional patients who received the high dose (2×10(12) vector genomes per kilogram of body weight). The patients subsequently underwent extensive clinical and laboratory monitoring. RESULTS A single intravenous infusion of vector in all 10 patients with severe hemophilia B resulted in a dose-dependent increase in circulating factor IX to a level that was 1 to 6% of the normal value over a median period of 3.2 years, with observation ongoing. In the high-dose group, a consistent increase in the factor IX level to a mean (±SD) of 5.1±1.7% was observed in all 6 patients, which resulted in a reduction of more than 90% in both bleeding episodes and the use of prophylactic factor IX concentrate. A transient increase in the mean alanine aminotransferase level to 86 IU per liter (range, 36 to 202) occurred between week 7 and week 10 in 4 of the 6 patients in the high-dose group but resolved over a median of 5 days (range, 2 to 35) after prednisolone treatment. CONCLUSIONS In 10 patients with severe hemophilia B, the infusion of a single dose of AAV8 vector resulted in long-term therapeutic factor IX expression associated with clinical improvement. With a follow-up period of up to 3 years, no late toxic effects from the therapy were reported. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00979238.).
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Altahan A, Yang J, Morton CL, Davidoff AM. Evaluation of ciclopirox efficacy in rhabdomyosarcoma. J Clin Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.10059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Altahan
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Jun Yang
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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Carol H, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Morton CL, Manesh DM, Keir ST, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Maris JM, Wozniak A, Hickson I, Lyalin D, Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ, Smith MA, Lock R. Initial testing (stage 1) of the histone deacetylase inhibitor, quisinostat (JNJ-26481585), by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014; 61:245-52. [PMID: 24038993 PMCID: PMC4225045 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quisinostat (JNJ-26481585) is a second-generation pyrimidyl-hydroxamic acid histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with high cellular potency towards Class I and II HDACs. Quisinostat was selected for clinical development as it showed prolonged pharmacodynamic effects in vivo and demonstrated improved single agent antitumoral efficacy compared to other analogs. PROCEDURES Quisinostat was tested against the PPTP in vitro panel at concentrations ranging from 1.0 nM to 10 μM and was tested against the PPTP in vivo panels at a dose of 5 mg/kg (solid tumors) or 2.5 mg/kg (ALL models) administered intraperitoneally daily × 21. RESULTS In vitro quisinostat demonstrated potent cytotoxic activity, with T/C% values approaching 0% for all of the cell lines at the highest concentration tested. The median relative IC50 value for the PPTP cell lines was 2.2 nM (range <1-19 nM). quisinostat induced significant differences in EFS distribution compared to control in 21 of 33 (64%) of the evaluable solid tumor xenografts and in 4 of 8 (50%) of the evaluable ALL xenografts. An objective response was observed in 1 of 33 solid tumor xenografts while for the ALL panel, two xenografts achieved complete response (CR) or maintained CR, and a third ALL xenograft achieved stable disease. CONCLUSIONS Quisinostat demonstrated broad activity in vitro, and retarded growth in the majority of solid tumor xenografts studied. The most consistent in vivo activity signals observed were for the glioblastoma xenografts and T-cell ALL xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Donya Moradi Manesh
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Amy Wozniak
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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Keir ST, Maris JM, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Lock R, Carol H, Morton CL, Wu J, Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ, Smith MA. Initial testing (stage 1) of temozolomide by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:783-90. [PMID: 23335050 PMCID: PMC4244112 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The DNA methylating agent temozolomide was developed primarily for treatment of glioblastoma. However, preclinical data have suggested a broader application for treatment of childhood cancer. Temozolomide was tested against the PPTP solid tumor and ALL models. PROCEDURES Temozolomide was tested against the PPTP in vitro panel at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1,000 µM and was tested against the PPTP in vivo panels at doses from 22 to 100 mg/kg administered orally daily for 5 days, repeated at day 21. RESULTS In vitro temozolomide showed cytotoxicity with a median relative IC50 (rIC50 ) value of 380 µM against the PPTP cell lines (range 1 to > 1,000 µM). The three lines with rIC50 values lesser than 10 µM had low MGMT expression compared to the remaining cell lines. In vivo temozolomide demonstrated significant toxicity at 100 mg/kg, but induced tumor regressions in 15 of 23 evaluable solid tumor models (13 maintained CR [MCR], 2 CR) and 5 of 8 ALL models (3 MCR, 2 CR). There was a steep dose response curve, with lower activity at 66 mg/kg temozolomide and with tumor regressions at 22 and 44 mg/kg restricted to models with low MGMT expression. CONCLUSIONS Temozolomide demonstrated high level antitumor activity against both solid tumor and leukemia models, but also elicited significant toxicity at the highest dose level. Lowering the dose of TMZ to more closely match clinical exposures markedly reduced the antitumor activity for many xenograft lines with responsiveness at lower doses closely related to low MGMT expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Keir
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina,Correspondence to: Stephen T. Keir, PhD, Deptartment of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC3624, Durham, NC 27710.
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | | | | | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jianrong Wu
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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Orr WS, Denbo JW, Saab KR, Ng CY, Wu J, Li K, Garner JM, Morton CL, Du Z, Pfeffer LM, Davidoff AM. Curcumin potentiates rhabdomyosarcoma radiosensitivity by suppressing NF-κB activity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e51309. [PMID: 23408929 PMCID: PMC3567084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is an essential component of therapy for alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κΒ) transcription factors are upregulated by IR and have been implicated in radioresistance. We evaluated the ability of curcumin, a putative NF-κΒ inhibitor, and cells expressing genetic NF- κΒ inhibitors (IκBα and p100 super-repressor constructs) to function as a radiosensitizer. Ionizing radiation induced NF-κΒ activity in the ARMS cells in vitro in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and upregulated expression of NF-κΒ target proteins. Pretreatment of the cells with curcumin inhibited radiation-induced NF-κΒ activity and target protein expression. In vivo, the combination of curcumin and IR had synergistic antitumor activity against Rh30 and Rh41 ARMS xenografts. The greatest effect occurred when tumor-bearing mice were treated with curcumin prior to IR. Immunohistochemistry revealed that combination therapy significantly decreased tumor cell proliferation and endothelial cell count, and increased tumor cell apoptosis. Stable expression of the super-repressor, SR-IκBα, that blocks the classical NF-κB pathway, increased sensitivity to IR, while expression of SR-p100, that blocks the alternative pathway, did not. Our results demonstrate that curcumin can potentiate the antitumor activity of IR in ARMS xenografts by suppressing a classical NF-κΒ activation pathway induced by ionizing radiation. These data support testing of curcumin as a radiosensitizer for the clinical treatment of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. IMPACT OF WORK: The NF-κΒ protein complex has been linked to radioresistance in several cancers. In this study, we have demonstrated that inhibiting radiation-induced NF-κΒ activity by either pharmacologic (curcumin) or genetic (SR-IκBα) means significantly enhanced the efficacy of radiation therapy in the treatment of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cells and xenografts. These data suggest that preventing the radiation-induced activation of the NF-κΒ pathway is a promising way to improve the antitumor efficacy of ionizing radiation and warrants clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Shannon Orr
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Surgery, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Surgery, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jason W. Denbo
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Surgery, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Surgery, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Karim R. Saab
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Surgery, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Catherine Y. Ng
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Surgery, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jianrong Wu
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Biostatistics, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kui Li
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jo Meagan Garner
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Pathology and the Center for Cancer Research, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. Morton
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Surgery, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ziyun Du
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Pathology and the Center for Cancer Research, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Lawrence M. Pfeffer
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Pathology and the Center for Cancer Research, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Andrew M. Davidoff
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Surgery, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Surgery, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Pathology and the Center for Cancer Research, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Houghton PJ, Morton CL, Neale G, Keir ST, Carol H, Lock R, Phelps D, Kang MH, Reynolds CP, Maris JM, Billups C, Smith MA. Initial testing (stage 1) of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor SCH 727965 (dinaciclib) by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59:1266-74. [PMID: 22315240 PMCID: PMC3349821 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SCH 727965 is a novel drug in clinical development that potently and selectively inhibits CDK1, CDK2, CDK5, and CDK9. The activity of SCH 727965 was evaluated against the PPTP's in vitro and in vivo panels. PROCEDURES SCH 727965 was tested against the PPTP in vitro panel using 96 hours exposure at concentrations ranging from 0.1 nM to 1.0 µM. It was tested against the PPTP in vivo panels at a dose of 40 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally twice weekly for 2 weeks and repeated at Day 21 with a total observation period of 6 weeks. RESULTS The median IC(50) value for the cell lines was 7.5 nM, with less than fourfold range between the minimum (3.4 nM) and maximum (11.2 nM) IC(50) values. SCH 727965 demonstrated an activity pattern consistent with cytotoxicity for most of the cell lines. Forty-three xenograft models were studied and SCH 727965 induced significant delays in event free survival distribution compared to control in 23 of 36 (64%) evaluable solid tumor xenografts and in 3 of 7 ALL xenografts. SCH 727965 did not induce objective responses in the solid tumor panels and the best response observed was stable disease for one osteosarcoma xenograft. In the leukemia panel, there were two objective responses with a complete response observed in a single xenograft. CONCLUSIONS SCH 727965 shows an interesting pattern of activity suggesting its potential applicability against selected childhood cancers, particularly leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Gorlick
- The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Min H. Kang
- Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
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23
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Keir ST, Morton CL, Wu J, Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ, Smith MA. Initial testing of the multitargeted kinase inhibitor pazopanib by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59:586-8. [PMID: 22190407 PMCID: PMC4245051 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pazopanib is an oral angiogenesis inhibitor targeting vascular growth factor receptor-1, -2, and -3, platelet derived growth factor receptor-α, platelet derived growth factor receptor-β, and KIT that has demonstrated activity against a variety of adult cancer xenografts. Pazopanib was tested against a panel of pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma xenografts at a dose of 108 mg/kg/day or 100 mg/kg twice daily, administered orally for 28 days. While no objective responses were observed, pazopanib induced statistically significant differences in event-free survival compared to controls in approximately one-half of the sarcoma xenograft models tested. Though well tolerated, pazopanib showed limited activity against the sarcoma models evaluated, with the best tumor responses being growth delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Keir
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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24
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Smith MA, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Lock R, Carol H, Maris JM, Keir ST, Morton CL, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Arts J, Bashir T, Janicot M, Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ. Initial testing of JNJ-26854165 (Serdemetan) by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59:329-32. [PMID: 21922647 PMCID: PMC4504194 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
JNJ-26854165 was originally developed as an activator of p53 capable of inducing apoptosis in cancer cell lines. In vitro, JNJ-26854165 demonstrated cytotoxic activity. The ALL cell line panel had a significantly lower median IC(50) (0.85 µM) than the remaining cell lines. In vivo JNJ-26854165 induced significant differences in EFS distribution compared to control in 18 of 37 solid tumors and in 5 of 7 of the evaluable ALL xenografts. Objective responses were observed in 4 of 37 solid tumor xenografts, and 2 of 7 ALL xenografts achieved PR or CR. Responses were noted in xenografts with both mutant and wild-type p53.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
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25
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Smith MA, Maris JM, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Lock R, Carol H, Keir ST, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Morton CL, Wu J, Smith PG, Yu J, Houghton PJ. Initial testing of the investigational NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor MLN4924 by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59:246-53. [PMID: 22012946 PMCID: PMC3823062 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MLN4924 is an investigational first-in-class small molecule inhibitor of NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE). NAE is an essential component of the NEDD8 conjugation pathway, controlling the activity of a subset of ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) E3 ligases, multiprotein complexes that transfer ubiquitin molecules to substrate proteins. PROCEDURES MLN4924 was tested against the PPTP in vitro panel using 96-hour exposure time at concentrations ranging from 1.0 nM to 10 µM. It was tested in vivo at a dose of 100 mg/kg [66 mg/kg for the acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) xenografts] administered orally twice daily × 5 days. Treatment duration was 3 weeks. RESULTS The median relative IC(50) for MLN4924 against the PPTP cell lines was 143 nM, (range: 15-678 nM) with that for the Ewing panel being significantly lower (31 nM). MLN4924 induced significant differences in EFS distribution compared to control in 20 of 34 (59%) evaluable solid tumor xenografts. MLN4924 induced intermediate activity (EFS T/C values >2) in 9 of the 33 evaluable xenografts (27%), including 4 of 4 glioblastoma xenografts, 2 of 3 Wilm's tumor xenografts, 2 of 5 rhabdomyosarcoma xenografts, and 1 of 4 neuroblastoma xenografts. For the ALL panel, 5 of 8 evaluable xenografts showed intermediate activity for the EFS T/C measure. MLN4924 did not induce objective responses in the PPTP solid tumor or ALL panels. CONCLUSIONS MLN4924 showed potent activity in vitro and in vivo showed tumor growth inhibitory activity against a subset of the PPTP solid tumor and ALL xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | | | - Jianrong Wu
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Jie Yu
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, MA
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26
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Kang MH, Reynolds CP, Houghton PJ, Alexander D, Morton CL, Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Keir ST, Carol H, Lock R, Maris JM, Wozniak A, Smith MA. Initial testing (Stage 1) of AT13387, an HSP90 inhibitor, by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59:185-8. [PMID: 21538821 PMCID: PMC3154460 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AT13387, a non-geldanamycin inhibitor of heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90), was tested against the PPTP in vitro panel (1.0 nM to 10 µM) and against the PPTP in vivo panels (40 or 60 mg/kg) administered orally twice weekly. In vitro AT13387 showed a median EC(50) value of 41 nM and exhibited activity consistent with a cytotoxic effect. In vivo AT13387 induced significant differences in EFS distribution compared to controls in 17% evaluable solid tumor xenografts, but in none of the ALL xenografts. No objective tumor responses were observed. In vivo AT13387 demonstrated only modest single agent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Amy Wozniak
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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27
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Lock RB, Carol H, Morton CL, Keir ST, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Maris JM, Wozniak AW, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Houghton PJ, Smith MA. Initial testing of the CENP-E inhibitor GSK923295A by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58:916-23. [PMID: 21584937 PMCID: PMC3163687 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The centromere kinesin motor protein CENP-E plays a crucial role in mitosis, and is an appealing molecular target in cancer. GSK923295A is an allosteric inhibitor of CENP-E that is undergoing clinical evaluation. PROCEDURES GSK923295A was evaluated against the 23 cell lines in the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP) in vitro panel using 96 hr exposures to concentrations ranging from 1.0 nM to 10.0 µM. GSK923295A was also tested in vivo against the PPTP acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and solid tumor xenograft panels using a days 1-3 and 8-10 schedule that was repeated at day 21. The agent was administered via the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route at a daily dose of 125 mg/kg. RESULTS The median IC(50) for all PPTP cell lines was 27 nM, with the median IC(50) for the ALL panel being the lowest (18 nM) and for the neuroblastoma panel the highest (39 nM). Excessive toxicity was observed for each of the 8 xenografts of the ALL panel in NOD/SCID mice. Thirty-five solid tumor xenograft models were considered evaluable. GSK923295A induced significant differences in event-free survival distribution compared to controls in 32 of 35 evaluable solid tumor xenografts tested. Objective responses were noted in 13 of 35 solid tumor xenografts, including 9 with maintained complete responses, and 3 with complete response (CR). CONCLUSIONS GSK923295A demonstrated significant antitumor activity against solid tumor models, inducing CRs in Ewing sarcoma, rhabdoid, and rhabdomyosarcoma xenografts. These results suggest that CENP-E may be a valuable therapeutic target in pediatric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
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28
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Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Maris JM, Keir ST, Morton CL, Wu J, Wozniak AW, Smith MA, Houghton PJ. Combination testing (Stage 2) of the Anti-IGF-1 receptor antibody IMC-A12 with rapamycin by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58:729-35. [PMID: 21630428 PMCID: PMC3166415 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IMC-A12, a fully human antibody that blocks ligand binding to the Type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor, and rapamycin, a selective inhibitor of mTORC1 signaling, have both demonstrated significant antitumor activity against PPTP solid tumor models. Here we have evaluated antitumor activity of each agent individually and in combination against nine tumor models. PROCEDURES IMC-A12 was administered twice weekly and rapamycin was administered daily for 5 days per week for a planned 4 weeks. The impact of combining IMC-A12 with rapamycin was evaluated using two measures: (1) the "therapeutic enhancement" measure, and (2) a linear regression model for time-to-event to formally evaluate for sub- and supra-additivity for the combination compared to the agents used alone. RESULTS Two osteosarcomas, and one Ewing sarcoma of the nine xenografts tested showed therapeutic enhancement. The combination effect was most dramatic for EW-5 for which PD2 responses of short duration were observed for both single agents and a prolonged PR response was observed for the combination. Both OS-2 and OS-9 showed significantly longer times to progression with the combination compared to either of the single agents, although objective response criteria were not met. CONCLUSIONS The combination of IMC-A12 with rapamycin was well tolerated, and induced tumor responses that were superior to either single agent alone in several models. These studies confirm reports using other antibodies that inhibit IGF-1 receptor-mediated signaling that indicate enhanced therapeutic effect for this combination, and extend the range of histotypes to encompass additional tumors expressing IGF-1R where this approach may be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Anders Kolb
- A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Wilmington, DE
| | | | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Jianrong Wu
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital. Memphis, TN
| | | | - Malcolm A. Smith
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, MD
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29
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Du Z, Whitt MA, Baumann J, Garner JM, Morton CL, Davidoff AM, Pfeffer LM. Inhibition of type I interferon-mediated antiviral action in human glioma cells by the IKK inhibitors BMS-345541 and TPCA-1. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2012; 32:368-77. [PMID: 22509977 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) signal transduction pathway plays an important role in immunity, inflammation, cell growth, and survival. Since dysregulation of this pathway results in high, constitutive NFκB activation in various cancers and immune disorders, the development of specific drugs to target this pathway has become a focus for treating these diseases. NFκB regulates various aspects of the cellular response to interferon (IFN). However, the role of the upstream regulator of the NFκB signaling pathway, the inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK) complex, on IFN function has not been examined. In the present study, we examined the effects of 2 IKK inhibitors, N-(1,8-Dimethylimidazo[1,2-a]quinoxalin-4-yl)-1,2-ethanediamine hydrochloride (BMS-345541) and 2-[(aminocarbonyl)amino]-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-thiophenecarboxamide (TPCA-1), on IFN action in several human glioma cell lines. IKK inhibitors inhibit glioma cell proliferation, as well as TNF-induced RelA (p65) nuclear translocation and NFκB-dependent IL8 gene expression. Importantly, BMS-345541 and TPCA-1 differentially inhibit IFN-induced gene expression, completely suppressing MX1 and GBP1 gene expression, while having only a minor effect on ISG15 expression. Furthermore, these IKK inhibitors displayed marked differences in blocking IFN-induced antiviral action against cytopathic effects and replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). Our results show that the IKK complex plays an important function in IFN-induced gene expression and antiviral activity. Since VSV and EMCV are oncolytic viruses used in cancer therapy, our results indicate the potential synergy in combining IKK inhibitors with oncolytic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyun Du
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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30
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Houghton PJ, Kang MH, Reynolds CP, Morton CL, Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Keir ST, Carol H, Lock R, Maris JM, Billups CA, Smith MA. Initial testing (stage 1) of LCL161, a SMAC mimetic, by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58:636-9. [PMID: 21681929 PMCID: PMC3253328 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
LCL161, a SMAC mimetic, was tested against the PPTP in vitro panel (1.0 nM to 10.0 µM) and the PPTP in vivo panels (30 or 75 mg/kg [solid tumors] or 100 mg/kg [ALL]) administered orally twice in a week. LCL161 showed a median relative IC(50) value of >10 µM, being more potent against several leukemia and lymphoma lines. In vivo LCL161 induced significant differences in EFS distribution in approximately one-third of solid tumor xenografts (osteosarcoma and glioblastoma), but not in ALL xenografts. No objective tumor responses were observed. In vivo LCL161 demonstrated limited single agent activity against the pediatric preclinical models studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hernan Carol
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Lock
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - John M. Maris
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
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31
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Morton CL, Maris JM, Keir ST, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Billups CA, Wu J, Smith MA, Houghton PJ. Combination testing of cediranib (AZD2171) against childhood cancer models by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58:566-71. [PMID: 21538824 PMCID: PMC3253323 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cediranib (AZD2171) is a potent small molecule inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors. Cediranib has demonstrated single agent activity in several adult cancers and is being studied in combination with standard cytotoxic agents in multiple disease settings. PROCEDURES Cediranib was tested in vivo against six childhood tumor xenograft models (four sarcomas, one glioblastoma, one neuroblastoma) alone or combined with cyclophosphamide (two models), vincristine (three models) or cisplatin (one model), each administered at its maximum tolerated dose, or rapamycin (six models). RESULTS The combination of cediranib with standard cytotoxic agents was superior to the cytotoxic agent used alone for a single xenograft (one of the three xenografts evaluated for the vincristine-cediranib combination). The cediranib-cyclophosphamide combination was inferior to single agent cyclophosphamide in time to event for both models studied and was significantly inferior for one of the models. Cediranib combined with rapamycin was superior to each of the agents used alone in two of the six models and was determined to be additive or supra-additive with rapamycin in four models, although the effects were not large. CONCLUSIONS Cediranib combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy agents demonstrated little or no benefit (and in one case was significantly inferior) compared to chemotherapy alone for the six pediatric cancer xenografts studied. By contrast, the combination of cediranib with rapamycin was additive or supra-additive in four of the six models in terms of prolongation of time to event, though tumor regressions were not observed for this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jianrong Wu
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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32
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Morton CL, Papa RA, Lock RB, Houghton PJ. Preclinical chemotherapeutic tumor models of common childhood cancers: solid tumors, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and disseminated neuroblastoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 14:Unit14.8. [PMID: 21948167 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph1408s39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This unit presents three models used in the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) for preclinical testing of new chemical entities (NCEs), along with appropriate methods for data analysis. The first is the classical subcutaneous xenograft model used for many solid tumors, the second is the disseminated human leukemia model established by Lock and colleagues, and the third is a disseminated model of neuroblastoma that recapitulates many of the characteristics of advanced clinical disease.
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33
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Houghton PJ, Lock R, Carol H, Morton CL, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Keir ST, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Maris JM, Billups CA, Zhang MX, Madden SL, Teicher BA, Smith MA. Testing of the topoisomerase 1 inhibitor Genz-644282 by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58:200-9. [PMID: 21548007 PMCID: PMC3154998 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genz-644282 is a novel non-camptothecin topoisomerase I poison that is in clinical development. PROCEDURES Genz-644282 was tested against the PPTP in vitro panel (0.1 nM to 1 µM), and in vivo using three times per week × 2 schedule repeated at day 21 at its maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 4 mg/kg. Subsequently Genz-644282 was tested at 4, 3, 2, and 1 mg/kg in 3 models to assess the dose-response relationship. mRNA gene signatures predictive for Genz-644282 response in vitro were applied to select 15 tumor models that were evaluated prospectively. RESULTS In vitro, Genz-644282 demonstrated potent cytotoxic activity with a median IC(50) of 1.2 nM (range 0.2-21.9 nM). In vivo, Genz-644282 at its MTD (4 mg/kg) induced maintained complete responses (MCR) in 6/6 evaluable solid tumor models. At 2 mg/kg Genz-644282 induced CR or MCR in 3/3 tumor models relatively insensitive to topotecan, but there were no objective responses at 1 mg/kg. Further testing at 2 mg/kg showed that Genz-644282 induced objective regressions in 7 of 17 (41%) models. There was a significant correlation between predictive response scores based on Affymetrix U133Plus2 baseline tumor expression profiles and the observed in vivo responses to Genz-644282. CONCLUSIONS Genz-644282 was highly active within a narrow dose range (2-4 mg/kg), typical of other topoisomerase I poisons. As with other topoisomerase I poisons, how accurately these data will translate to clinical activity will depend upon the drug exposures that can be achieved in children treated with this agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Catherine A. Billups
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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Houghton PJ, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Lock R, Carol H, Morton CL, Keir ST, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Phelps D, Maris JM, Billups C, Smith MA. Initial testing (stage 1) of the mTOR kinase inhibitor AZD8055 by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58:191-9. [PMID: 21337679 PMCID: PMC4304209 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AZD8055 is a small molecule ATP-competitive inhibitor of the serine/threonine kinase mTOR that regulates cap-dependent translation through the mTORC1 complex and Akt activation through the mTORC2 complex. Procedures AZD8055 was tested against the PPTP in vitro panel at concentrations ranging from 1.0 nM to 10 µM and against the PPTP in vivo panels at a dose of 20 mg/kg administered orally daily x 7 for 4 weeks. RESULTS In vitro the median relative IC(50) for AZD8055 against the PPTP cell lines was 24.7 nM. Relative I/O values >0% (consistent with a cytostatic effect) were observed in 8 cell lines and 15 cell lines showed Relative I/O values ranging from -4.7 to -92.2% (consistent with varying degrees of cytotoxic activity). In vivo AZD8055 induced significant differences in EFS distribution compared to controls in 23 of 36 (64%) evaluable solid tumor xenografts, and 1 of 6 evaluable ALL xenografts. Intermediate activity for the time to event activity measure (EFS T/C >2) was observed in 5 of 32 (16%) solid tumor xenografts evaluable. The best response was stable disease. PD2 (progressive disease with growth delay) was observed in 20 of 36 (55.6%) evaluable solid tumor xenografts. AZD8055 significantly inhibited 4E-BP1, S6, and Akt phosphorylation following day 1 and day 4 dosing, but suppression of mTORC1 or mTORC2 signaling did not predict tumor sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS AZD8055 demonstrated broad activity in vitro, but at the dose and schedule studied demonstrated limited activity in vivo against the PPTP solid tumor and ALL panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Houghton
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio,Correspondence to: Peter J. Houghton, PhD, Center for Childhood Cancer, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43204.
| | | | | | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | | | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Orr WS, Denbo JW, Saab KR, Myers AL, Ng CY, Zhou J, Morton CL, Pfeffer LM, Davidoff AM. Liposome-encapsulated curcumin suppresses neuroblastoma growth through nuclear factor-kappa B inhibition. Surgery 2012; 151:736-44. [PMID: 22284765 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) has been implicated in tumor cell proliferation and survival and in tumor angiogenesis. We sought to evaluate the effects of curcumin, an inhibitor of NF-κB, on a xenograft model of disseminated neuroblastoma. METHODS For in vitro studies, neuroblastoma cell lines NB1691, CHLA-20, and SK-N-AS were treated with various doses of liposomal curcumin. Disseminated neuroblastoma was established in vivo by tail vein injection of NB1691-luc cells into SCID mice, which were then treated with 50 mg/kg/day of liposomal curcumin 5 days/week intraperitoneally. RESULTS Curcumin suppressed NF-κB activation and proliferation of all neuroblastoma cell lines in vitro. In vivo, curcumin treatment resulted in a significant decrease in disseminated tumor burden. Curcumin-treated tumors had decreased NF-κB activity and an associated significant decrease in tumor cell proliferation and an increase in tumor cell apoptosis, as well as a decrease in tumor vascular endothelial growth factor levels and microvessel density. CONCLUSION Liposomal curcumin suppressed neuroblastoma growth, with treated tumors showing a decrease in NF-κB activity. Our results suggest that liposomal curcumin may be a viable option for the treatment of neuroblastoma that works via inhibiting the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne S Orr
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Nathwani AC, Tuddenham EGD, Rangarajan S, Rosales C, McIntosh J, Linch DC, Chowdary P, Riddell A, Pie AJ, Harrington C, O'Beirne J, Smith K, Pasi J, Glader B, Rustagi P, Ng CYC, Kay MA, Zhou J, Spence Y, Morton CL, Allay J, Coleman J, Sleep S, Cunningham JM, Srivastava D, Basner-Tschakarjan E, Mingozzi F, High KA, Gray JT, Reiss UM, Nienhuis AW, Davidoff AM. Adenovirus-associated virus vector-mediated gene transfer in hemophilia B. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:2357-65. [PMID: 22149959 PMCID: PMC3265081 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1108046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1321] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemophilia B, an X-linked disorder, is ideally suited for gene therapy. We investigated the use of a new gene therapy in patients with the disorder. METHODS We infused a single dose of a serotype-8-pseudotyped, self-complementary adenovirus-associated virus (AAV) vector expressing a codon-optimized human factor IX (FIX) transgene (scAAV2/8-LP1-hFIXco) in a peripheral vein in six patients with severe hemophilia B (FIX activity, <1% of normal values). Study participants were enrolled sequentially in one of three cohorts (given a high, intermediate, or low dose of vector), with two participants in each group. Vector was administered without immunosuppressive therapy, and participants were followed for 6 to 16 months. RESULTS AAV-mediated expression of FIX at 2 to 11% of normal levels was observed in all participants. Four of the six discontinued FIX prophylaxis and remained free of spontaneous hemorrhage; in the other two, the interval between prophylactic injections was increased. Of the two participants who received the high dose of vector, one had a transient, asymptomatic elevation of serum aminotransferase levels, which was associated with the detection of AAV8-capsid-specific T cells in the peripheral blood; the other had a slight increase in liver-enzyme levels, the cause of which was less clear. Each of these two participants received a short course of glucocorticoid therapy, which rapidly normalized aminotransferase levels and maintained FIX levels in the range of 3 to 11% of normal values. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral-vein infusion of scAAV2/8-LP1-hFIXco resulted in FIX transgene expression at levels sufficient to improve the bleeding phenotype, with few side effects. Although immune-mediated clearance of AAV-transduced hepatocytes remains a concern, this process may be controlled with a short course of glucocorticoids without loss of transgene expression. (Funded by the Medical Research Council and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00979238.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit C Nathwani
- Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom.
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Denbo JW, Williams RF, Orr WS, Sims TL, Ng CY, Zhou J, Spence Y, Morton CL, Nathwani AC, Duntsch C, Pfeffer LM, Davidoff AM. Continuous local delivery of interferon-β stabilizes tumor vasculature in an orthotopic glioblastoma xenograft resection model. Surgery 2011; 150:497-504. [PMID: 21878236 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2011.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-grade glioblastomas have immature, leaky tumor blood vessels that impede the efficacy of adjuvant therapy. We assessed the ability of human interferon (hIFN)-β delivered locally via gene transfer to effect vascular stabilization in an orthotopic model of glioblastoma xenograft resection. METHODS Xenografts were established by injecting 3 grade IV glioblastoma cell lines (GBM6-luc, MT330-luc, and SJG2-luc) into the cerebral cortex of nude rats. Tumors underwent subtotal resection, and then had gel foam containing an adeno-associated virus vector encoding either hIFN-β or green fluorescence protein (control) placed in the resection cavity. The primary endpoint was stabilization of tumor vasculature, as evidenced by CD34, α-SMA, and CA IX staining. Overall survival was a secondary endpoint. RESULTS hIFN-β treatment altered the tumor vasculature of GBM6-luc and SJG2-luc xenografts, decreasing the density of endothelial cells, stabilizing vessels with pericytes, and decreasing tumor hypoxia. The mean survival for rats with these neoplasms was not improved, however. In rats with MT330-luc xenografts, hIFN-β resulted in tumor regression with a 6-month survival of 55% (INF-β group) and 9% (control group). CONCLUSION The use of AAV hIFN-β in our orthotopic model of glioblastoma resection stabilized tumor vasculature and improved survival in rats with MT330 xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Denbo
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Keir ST, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Lock R, Maris JM, Carol H, Morton CL, Billups CA, Smith MA, Houghton PJ. Initial testing of lenalidomide by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57:606-11. [PMID: 21360651 PMCID: PMC4505747 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lenalidomide, a novel immunomodulatory agent, is reported to modulate stem cell differentiation, and have direct antiproliferative activity as well as inhibit inflammation and hyperalgesia. On the basis of this varied pharmacological profile, lenalidomide is under investigation as a treatment for a range of oncologic indications. PROCEDURES Lenalidomide was evaluated against the PPTP in vitro panel using 96-hr exposure at concentrations ranging from 1 nM to 10 µM. It was tested against the PPTP in vivo panels at a dose of 30 mg/kg administered orally (PO) once daily for a planned for 6 weeks. RESULTS In vitro activity was not observed at concentrations up to 10 µM. Lenalidomide was well tolerated, and induced significant differences in EFS distribution compared to control in 7 of 37 (18.9%) of the evaluable solid tumor xenografts and in 0 of 8 (0%) of the evaluable ALL xenografts. The best response in the solid tumor panel was PD2 [progressive disease with growth delay (EFS T/C > 1.5)], observed in 4 of 37 (10.8%) solid tumor xenografts. A single ALL xenograft showed a PD2 response. CONCLUSIONS Direct antiproliferative effects of lenalidomide were not observed in vitro. In vivo lenalidomide demonstrated low activity against tumors in immune-deficient mice. Our results suggest that lenalidomide's utility in the pediatric clinical setting may depend upon its ability to induce antitumor activity through effects on host immune and stromal cells rather than through direct effects on tumor cells.
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Orr SW, Denbo JW, Saab KR, Ng CY, Wu J, Morton CL, Pfeffer LM, Davidoff AM. Curcumin potentiates the radiosensitivity of rhabdomyosarcoma by suppressing induction of NF-KappaB activity. J Am Coll Surg 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2011.06.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Houghton PJ, Lock R, Carol H, Morton CL, Phelps D, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Keir ST, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Maris JM, Wozniak AW, Gu Y, Wilson WR, Smith MA. Initial testing of the hypoxia-activated prodrug PR-104 by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57:443-53. [PMID: 21744473 PMCID: PMC4304205 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PR-104 is rapidly hydrolyzed to PR-104A in vivo, which is activated by reduction to the corresponding 5-hydroxylamine (PR-104H) and amine (PR-104M) to produce DNA interstrand cross-links. PR-104 activation can occur via hypoxia-dependent reductases and also independently of hypoxia by aldo-keto reductase (AKR) 1C3. PROCEDURES PR-104A was tested against the PPTP in vitro panel (10 nM to 100 µM), and PR-104 in vivo using a weekly × 6 schedule at its maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 550 mg/kg. Subsequently PR-104 was tested at 270 and 110 mg/kg. Pharmacokinetics for PR-104 and its metabolites were determined, as were levels of AKR1C3 RNA and protein in xenografts. RESULTS In vitro, the leukemia models were most sensitive to PR-104A. In vivo, PR-104 induced objective responses at its MTD in 21/34 solid tumor models and maintained complete responses against 7/7 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) models. At 270 mg/kg and lower dose levels, PR-104 did not induce solid tumor regressions, suggesting a steep dose-response relationship. Pharmacokinetic analysis suggests higher systemic exposures to PR-104A and its metabolites in mice compared to those achievable in patients. Levels of AKR1C3 protein did not correlate with tumor responsiveness. CONCLUSIONS As monotherapy, PR-104 demonstrated a high level of activity against both solid tumor and ALL models at its MTD, but the activity was almost completely lost at half the MTD dose for solid tumors. Pharmacokinetic data at the PR-104 MTD from human trials suggest that PR-104 metabolites may not reach the plasma exposures in children that were associated with high-level preclinical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Houghton
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio,Correspondence to: Peter J. Houghton, PhD, Center for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205.
| | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, School of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amy W. Wozniak
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Yongchuan Gu
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - William R. Wilson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Smith MA, Maris JM, Lock R, Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Keir ST, Carol H, Morton CL, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Houghton PJ. Initial testing (stage 1) of the polyamine analog PG11047 by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57:268-74. [PMID: 21360650 PMCID: PMC3115432 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PG11047 is a novel conformationally restricted analog of the natural polyamine, spermine that lowers cellular endogenous polyamine levels and competitively inhibits natural polyamine functions leading to cancer cell growth inhibition. The activity of PG11047 was evaluated against the PPTP's in vitro and in vivo panels. PROCEDURES PG11047 was evaluated against the PPTP in vitro panel using 96 hr exposure at concentrations ranging from 10 nM to 100 µM. It was tested against the PPTP in vivo panels at a dose of 100 mg/kg administered by the intraperitoneal route weekly for 6 weeks. RESULTS In vitro PG11047 demonstrated a concentration-response pattern consistent with cytostatic activity. The median EC(50) for PG11047 was 71 nM. Cell lines of the Ewing sarcoma panel had a lower median EC(50) value compared to the remaining cell lines in the panel, while cell lines of the neuroblastoma panel had a higher median EC(50) value. In vivo PG11047 induced significant differences in EFS distribution compared to control in 5 of 32 (15.6%) of the evaluable solid tumor xenografts and in 0 of 7 (0%) of the evaluable ALL xenografts. The single case of tumor regression occurred in an ependymoma xenograft. CONCLUSIONS Further pediatric development of PG11047 will require better defining a target population and identifying combinations for which there is a tumor-selective cytotoxic effect. The regression observed for an ependymoma xenograft and the exquisite sensitivity of some Ewing sarcoma cell lines to the antiproliferative effects of PG11047 provide leads for further preclinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
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Keir ST, Morton CL, Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Carol H, Lock R, Kang MH, Reynolds CP, Maris JM, Wu J, Smith MA, Houghton PJ. Abstract 5356: Pediatric preclinical testing program (PPTP) evaluation of the DNA methylating agent temozolomide. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-5356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Temozolomide is DNA methylating agent that has been approved in the United States for treatment of astrocytoma. This drug in many ways resembles more established compounds, such as dacarbazine and procarbazine, in that it gives rise to a methyl diazonium ion that attacks nucleophilic sites including the O6-guanine position in DNA. Temozolomide, however, differs from these drugs, which have to be activated by enzymatic oxidation, in that it degrades spontaneously via base-catalyzed hydrolysis to the final active methylating species.
Methods: The PPTP includes a molecularly characterized in vitro panel of cell lines (n=27) and in vivo panel of xenografts (n=61) representing most of the common types of childhood solid tumors and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Temozolomide (provided by the NCI Drug Repository) was tested in vitro at concentrations from 100 nM to 1 mM. Temozolomide was administered PO using a daily × 5 schedule repeated at 21 days at a dose of 100 mg/kg, or 66 mg/kg. Three measures of antitumor activity were used: 1) an objective response measure modeled after the clinical setting; 2) a treated to control (T/C) tumor volume measure; and 3) a time to event (4-fold increase in tumor volume) measure based on the median event-free survival (EFS) of treated and control animals for each xenograft. Biomarkers of temozolomide sensitivity, MGMT, MLH1, MSH2 and p53 genotype were determined.
Results: The median temozolomide IC50 value for the PPTP cell lines was 380 μM (range 2 to > 1000 μM), with the neuroblastoma cell line NB-1643 having the lowest IC50 value. There were no significant differences in IC50 values between the rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, Ewing sarcoma, and ALL cell lines. In vivo temozolomide induced significant toxicity at 100 mg/kg resulting in exclusion of 10/42 lines from analysis. For the 32 lines evaluable there were 13 maintained complete responses (MCR) and 2 CR in the solid tumor panels and 3 MCR and 2 CR in the ALL panel. Retesting the excluded lines at 66 mg/kg resulted in excessive toxicity leading to exclusion of 2/9 lines. At this dose there were 2 MCR and progressive disease in the remaining 5 lines. Overall 17/30 tumor models demonstrated objective responses (≥PR). Of these 7 are MGMT-negative, 3 are MLH1-negative, and 11 have wild type p53. All 7/7 MGMT-negative tumors responded, irrespective of p53 genotype (5/7 wild type).
Conclusions: In vitro temozolomide induced cytotoxicity with no apparent cell type specificity. In vivo temozolomide demonstrated high activity, but with a steep dose response curve, consistent with other DNA damaging agents. Responses poorly correlated with MGMT, MLH1, MSH2 levels, or p53 genotype. However, all MGMT-negative tumors were responsive, irrespective of MLH1 or p53 status. The results suggest that temozolomide may have potential for treatment of a range of pediatric malignancies. (Supported by NO1-CM91003-03)
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5356. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5356
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hernan Carol
- 5Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Randwick, Australia
| | - Richard Lock
- 5Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Randwick, Australia
| | - Min H. Kang
- 6Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
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Houghton PJ, Lock RB, Carol H, Morton CL, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Kier ST, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Maris JM, Billups CA, Smith MA. Abstract 5358: Pediatric preclinical testing program (PPTP) evaluation of the non-camptothecin topoisomerase 1 targeted agent Genz644282. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-5358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Genz644282, a non camptothecin topoisomerase I poison, was developed from a lead compound 8,9-dimethoxy-5-(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethyl)-2,3-methylenedioxy-5-H-dibenzo[c,h] [1,6]naphthyridin-6-one (ARC111, topovale). In non-clinical testing ARC111 had equivalent or superior activity to irinotecan, and induced regression in a topotecan insensitive tumor xenograft. ARC111 also differentiated itself from other camptothecin derivatives in that it was not a substrate for the ABCG2 drug transporter.
Methods: The PPTP includes a molecularly characterized in vitro panel of cell lines (n=27) and in vivo panel of xenografts (n=61) representing most of the common types of childhood solid tumors and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Genz664282 (provided by Genzyme Corporation) was tested in vitro at concentrations from 0.1 nM to 1 μM with 96 hr exposure to drug. Genz664282 was administered IP, three times weekly for 2 weeks at a dose of 1 – 4 mg/kg for either 1 or two cycles. Three measures of antitumor activity were used: 1) an objective response measure modeled after the clinical setting; 2) a treated to control (T/C) tumor volume measure; and 3) a time to event (4-fold increase in tumor volume) measure based on the median event-free survival (EFS) of treated and control animals for each xenograft.
Results: In vitro Genz644282 exerted potent cytotoxic activity with a median IC50 of 1.19 nM (range 0.186 – 23.3 nM). There was no cell type selectivity. In vivo at 4 mg/kg (MTD) for two cycles, Genz644282 induced maintained complete responses (MCR) in 8/8 models including tumor lines poorly responsive to topotecan. Dose response evaluation (1 cycle of treatment) against 3 tumor lines least sensitive to topotecan showed Genz644282 induced 2MCR and 1CR at 4 mg/kg, and 2CR and 1 MCR at 2 mg/kg, but no regressions were observed at 1 mg/kg, suggesting a steep dose response relationship. Further testing at 2 mg/kg (1 cycle) induced 4MCR, 1CR and 2PR in 17 tumor lines (41%), mainly in sarcoma models (6/7), particularly osteosarcoma (4/6).
Conclusions: At the 2 mg/kg dose level administered for one cycle of treatment, Genz644282 demonstrated a high level of activity inducing regressions in 7 of 17 models evaluated, with particularly high activity in osteosarcoma models. The models included tumors intrinsically insensitive to topotecan. As with other topoisomerase I poisons, how accurately this data will translate to clinical activity will depend upon the drug exposures that can be achieved in children treated with this agent. (Supported by NO1-CM91003-03)
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5358. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5358
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard B. Lock
- 2Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- 2Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- 7Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - John M. Maris
- 8Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
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Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Lock R, Carol H, Morton CL, Keir ST, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Maris JM, Billups C, Smith MA, Houghton PJ. Initial testing (stage 1) of the IGF-1 receptor inhibitor BMS-754807 by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 56:595-603. [PMID: 21298745 PMCID: PMC4263954 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BMS-754807 is a small molecule ATP-competitive inhibitor of the type-1 insulin-like growth factor receptor currently in phase 1 clinical trials. PROCEDURES BMS-754807 was tested against the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP) in vitro panel at concentrations ranging from 1.0 nM to 10 µM and was tested against the PPTP in vivo panels at a dose of 25 mg/kg administered orally BID for 6 days, repeated for 6 weeks. RESULTS In vitro BMS-754807 showed a median EC(50) value of 0.62 µM against the PPTP cell lines. The median EC(50) for the four Ewing sarcoma cell lines was less than that for the remaining PPTP cell lines (0.19 µM vs. 0.78 µM, P = 0.0470). In vivo BMS-754807 induced significant differences in EFS distribution compared to controls in 18 of 32 evaluable solid tumor xenografts (56%) tested, but in none of the ALL xenografts studied. Criteria for intermediate activity for the time to event activity measure (EFS T/C > 2) were met in 7 of 27 solid tumor xenografts evaluable for this measure. The best response was PD2 (progressive disease with growth delay), which was observed in 18 of 32 solid tumor xenografts. PD2 responses were most commonly observed in the rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and Wilms tumor panels. CONCLUSIONS BMS-754807 activity in vitro is consistent with a specific IGF-1R effect that has half-maximal response in the 0.1 µM range and that is observed in a minority of the PPTP cell lines. In vivo intermediate activity was most commonly observed in the neuroblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Anders Kolb
- Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Wilmington, DE,Correspondence to: E. Anders Kolb, A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE.
| | | | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Kang MH, Smith MA, Morton CL, Keshelava N, Houghton PJ, Reynolds CP. National Cancer Institute pediatric preclinical testing program: model description for in vitro cytotoxicity testing. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 56:239-49. [PMID: 20922763 PMCID: PMC3005554 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The National Cancer Institute (NCI) has established the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP) for testing drugs against in vitro and in vivo childhood cancer models to aid in the prioritization of drugs considered for early phase pediatric clinical trials. PROCEDURES In vitro cytotoxicity testing employs a semi-automated fluorescence-based digital imaging cytotoxicity assay (DIMSCAN) that has a 4-log dynamic range of detection. Curve fitting of the fractional survival data of the cell lines in response to various concentrations of the agents was used to calculate relative IC(50) , absolute IC(50) , and Y(min) values. The panel of 23 pediatric cancer cell lines included leukemia (n = 6), lymphoma (n = 2), rhabdomyosarcoma (n = 4), brain tumors (n = 3), Ewing family of tumors (EFT, n = 4), and neuroblastoma (n = 4). The doubling times obtained using DIMSCAN were incorporated into data analyses to estimate the relationship between input cell numbers and final cell number. RESULTS We report in vitro activity data for three drugs (vincristine, melphalan, and etoposide) that are commonly used for pediatric cancer and for the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, an agent that is currently under preclinical investigation for cancer. To date, the PPTP has completed in vitro testing of 39 investigational and approved agents for single drug activity and two investigational agents in combination with various "standard" chemotherapy drugs. CONCLUSIONS This robust in vitro cytotoxicity testing system for pediatric cancers will enable comparisons to response data for novel agents obtained from xenograft studies and from clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min H. Kang
- Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - Malcolm A. Smith
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Nino Keshelava
- Childrens Hospital Los Angeles and The University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles CA
| | | | - C. Patrick Reynolds
- Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
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Carol H, Morton CL, Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Keir ST, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Maris JM, Billups C, Smith MA, Houghton PJ, Lock RB. Initial testing (stage 1) of the Akt inhibitor GSK690693 by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 55:1329-37. [PMID: 20740623 PMCID: PMC2965797 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GSK690693 is a small molecule ATP-competitive inhibitor of the pro-survival kinase Akt. Since Akt regulates multiple downstream targets including transcription factors, glycogen synthase 3, the pro-apoptotic protein Bad, as well as MDM2 and mTORC1, it was tested against the in vitro and in vivo panels of the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP). PROCEDURES GSK690693 was tested in vitro at concentrations from 1 nM to 10 µM, and against the in vivo panel of xenografts at a dose of 30 mg/kg daily × 5 for 6 consecutive weeks. Three measures of in vivo antitumor activity were used: (1) an objective response measure modeled after the clinical setting; (2) a treated to control (T/C) tumor volume measure; and (3) a time to event measure based on the median event-free survival (EFS) of treated and control animals for each xenograft. RESULTS GSK690693 inhibited cell growth in vitro with IC(50) values between 6.5 nM and >10 µM. In vivo, GSK690693 significantly increased EFS in 11 of 34 (32%) solid tumor xenografts, most notably in all 6 osteosarcoma models, but not in any of the 8 ALL xenografts tested. No objective responses were observed and only one solid tumor met EFS T/C criteria for intermediate activity. CONCLUSIONS GSK690693 demonstrated broad activity in vitro, however our results against both the solid tumor and ALL PPTP in vivo panels demonstrate that, as single agent at the dose and schedule used, GSK690693 has only modest antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | - Richard B. Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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Houghton PJ, Morton CL, Kang M, Reynolds CP, Billups CA, Favours E, Payne-Turner D, Tucker C, Smith MA. Evaluation of cytarabine against Ewing sarcoma xenografts by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 55:1224-6. [PMID: 20979180 PMCID: PMC4675330 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Treatment with the nucleoside analog cytarabine has been shown to mimic changes in gene expression associated with downregulation of the EWS-FLI1 oncogene in Ewing sarcoma cell lines, selectively inhibit their growth in vitro, and cause tumor regression in athymic nude mice. For this report cytarabine was studied in vitro against a panel of 23 pediatric cancer cell lines and in vivo against 6 Ewing sarcoma xenografts. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines were the most sensitive to cytarabine in vitro (median IC(50) 9 nM), while Ewing sarcoma cell lines showed intermediate sensitivity (median IC(50) 232 nM). Cytarabine at a dose of 150 mg/kg administered daily 5× failed to significantly inhibit growth of five xenograft models, but reduced growth rate of the A673 xenograft by 50%. Cytarabine shows no differential in vitro activity against Ewing sarcoma cell lines and is ineffective in vivo against Ewing sarcoma xenografts at the dose and schedule studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Houghton
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee,Correspondence to: Peter J. Houghton, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale St., Memphis, TN 38105.,
| | | | - Min Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | | | | | - Edward Favours
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Chandra Tucker
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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Keir ST, Maris JM, Lock R, Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Carol H, Morton CL, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Watkins A, Houghton PJ, Smith MA. Initial testing (stage 1) of the multi-targeted kinase inhibitor sorafenib by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 55:1126-33. [PMID: 20672370 PMCID: PMC3823056 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sorafenib is an inhibitor of multiple kinases (e.g., VEGF receptors, PDGFR, FLT3, RET, BRAF, KIT) and is approved by FDA for treatment of two adult cancers. The activity of sorafenib was evaluated against the PPTP's in vitro and in vivo panels. PROCEDURES Sorafenib was evaluated against the PPTP in vitro panel using 96-hr exposure at concentrations ranging from 1.0 nM to 10.0 µM. It was tested against the PPTP in vivo panels at a dose of 60 mg/kg administered by oral gavage daily for 5 days per week, repeated for 6 weeks. RESULTS In vitro sorafenib demonstrated cytotoxic activity, with a median IC(50) value of 4.3 µM. Twenty of 23 cell lines had IC(50) values between 1.0 and 10.0 µM. A single cell line (Kasumi-1) with an activating KIT mutation had an IC(50) value < 1.0 µM (IC(50) = 0.02 µM). In vivo sorafenib induced significant differences in event-free survival (EFS) distribution compared to control in 27 of 36 (75%) of the evaluable solid tumor xenografts and in 1 of 8 (12.5%) of the evaluable ALL xenografts. Sorafenib induced tumor growth inhibition meeting criteria for intermediate activity (EFS T/C) in 15 of 34 (44%) evaluable solid tumor xenografts. No xenografts achieved an objective response. CONCLUSIONS The primary in vitro activity of sorafenib was noted at concentrations above 1 µM, with the exception of a more sensitive cell line with an activating KIT mutation. The primary in vivo effect for sorafenib was tumor growth inhibition, which was observed across multiple histotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John M. Maris
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Richard Lock
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Hernan Carol
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - Amy Watkins
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Houghton PJ, Morton CL, Neale G, Keir ST, Carol H, Lock R, Phelps D, Kang MH, Reynolds CP, Maris JM, Billups C, Smith MA. Initial testing (stage 1) of AZD6244 (ARRY-142886) by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 55:668-77. [PMID: 20806365 PMCID: PMC3004092 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AZD6244 (ARRY-142886) is a potent small molecule inhibitor of MEK1/2 that is in phase 2 clinical development. PROCEDURES AZD6244 was tested against the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP) in vitro panel (1 nM-10 microM). In vivo AZD6244 was tested at a dose of 100 mg/kg administered orally twice daily 5 days per week for 6 weeks. Subsequently, AZD6244 was evaluated against two juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma (JPA) xenografts using once and twice daily dosing schedules. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was used as a surrogate for in vivo inhibition of MEK1/2 was determined by immunoblotting. RESULTS At the highest concentration used in vitro (10 microM) AZD6244 only inhibited growth by 50% in 5 of the 23 cell lines. Against the in vivo tumor panels, AZD6244 induced significant differences in EFS distribution in 10 of 37 (27%) solid tumor models and 0 of 6 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) models. There were no objective responses. Pharmacodynamic studies indicated at this dose and schedule AZD6244 completely inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation. AZD6244 was evaluated against two JPA xenografts, BT-35 (wild-type BRAF) and BT-40 (mutant [V600E] BRAF). BT-40 xenografts were highly sensitive to AZD6244, whereas BT-35 xenografts progressed on AZD6244 treatment. CONCLUSIONS At the dose and schedule of administration used, AZD6244 as a single agent had limited in vitro and in vivo activity against the PPTP tumor panels despite inhibition of MEK1/2 activity. However, AZD6244 was highly active against BT-40 JPA xenografts that harbor constitutively activated BRAF, causing complete regressions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Doris Phelps
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Min H. Kang
- Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
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Morton CL, Houghton PJ, Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Maris JM, Keir ST, Wu J, Smith MA. Initial testing of the replication competent Seneca Valley virus (NTX-010) by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 55:295-303. [PMID: 20582972 PMCID: PMC3003870 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seneca Valley virus (NTX-010) is a non-recombinant, replication competent RNA virus that is undergoing phase 1 clinical trials in adults for tumors with neuroendocrine characteristics. Here we have evaluated the antitumor activity of NTX-010 administered systemically. PROCEDURES In vitro NTX-010 was tested against 23 cell lines exposed for 96 hr at 1 x 10(-4) to 10(4) viral particles (vp)/cell. In vivo NTX-010 was administered intravenously once at 3 x 10(12) vp/kg. Three measures of antitumor activity were used: (1) an objective response measure modeled after the clinical setting; (2) a treated to control (T/C) tumor volume measure; and (3) a time to event (fourfold increase in tumor volume for solid tumor models), measure based on the median event-free survival (EFS) of treated and control animals for each xenograft. RESULTS In vitro NTX-010 demonstrated a marked cytotoxic effect in a subset of the cell lines from the neuroblastoma, Ewing sarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma panels. In vivo the most consistent activity was observed for the rhabdomyosarcoma and the neuroblastoma panels, with all four of the alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma xenografts and four of five neuroblastoma xenografts achieving CR or maintained CR. Objective responses were also observed in the rhabdoid tumor, Wilms tumor, and glioblastoma panels. CONCLUSIONS NTX-010 demonstrated a high level of activity both in vitro and in vivo. Further analysis of existing testing and molecular characterization data may help define the biological characteristics of cancer cells that are associated with response to NTX-010.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Jianrong Wu
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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