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Cypriano-Souza AL, da Silva TF, Engel MH, Bonatto SL. Effective population size and the genetic consequences of commercial whaling on the humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) from Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Genet Mol Biol 2018; 41:253-262. [PMID: 29668011 PMCID: PMC5913722 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2017-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotypes of 10 microsatellite loci of 420 humpback whales from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean population were used to estimate for the first time its contemporary effective (Ne) and census (Nc) population sizes and to test the genetic effect of commercial whaling. The results are in agreement with our previous studies that found high genetic diversity for this breeding population. Using an approximate Bayesian computation approach, the scenario of constant Ne was significantly supported over scenarios with moderate to strong size changes during the commercial whaling period. The previous generation Nc (Ne multiplied by 3.6), which should corresponds to the years between around 1980 and 1990, was estimated between ~2,600 and 6,800 whales (point estimate ~4,000), and is broadly compatible with the recent abundance surveys extrapolated to the past using a growth rate of 7.4% per annum. The long-term Nc in the constant scenario (point estimate ~15,000) was broadly compatible (considering the confidence interval) with pre-whaling catch records estimates (point estimate ~25,000). Overall, our results shown that the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean humpback whale population is genetically very diverse and resisted well to the strong population reduction during commercial whaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Cypriano-Souza
- Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Projeto Baleia Jubarte/Instituto Baleia Jubarte, Caravelas, BA, Brazil
| | - Tiago Ferraz da Silva
- Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia H Engel
- Projeto Baleia Jubarte/Instituto Baleia Jubarte, Caravelas, BA, Brazil
| | - Sandro L Bonatto
- Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Bortolotto GA, Danilewicz D, Andriolo A, Secchi ER, Zerbini AN. Whale, Whale, Everywhere: Increasing Abundance of Western South Atlantic Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Their Wintering Grounds. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164596. [PMID: 27736958 PMCID: PMC5063365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The western South Atlantic (WSA) humpback whale population inhabits the coast of Brazil during the breeding and calving season in winter and spring. This population was depleted to near extinction by whaling in the mid-twentieth century. Despite recent signs of recovery, increasing coastal and offshore development pose potential threats to these animals. Therefore, continuous monitoring is needed to assess population status and support conservation strategies. The aim of this work was to present ship-based line-transect estimates of abundance for humpback whales in their WSA breeding ground and to investigate potential changes in population size. Two cruises surveyed the coast of Brazil during August-September in 2008 and 2012. The area surveyed in 2008 corresponded to the currently recognized population breeding area; effort in 2012 was limited due to unfavorable weather conditions. WSA humpback whale population size in 2008 was estimated at 16,410 (CV = 0.228, 95% CI = 10,563-25,495) animals. In order to compare abundance between 2008 and 2012, estimates for the area between Salvador and Cabo Frio, which were consistently covered in the two years, were computed at 15,332 (CV = 0.243, 95% CI = 9,595-24,500) and 19,429 (CV = 0.101, 95% CI = 15,958-23,654) whales, respectively. The difference in the two estimates represents an increase of 26.7% in whale numbers in a 4-year period. The estimated abundance for 2008 is considered the most robust for the WSA humpback whale population because the ship survey conducted in that year minimized bias from various sources. Results presented here indicate that in 2008, the WSA humpback whale population was at least around 60% of its estimated pre-modern whaling abundance and that it may recover to its pre-exploitation size sooner than previously estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme A. Bortolotto
- Pós-graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, 45662–900, Brasil
- Instituto Aqualie, Av. Dr. Paulo Japiassu Coelho, 714, Sala 202, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36033–310, Brasil
- Sea Mammal Research Unit–SMRU, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel Danilewicz
- Pós-graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, 45662–900, Brasil
- Instituto Aqualie, Av. Dr. Paulo Japiassu Coelho, 714, Sala 202, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36033–310, Brasil
- Grupo de Estudos de Mamíferos Aquáticos do Rio Grande do Sul–GEMARS, Av. Tramandaí, 976, Imbé, RS, 95625–000, Brasil
| | - Artur Andriolo
- Instituto Aqualie, Av. Dr. Paulo Japiassu Coelho, 714, Sala 202, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36033–310, Brasil
- Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental e Bioacústica–LABEC, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, R. José Lourenço Kelmer, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036–900, Brasil
| | - Eduardo R. Secchi
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação da Megafauna Marinha–EcoMega, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203–900, Brasil
| | - Alexandre N. Zerbini
- Instituto Aqualie, Av. Dr. Paulo Japiassu Coelho, 714, Sala 202, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36033–310, Brasil
- Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98115–6349, United States of America
- Cascadia Research Collective, 218 ½ 4 Ave W, Olympia, WA, 98501, United States of America
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