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Butterfield J, Pencek M, Sweitzer K, Marrinan E, Connolly H, Neimanis S, Morrison C. Superiorly Based Posterior Pharyngeal Flaps: Using A Care Pathway to Optimize Speech and Airway Outcomes. Ann Plast Surg 2024; 92:S101-S104. [PMID: 38556656 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000003859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharyngeal flap (PF) surgery is effective at improving velopharyngeal sufficiency, but historical literature shows a concerning prevalence rate of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), reported as high as 20%. Our institution has developed a protocol to minimize risk of postoperative obstructive complications and increase safety of PF surgery. We hypothesize that (1) preoperative staged removal of significant adenotonsillar tissue along with (2) multiview videofluoroscopy to guide patient-specific surgical approach via appropriately sized PFs can result in excellent speech outcomes while limiting occurrence of OSA. METHODS This was a retrospective chart review of all patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) (aged 2-20 years) seen at the University of Rochester from 2015 to 2022 undergoing PF surgery to correct VPI. Nasopharyngoscopy was used for surgical planning and airway evaluation. Patients with tonsillar and adenoid hypertrophy underwent staged adenotonsillectomy at least 2 months before PF. Multiview videofluoroscopy was used to identify anatomic causes of VPI and to determine PF width. Patients underwent polysomnography and speech evaluation before and at least 6 months after PF surgery. RESULTS Forty-one children aged 8.5 ± 4.1 years (range, 4 to 18 years) who underwent posterior PF surgery for VPI were identified. This included 10 patients with 22q11.2 deletion and 4 patients with Pierre Robin sequence. Thirty-nine patients had both pre- and postoperative speech data and underwent both a pre- and postoperative sleep study. Polysomnography showed no significant difference in obstructive apnea-hypopnea index after posterior PF surgery (obstructive apnea-hypopnea index preop, 1.3 ± 1.2 events per hour; postop, 1.7 ± 2.1 events per hour; P = 0.111). Significant improvements in speech outcome were seen in patients who underwent PF (modified Pittsburgh score preop, 11.52 ± 1.37; postop, 1.09 ± 2.35; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Use of preoperative staged adenotonsillectomy as well as patient-specific PF dimensions results in effective resolution of VPI and a low risk of OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Butterfield
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
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Cleft and Craniofacial Surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2023; 81:E120-E146. [PMID: 37833020 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2023.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
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Long-term Speech Outcomes of Cleft Palate Repair in Robin Sequence versus Isolated Cleft Palate. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2021; 9:e3351. [PMID: 33564582 PMCID: PMC7859383 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000003351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Whether treatment of cleft palate (CP) associated with Robin sequence (RS) should attain outcomes similar to those of isolated cleft palate (ICP) remains unknown. This study compares treatment and outcomes in both conditions and delineates predictors of long-term outcome.
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Lee A, Chang BL, Solot C, Crowley TB, Vemulapalli V, McDonald-McGinn DM, Maguire MA, Mason TBA, Elden L, Cielo CM, Jackson OA. Defining Risk of Postoperative Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Patients With 22q11.2DS Undergoing Pharyngeal Flap Surgery for Velopharyngeal Dysfunction Using Polysomnographic Evaluation. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2020; 57:808-818. [PMID: 31973553 DOI: 10.1177/1055665619900871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine pre- and postoperative prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DS) undergoing wide posterior pharyngeal flap (PPF) surgery for velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD). DESIGN Retrospective study using pre- and postoperative polysomnography (PSG) to determine prevalence of OSA. Medical records were reviewed for patients' medical comorbidities. Parents were surveyed about snoring. SETTING Academic tertiary care pediatric hospital. PATIENTS Forty patients with laboratory confirmed 22q11.2DS followed over a 6-year period. INTERVENTIONS Pre- and postoperative PSG, speech evaluation, and parent surveys. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Severity and prevalence of OSA, defined by obstructive apnea hypopnea index (OAHI), before and after PPF surgery to determine whether PPF is associated with increased risk of OSA. RESULTS Mean OAHI did not change significantly after PPF surgery (1.1/h vs 2.1/h, P = .330). Prevalence of clinically significant OSA (OAHI ≥ 5) was identical pre- and postoperatively (2 of 40), with both cases having severe-range OSA requiring positive airway pressure therapy. All other patients had mild-range OSA. Nasal resonance was graded as severe preoperatively in 85% of patients. None were graded as severe postoperatively. No single patient factor or parent-reported concern predicted risk of OSA (OAHI ≥ 1.5). CONCLUSIONS Patients with 22q11.2DS are medically complex and are at increased risk of OSA at baseline. Wide PPF surgery for severe VPD does not significantly increase risk of OSA. Careful perioperative planning is essential to optimize both speech and sleep outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Lee
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian L Chang
- Perelman School of Medicine, the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cynthia Solot
- Velopharyngeal Dysfunction Program, Center for Childhood Communication, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Terrence B Crowley
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vamsee Vemulapalli
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Meg Ann Maguire
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Lisa Elden
- Division of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher M Cielo
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Oksana A Jackson
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Jackson O, Crowley TB, Sharkus R, Smith R, Jeong S, Solot C, McDonald-Mcginn D. Palatal evaluation and treatment in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1184-1195. [PMID: 31038278 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Palatal involvement occurs commonly in patients with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22qDS), and includes palatal clefting and velopharyngeal dysfunction in the absence of overt or submucous clefts. The reported incidence and distribution of palatal abnormalities vary in the literature. The aim of this article is to revisit the incidence and presenting features of palatal abnormalities in a large cohort of patients with 22qDS, summarize the surgical treatments performed in this cohort, and provide an overview of surgical treatment protocols and management guidelines for palatal abnormalities in this syndrome. Charts of 1,121 patients seen through the 22q and You Center at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia were reviewed for palatal status, demographic factors, deletion size, and corrective surgical procedures. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's chi-squared test to identify differences between gender, deletion size, and palatal abnormality. Of the patients with complete evaluations, 67% were found to have a palatal abnormality. The most common finding was velopharyngeal dysfunction in 55.2% of patients, and in 33.3% of patients, this occurred in the absence of palatal clefting. There was no significant difference in the incidence of palatal abnormalities by gender; however, a difference was noted among race (p < 0.01) and deletion sizes (p < 0.01). For example, Caucasian and Asian patients presented with a much higher prevalence of palatal abnormalities, and conversely those with nested deletions presented with a much lower rate of palatal defects. Overall, 26.9% of patients underwent palatal surgery, and the most common indication was velopharyngeal dysfunction. Palatal abnormalities are a hallmark feature of 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome; understanding the incidence, presenting features, and treatment protocols are essential for practitioners counseling and treating families affected with this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Jackson
- Division of Plastic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - T Blaine Crowley
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert Sharkus
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert Smith
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephanie Jeong
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cynthia Solot
- Department of Speech Language Pathology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Donna McDonald-Mcginn
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Abyholm F, D'Antonio L, Davidson Ward SL, Kjøll L, Saeed M, Shaw W, Sloan G, Whitby D, Worhington H, Wyatt R. Pharyngeal Flap and Sphincterplasty for Velopharyngeal Insufficiency Have Equal Outcome at 1 Year Postoperatively: Results of a Randomized Trial. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2017; 42:501-11. [PMID: 16149831 DOI: 10.1597/03-148.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this trial was to compare the relative effectiveness (efficacy and morbidity) of two surgical procedures for correcting velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). Design This was an international multicenter randomized trial to study the outcome of two surgical procedures (flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty) for speech, incidence of sleep apnea, and surgical complications. Method Ninety-seven patients 3 to 25 years old with repaired cleft palate and previously identified VPI were enrolled from five centers in the United States, Norway, and the U.K. Data were collected at presurgery, 3 months postsurgery, and 12 months postsurgery for subsequent analysis blind to the procedure. Main outcome measures included perceptual speech parameters, sleep apnea, nasalance measures, endoscopic features, and surgical complications. Results Groups for both surgical procedures achieved a high level of clinical improvement. At 3 months postsurgery, elimination of hypernasal resonance was achieved in twice as many patients after the flap procedure. This reached significance. However, at 12 months postsurgery, no statistically significant difference in outcomes remained between the two procedures for resonance, nasalance, endoscopic outcomes, or surgical complications. Flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty rarely resulted in clinically significant sleep apnea, and no difference was detected between the two procedures in the long-term incidence of sleep apnea. Conclusions Despite strongly held views in the literature concerning the relative effectiveness and safety of flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty, no significant differences were detected 1 year postoperatively.
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MacLean JE, Fitzsimons D, Fitzgerald D, Mbbs KW. Comparison of Clinical Symptoms and Severity of Sleep Disordered Breathing in Children With and Without Cleft Lip and/or Palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2016; 54:523-529. [PMID: 27333236 DOI: 10.1597/15-309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the clinical presentation or severity of sleep disordered breathing differs between children with or without a history of cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) presenting for sleep assessment. DESIGN Retrospective chart review. SETTING Tertiary care pediatric hospital cleft clinic, sleep clinic. PATIENTS Children >6 months of age presenting to the cleft clinic with sleep concerns and children without CL/P presenting to the sleep clinic in the same 2-year period. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES Clinical symptoms and overnight polysomnography (PSG) results. RESULTS A total of 168 children (55 from cleft clinic, 113 from sleep clinic) were identified. Age at clinical review (6.6 ± 4.1 years versus 6.8 ± 4.0 years, P = ns), sex distribution (64.6% versus 58.4%, P = ns), and the presence of syndromes or significant medical conditions (12% versus 16%, P = ns) were similar between groups. Snoring was the reason for referral in 59% of children with CL/P and 69% of non-CL/P children (P = ns). The only presenting feature that differentiated between the groups was a lower incidence of tonsillar enlargement in children with CL/P (33% versus 79%, chi-square 30.4, P < 0.001). Sleep study results showed similar apnea-hypopnea indices (6.2 ± 6.9 versus 7.9 ± 7.1 events/hr, P = ns) with more central apnea in children with CL/P (1.5 ± 1.5 versus 1.0 ± 1.0 events/hr, P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS Snoring and obstructive sleep apnea are common in CL/P with less tonsillar enlargement than non-CL/P children. Children with CL/P have similar OSA severity compared to non-cleft children but more central apnea which may indicate differences in the control of breathing.
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Campos LD, Trindade-Suedam IK, Martins Sampaio-Teixeira AC, Yamashita RP, Pereira Lauris JR, Lorenzi-Filho G, Kiemle Trindade IE. Obstructive Sleep Apnea following Pharyngeal Flap Surgery for Velopharyngeal Insufficiency: A Prospective Polysomnographic and Aerodynamic Study in Middle-Aged Adults. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2016; 53:e53-9. [DOI: 10.1597/14-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To compare the frequency and severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in middle-aged adults who underwent pharyngeal flap surgery for velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) with matched subjects who did not undergo pharyngeal flap surgery and to verify the relationship between OSA severity and internal pharyngeal dimensions. Setting National referral care center for cleft lip and palate. Method Prospective study on 42 nonsyndromic subjects with repaired cleft palate with flap (F group, n = 22) and without flap (NF group, n = 20), aged 40 to 58 years. The main outcome measure was the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), measured by in-lab nocturnal polysomnography (PSG). The OSA-related symptoms were investigated by Pittsburgh, Epworth, and Berlin questionnaires. The nasopharyngeal or velopharyngeal (NP/VP) cross-sectional area was measured by modified anterior rhinomanometry in subgroups of the F (n = 14) and NF (n = 10) groups at rest and during speech. Differences were considered significant at P < .05. Results Questionnaire scores and frequency of self-reported symptoms of snoring, nasal obstruction, and breathing interruptions during sleep did not differ between groups. OSA was diagnosed by PSG in 60% and 77% of the NF and F subjects, respectively. The difference was not significant. No cases of severe OSA were observed. There was no correlation between AHI and NP/VP area. Conclusion A significant number of middle-aged adults with repaired cleft palate had OSA and related symptoms, regardless of the presence of a pharyngeal flap. Results suggest that VPI treatment with a flap may not cause sleep-disordered breathing in the cleft population. Besides advancing age, congenital upper airway abnormalities may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivy Kiemle Trindade-Suedam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry and Laboratory of Physiology, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of Sao Paulo
| | | | - Renata Paciello Yamashita
- Laboratory of Physiology, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of Sao Paulo
| | - José Roberto Pereira Lauris
- Department of Dental Pediatrics, Orthodontics, and Collective Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo
| | - Geraldo Lorenzi-Filho
- Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo
| | - Inge Elly Kiemle Trindade
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry and Laboratory of Physiology, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of Sao Paulo
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Bennett KG, Robinson AB, Kasten SJ, Buchman SR, Vercler CJ. Velopharyngeal Dysfunction and Sleep Apnea-A Survey to Ascertain Surgical Practice Patterns. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2016; 54:13-18. [PMID: 26752134 DOI: 10.1597/15-250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if all cleft surgeons uniformly and adequately evaluate patients with cleft for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and consider OSA in treatment of velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD). DESIGN A 22-question survey was administered via e-mail to 1117 surgeons who were members of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association. Logistic regression was used to determine if management was affected by years in practice, clinical volume, field of training, and region of practice. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We sought to determine if years in practice, clinical volume, region of practice, and surgical specialty affected surgeons' evaluation of OSA and their approaches to VPD. RESULTS A total of 231 surgeons responded (21% response rate), and 67% stated that they had trained in plastic surgery. With increasing years of practice, surgeons were less likely to refer patients for preoperative and postoperative sleep studies (P = .00 and P = .001, respectively), screen patients for sleep apnea (P = .008), or change their management based on a sleep study (P = .001). There were no significant differences in screening or testing for OSA based upon clinical volume. Among those surveyed, otolaryngologists were more likely to refer patients for postoperative sleep studies (P = .028). Surgeons in the Southeast were more likely to change their management based upon a sleep study (P = .038). CONCLUSIONS Statistically significant trends in screening and testing for OSA in the setting of VPD were identified by this survey. Notably, older surgeons were less likely to investigate OSA in their patients, and not all specialties equally refer for postoperative sleep studies.
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Moraleda-Cibrián M, Edwards SP, Kasten SJ, Buchman SR, Berger M, O'Brien LM. Obstructive sleep apnea pretreatment and posttreatment in symptomatic children with congenital craniofacial malformations. J Clin Sleep Med 2015; 11:37-43. [PMID: 25515281 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.4360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Obstructive sleep symptoms are common in children with craniofacial malformations (CFM). However objective data about obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is still limited. The aims of this study were to investigate the frequency of OSA in symptomatic children with CFM and to determine improvement in severity of OSA after treatment. METHODS Symptomatic children with CFM referred for a diagnostic polysomnogram (PSG) were identified. Obstructive sleep apnea was defined as an apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 1, with moderate/severe OSA as an AHI ≥ 5. RESULTS Overall, 151 symptomatic children were identified; 87% were diagnosed with OSA, of whom 24% had moderate-to-severe OSA. Children with syndromic CFM, compared to non-syndromic CFM, were more likely to have an AHI ≥ 5 (syndromic 33% vs. non-syndromic 15%, p = 0.02). Of the 131 children with OSA, 64 were treated and 32 returned for a posttreatment PSG, with 22 treated with either positive airway pressure (PAP) or adenotonsillectomy (AT). Children treated with PAP demonstrated a decrease in AHI from 6.2 to 3.5 (p = 0.057) and an increase in SpO2 from 89.1% to 91.1% (p = 0.091). There were no significant improvements for those in the AT group for either AHI (2.5 to 1.8, p = 0.19) or SpO2 (90.4% to 91.3%, p = 0.46). Normalization of the AHI (AHI < 1) occurred in only one child in each group (7% and 14% of the PAP and AT groups, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The vast majority of children with CFM referred for OSA evaluation are found to have objective evidence of OSA and a quarter of children have moderate-to-severe OSA. It is likely that many children with underlying OSA are not identified and referred for evaluation. Residual OSA after treatment is common in children with CFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Moraleda-Cibrián
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sean P Edwards
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Steven J Kasten
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Steven R Buchman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Mary Berger
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Louise M O'Brien
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) is a congenital condition characterized by micrognathia, glossoptosis, airway obstruction, and often clefting of the soft and hard palate. The purpose of this study was to compare oronasal fistula rates, long-term speech outcomes, and rates of secondary surgery for velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) after primary cleft palate repair using the modified Furlow technique between nonsyndromic patients with and without PRS. This study also sought to determine if type of airway management in infancy correlated with speech outcomes in patients with PRS. METHODS A retrospective review was performed of all nonsyndromic patients with clefts of the palate only who underwent repair between 1981 and 2006 at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia using the modified Furlow technique. Patient outcomes were evaluated by the rate of postoperative oronasal fistula, speech scores at a minimum of age 5 years using the Pittsburgh Weighted Values for Speech Symptoms Associated with VPI, and the need for secondary pharyngeal surgery for VPI. RESULTS Fifty-five patients with PRS and 129 without PRS were included in this study. There was no significant difference in oronasal fistula rate between groups. Speech outcomes were worse in patients with PRS with 52.7% demonstrating a competent velopharyngeal mechanism, and 30.9% a borderline mechanism, compared to 72.1% and 19.4% in the non-PRS group, respectively (P = 0.035). In addition, only 76.3% of patients with PRS had no or mild hypernasality compared to 91.5% of patients without PRS (P = 0.01). The rates of nasal emission, articulation errors associated with VPI, and secondary surgery for VPI did not differ between groups. Of the patients with PRS, 36 were managed in infancy with positioning alone and 15 underwent surgical intervention for airway obstruction, and there were no significant differences in speech scores or rates of secondary surgery for VPI between these subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Nonsyndromic patients with PRS had worse speech outcomes after modified Furlow cleft palate repair, but no significant differences were seen in the rates of secondary surgery for VPI or postoperative oronasal fistula. In addition, initial airway management in patients with PRS did not correlate with speech outcomes.
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Moraleda-Cibrián M, Edwards SP, Kasten SJ, Berger M, Buchman SR, O'Brien LM. Symptoms of sleep disordered breathing in children with craniofacial malformations. J Clin Sleep Med 2014; 10:307-12. [PMID: 24634629 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.3536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) symptoms in a clinical sample of children with congenital craniofacial malformations (CFM) followed at a tertiary medical center and non-selected for sleep problems. METHODS Cross-sectional study of 575 children aged 2-18 years followed at the Craniofacial Anomalies Program between March 2007 and May 2011. The Sleep-Related Breathing Disturbance scale of the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire was used to screen for SDB, snoring, and sleepiness. A cutoff value ≥ 0.33 of the total answered questions identified children with positive screening for SDB symptoms. RESULTS Overall, 25% of children screened positive for SDB, 28% for snoring, and 20% for sleepiness. In children with non-syndromic CFM, those with Robin sequence had the highest frequency of SDB, snoring, and sleepiness (43%, 44%, and 38%, respectively). In children with syndromic CFM, velocardiofacial/ DiGeorge syndrome had the highest frequency of SDB and sleepiness (48% and 43%, respectively). Children with Treacher Collins had the highest frequency of snoring (83%). The presence of cleft palate was not associated with an increased frequency of SDB symptoms. Nevertheless, children with syndromic CFM, compared to those with non-syndromic CFM, had a higher SDB score (0.27 ± 0.21 vs.0.21 ± 0.19, p = 0.003) and were more likely to have sleepiness (26% vs. 18%, p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Congenital craniofacial malformations in children are associated with high risk for SDB symptoms. Our findings should encourage a high index of suspicion for SDB in children with CFM, with a low threshold for further testing and close follow-up. CITATION Moraleda-Cibrián M; Edwards SP; Kasten SJ; Berger M; Buchman SR; O'Brien LM. Symptoms of sleep disordered breathing in children with craniofacial malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Moraleda-Cibrián
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology ; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
| | | | - Steven J Kasten
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Mary Berger
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Steven R Buchman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Louise M O'Brien
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology ; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
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Prospective Clinical Trial Comparing Outcome Measures Between Furlow and von Langenbeck Palatoplasties for UCLP. Ann Plast Surg 2011; 66:154-63. [DOI: 10.1097/sap.0b013e3181d60763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lam DJ, Jensen CC, Mueller BA, Starr JR, Cunningham ML, Weaver EM. Pediatric sleep apnea and craniofacial anomalies: a population-based case-control study. Laryngoscope 2010; 120:2098-105. [PMID: 20824784 DOI: 10.1002/lary.21093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between craniofacial anomalies and diagnosis with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in a large, population-based sample of children. DESIGN Retrospective case-control study. METHODS Cases of OSA (n = 1,203) were identified by International Classification of Diseases-9 codes consistent with OSA in the 1987-2003 Washington State inpatient discharge database among children ≤18 years of age and born in Washington state. For each case, five controls without OSA (n = 6,015) were randomly selected from the remaining Washington State births, frequency matched by birth year. Congenital anomaly diagnoses and covariates were extracted from discharge data for all inpatient hospitalizations during the study period and linked birth certificate data. Multiple logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between congenital anomalies (including subgroups) and OSA. RESULTS An OSA diagnosis was strongly associated with the presence of any craniofacial anomaly (adjusted OR 38, 95%CI [24, 60]) and, in particular, with orofacial cleft (adjusted OR 40, 95%CI [17, 94]) and Down syndrome (adjusted OR 51, 95%CI [20, 128]). OSA was less associated with any noncraniofacial malformation (adjusted OR 4.1, 95%CI [3.1, 5.3]), which may reflect the relatively small effect of inpatient exposure bias in the associations above. CONCLUSIONS The presence of congenital craniofacial anomalies is strongly associated with inpatient diagnosis of OSA. These findings persist even after control of major potential biases. Parents and clinicians should consider screening for OSA among children with craniofacial anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Lam
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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Pharyngeal Flap Outcomes in Nonsyndromic Children with Repaired Cleft Palate and Velopharyngeal Insufficiency. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010; 125:290-298. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e3181c2a6c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
The increasing prevalence of obesity in children seems to be associated with an increased prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children. Possible pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to this association include the following: adenotonsillar hypertrophy due to increased somatic growth, increased critical airway closing pressure, altered chest wall mechanics, and abnormalities of ventilatory control. However, the details of these mechanisms and their interactions have not been elucidated. In addition, obesity and OSAS are both associated with metabolic syndrome, which is a constellation of features such as hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, and prothrombotic and proinflammatory states. There is some evidence that OSAS may contribute to the progression of metabolic syndrome with a potential for significant morbidity. The treatment of OSAS in obese children has not been standardized. Adenotonsillectomy is considered the primary intervention followed by continuous positive airway pressure treatment if OSAS persists. Other methods such as oral appliances, surgery, positional therapy, and weight loss may be beneficial for individual subjects. The present review discusses these issues and suggests an approach to the management of obese children with snoring and possible OSAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raanan Arens
- Div. of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467-2490, USA.
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MacLean JE, Fitzsimons D, Hayward P, Waters KA, Fitzgerald DA. The identification of children with cleft palate and sleep disordered breathing using a referral system. Pediatr Pulmonol 2008; 43:245-50. [PMID: 18219693 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cleft palate is associated with an increased risk of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) but the magnitude of this risk and specific risk factors are unclear. A better understanding of these components of risk will aid the early identification of SDB in this group of children. OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical characteristics and results of sleep studies undertaken in a cohort of children with cleft palate. Clinical features will be examined to determine potential associations with SDB in this group. METHOD A retrospective chart review was undertaken to ascertain sleep study results and clinical data for all children with cleft palate. Clinical features of interest included age, gender, syndrome diagnosis, cleft classification, and surgical status. RESULTS A total of 99 sleep studies were available from 62 children. The sample included a select group of children with cleft palate with features predictive of a high risk of SDB. Baseline sleep study results were consistent with SDB for 87% of children and 28% (15 of 54) of these children demonstrated severe SDB. Uni-variate analysis showed that age, syndrome, and surgical status had significant association with the severity of SDB. On multi-variate analysis only surgical status maintained this association, such that pre-palatoplasty/pharyngoplasty was associated with more severe SDB. Follow-up studies were completed in one-third of the cohort. CONCLUSION Children with cleft palate appear to have a significant risk of SDB. A prospective study of a population of children with cleft palate is needed to further define the characteristics of this risk and important risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E MacLean
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.
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Rose E, Thissen U, Otten JE, Jonas I. Cephalometric assessment of the posterior airway space in patients with cleft palate after palatoplasty. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2003; 40:498-503. [PMID: 12943438 DOI: 10.1597/1545-1569_2003_040_0498_caotpa_2.0.co_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Upper airway obstruction and mouth breathing influence facial growth and development, which may result in breathing disorders while asleep. The purpose of the present investigation was to analyze cephalometric alterations between patients with cleft palate and a noncleft control group in an obstructive sleep disordered breathing-specific tracing. SETTING The study was conducted in the cleft palate clinic of a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-three subjects with a mean age of 12.3 +/- 3.7 years (range 6.3 to 17.2 years). The cohort included 33 subjects (13 females, 20 males; mean age 12.1 +/- 3.8 years, mean body mass index 17.5 +/- 2.9 kg/m(2)) with surgical closure of a unilateral or bilateral cleft palate and a matched control of noncleft participants. None of the subjects suffered from sleep disordered breathing syndrome. RESULTS Compared with the controls, patients with cleft palate had a significant narrow anterior-posterior dimension of the pharynx at the level of the maxillary plane and the narrowest width, a more downward hyoid position, and a longer uvula. CONCLUSIONS Patients with cleft palate appear to present pharyngeal and craniofacial distinctive features that characterize patients with obstructive sleep disordered breathing and differ from those of a noncleft control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Rose
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Liao YF, Yun C, Huang CS, Chen PKT, Chen NH, Hung KF, Chuang ML. Longitudinal follow-up of obstructive sleep apnea following Furlow palatoplasty in children with cleft palate: a preliminary report. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2003; 40:269-73. [PMID: 12733955 DOI: 10.1597/1545-1569_2003_040_0269_lfoosa_2.0.co_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To longitudinally investigate the incidence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) following Furlow palatoplasty for velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) in children with cleft palate. SUBJECTS Ten children, six boys and four girls, mean age 5.1 years, at Furlow palatoplasty. DESIGN Prospective analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Overnight polysomnographic studies were used to determine the incidence and severity of sleep apneas 1 day prior to Furlow palatoplasty, 1 week postoperatively, and approximately 3 and 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS None of the patients suffered OSA prior to Furlow palatoplasty. A high incidence of mild OSA (100%) occurred during the early postoperative period (p <.001) but resolved within 3 months in all but two patients (20%). Only one OSA (10%) persisted 6 months postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS Furlow palatoplasty for VPI in children with cleft palate might induce temporary and mild OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fang Liao
- Department of Dentistry, Craniofacial Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 199 Tung-Hwa North Road, Taipei 105, Taiwan
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