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Quellhorst H, Sakka M, Gourgouta M, Morrison WR, Zhu KY, Athanassiou CG. Efficacy of deltamethrin and pirimiphos-methyl in proportionally layer-treated maize against the larger grain borer and the maize weevil. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023:7150756. [PMID: 37133515 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Two insecticides (deltamethrin and pirimiphos-methyl) were evaluated in laboratory assays as grain protectants when applied as a total percentage of a maize mass to control adult Prostephanus truncatus and Sitophilus zeamais. All experiments were conducted at the University of Thessaly in Greece at 30°C and 65% RH under continuous darkness. Either insecticide was applied to 20 g of maize placed in a vial or to the upper one half, one fourth, or one-eighth layer of the maize, then insects were either added to the vials before or after the maize in a completely randomized block design CRBD with n = 9 replicates. Mortality, progeny production, and insect damaged kernels (IDK) were then evaluated for each vial. Insect introduction method (before or after) did not have any impact on any of the variables. Mortality was nearly 100% for all treatments for both insecticides for P. truncatus. Subsequently, progeny production and the number of insect damaged kernels were very low or zero for P. truncatus. Mortality of S. zeamais remained low across layer treatments for deltamethrin. However, S. zeamais was easily controlled by pirimiphos-methyl. The results of this laboratory study show that while deltamethrin and pirimiphos-methyl have some effectiveness as a layer treatment on a column of maize, efficacy will be dependent on the target species, and the depth of the treated layer, as well as the location on which the insects are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Quellhorst
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Maria Sakka
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Marina Gourgouta
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - William R Morrison
- USDA-ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Stored Product Insects and Engineering Research Unit, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Christos G Athanassiou
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446 Volos, Greece
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Papanikolaou NE, Kavallieratos NG, Boukouvala MC, Malesios C. (Quasi)-Binomial vs. Gaussian Models to Evaluate Thiamethoxam, Pirimiphos-Methyl, Alpha-Cypermethrin and Deltamethrin on Different Types of Storage Bag Materials Against Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). INSECTS 2021; 12:182. [PMID: 33669999 PMCID: PMC7926401 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) are worldwide spread and notorious organisms of numerous stored-products. Both species are dangerous for bagged commodities as penetrators and invaders. The aim of the current study was to examine the efficacy of thiamethoxam, pirimiphos-methyl, alpha-cypermethrin, and deltamethrin, against E. kuehniella and T. confusum larvae, on different types of storage bag materials, i.e., woven propylene, biaxially oriented polypropylene and kraft paper through a (quasi)-binomial modeling approach. The type of the tested storage bag material did not affect the mortality rates of both species when treated with the tested insecticides. Thiamethoxam and pirimiphos-methyl showed statistically significant higher mortality rates on E. kuehniella and T. confusum (beta coefficient = 0.141; p-value < 0.05) compared to alpha-cypermethrin and deltamethrin. In addition, T. confusum exhibited significantly higher mortality rate in comparison to E. kuehniella. Our results also showed that the tested doses and surface treatments had a significant effect on the mortality E. kuehniella and T. confusum larvae. Significantly higher mortality rates were recorded when larvae were exposed on bag materials having both surfaces treated or on the single treated surface than when they were exposed on the untreated surface. Our findings can be useful towards an effective management strategy against stored-product insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos E. Papanikolaou
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Greece; (N.G.K.); (M.C.B.)
- Directorate of Plant Produce Protection, Greek Ministry of Rural Development and Food, 150 Sygrou Ave., 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Nickolas G. Kavallieratos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Greece; (N.G.K.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Maria C. Boukouvala
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Greece; (N.G.K.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Chrisovalantis Malesios
- Laboratory of Political Economy and European Integration, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Greece;
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Tsaganou FK, Vassilakos TN, Athanassiou CG. Knockdown-Mortality Responses of Six Stored-Product Beetle Species on Different Surfaces Treated With Thiamethoxam, Using a Standardized Lethality Index. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:430-439. [PMID: 33313685 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bioassays were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of thiamethoxam in different surfaces, against six stored-grain insects, Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae), and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). Six different surfaces (concrete, plywood, galvanized steel, linen, plastic, and ceramic tile) treated with thiamethoxam at 0.05 and 0.1 mg/cm2 were used as substrate for adult exposure. Knockdown was recorded after 1, 3, and 7 d of exposure to the treated surface, in order to calculate a Standardized Lethality Index (SLI). Knockdown counts were ranked from '0' to '4', with '0' representing adult insects 'moved generally' and '4' representing dead insects. Based on the results, insect knockdown seems leading to mortality than to recovery and the SLI ranking of the target species according to their susceptibility to thiamethoxam showed that S. granarius being more susceptible and decreasing susceptibility in an order of S. oryzae > T. castaneum ≥ O. surinamenis ≥ C. ferrugineus ≥ T. confusum. In general, among the surfaces, thiamethoxam efficacy was lower on linen, wooden, and concrete surfaces, as compared to metallic and plastic surfaces. Nevertheless, at the end of 7-d exposure, all surfaces equally affected thiamethoxam toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotoula K Tsaganou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Nea Ionia, Magnesia, Greece
| | - Thomas N Vassilakos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Nea Ionia, Magnesia, Greece
| | - Christos G Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Nea Ionia, Magnesia, Greece
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Athanassiou CG, Kavallieratos NG, Arthur FH, Nakas CT. Rating knockdown of flour beetles after exposure to two insecticides as an indicator of mortality. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1145. [PMID: 33441570 PMCID: PMC7806656 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78982-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Knockdown and mortality of adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, were assessed after exposure to two contact insecticides, chlorfenapyr and cyfluthrin, on a concrete surface. Individuals were rated on a scale for knockdown of exposed adults according to their mobility from 1, representing immobilized adults to 5, representing normally moving (similar to the controls). Only cyfluthrin gave immediate knockdown. Adults were rated at 1, 3 and 7 days post-exposure. After the final assessment, adults were discarded and the same procedure was repeated for 5 consecutive weeks with new adults exposed on the same treated surfaces. Despite initial knockdown, many individuals did not eventually die after exposure to cyfluthrin. In contrast, adults exposed to chlorfenapyr were not initially knocked down after exposure but most died after 7 days. These trends were similar during the entire 5-week residual testing period. The storage of the treated dishes in illuminated or non-illuminated conditions did not affect the insecticidal effect of either insecticide. The results of the present study can be further implemented towards the design of a “lethality index” that can serve as a quick indicator of knockdown and mortality rates caused after exposure to insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos G Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446, Nea Ionia, Magnesia, Greece. .,Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA.
| | - Nickolas G Kavallieratos
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA.,Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Frank H Arthur
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA.,Retired, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Christos T Nakas
- Laboratory of Biometry, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446, Nea Ionia, Magnesia, Greece.,University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Agrafioti P, Athanassiou CG, Vassilakos TN, Vlontzos G, Arthur FH. Using a Lethality Index to Assess Susceptibility of Tribolium confusum and Oryzaephilus surinamensis to Insecticides. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142044. [PMID: 26560316 PMCID: PMC4641671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated knockdown caused by four insecticides: alpha-cypermethrin, chlorfenapyr, pirimiphos-methyl and fipronil against adults of Tribolium confusum Jacquelin Duval, the confused flour beetle and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), the sawtoothed grain beetle. Bioassays were conducted on concrete and metal surfaces. Adults of the tested species were exposed on both surfaces treated with the above insecticides at two doses (low and high). Knockdown assessment was done after 15, 30 and 60 min of adult exposure in the treated surfaces. Also, after 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 d of exposure, a lethality index was calculated with an equation resulting to values from 0 to 100, where 100 indicated complete mortality and 0 complete survival. We also developed a lethality index by ranking each adult on each surface from 0 to 4, 0: adults moved normally, 1: adults were knocked down, but were able to walk for short intervals, 2: adults were knocked down and unable to walk, but with visible movement of antennae etc., 3: adults were knocked down, with very minimal movement of the tarsi and the antennae and 4: adults were dead (no movement). Knockdown of adults immediately after exposure (15-60 min) was higher for pirimiphos-methyl followed by alpha-cypermethrin, for both dose rates tested and species, but only on the metal surface. The lethality index was nearly 100 for all insecticides after 5d of exposure for O. surinamensis, while for T. confusum the adult lethality index was considerably lower for alpha-cypermethrin, suggesting that that recovery from knockdown occurred. Chlorfenapyr was the only insecticide that was more effective on concrete than on metal, while the reverse was noted for the other three insecticides. These results show that knockdown has different levels, which can be used as indicators of insect mortality or recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Agrafioti
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Christos G. Athanassiou
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas N. Vassilakos
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - George Vlontzos
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Frank H. Arthur
- USDA-ARS, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
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