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Alves VV, Arantes LCRV, Lages da Silva DH, Oliveira ES, Figueiredo de Souza J, Teixeira da Silva M, Dias Araújo M, Carvalho RDDO, Reis Cunha JL, Camargos Lara LJ, Ecco R, da Silva Martins NR, Barrow PA, de Freitas Neto OC. Effects of in ovo injection of bacterial peptides and CpG-ODN on Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg infection in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicks. Avian Pathol 2024; 53:182-193. [PMID: 38240226 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2024.2307567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Peptides + CpG-ODN reduced SH in caeca at the first week post-infection.Administered formulations did not reduce SH-faecal excretion.Levels of intestinal IgA were similar between all groups.CpG-ODN improved some parameters associated with chick intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victória Veiga Alves
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Dayse Helena Lages da Silva
- Sector of Animal Pathology and MULTILAB, Department Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Eric Santos Oliveira
- Sector of Animal Pathology and MULTILAB, Department Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Julia Figueiredo de Souza
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mailson Teixeira da Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Matheus Dias Araújo
- Sector of Animal Pathology and MULTILAB, Department Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Leonardo José Camargos Lara
- Department of Animal Science, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Roselene Ecco
- Sector of Animal Pathology and MULTILAB, Department Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Oliveiro Caetano de Freitas Neto
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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2
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Khan S, McWhorter AR, Andrews DM, Underwood GJ, Moore RJ, Van TTH, Gast RK, Chousalkar KK. Dust sprinkling as an effective method for infecting layer chickens with wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium and changes in host gut microbiota. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e13265. [PMID: 38747207 PMCID: PMC11094578 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Role of dust in Salmonella transmission on chicken farms is not well characterised. Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) infection of commercial layer chickens was investigated using a novel sprinkling method of chicken dust spiked with ST and the uptake compared to a conventional oral infection. While both inoculation methods resulted in colonisation of the intestines, the Salmonella load in liver samples was significantly higher at 7 dpi after exposing chicks to sprinkled dust compared to the oral infection group. Infection of chickens using the sprinkling method at a range of doses showed a threshold for colonisation of the gut and organs as low as 1000 CFU/g of dust. Caecal content microbiota analysis post-challenge showed that the profiles of chickens infected by the sprinkling and oral routes were not significantly different; however, both challenges induced differences when compared to the uninfected negative controls. Overall, the study showed that dust sprinkling was an effective way to experimentally colonise chickens with Salmonella and alter the gut microbiota than oral gavage at levels as low as 1000 CFU/g dust. This infection model mimics the field scenario of Salmonella infection in poultry sheds. The model can be used for future challenge studies for effective Salmonella control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiullah Khan
- School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesThe University of AdelaideRoseworthySouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Andrea R. McWhorter
- School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesThe University of AdelaideRoseworthySouth AustraliaAustralia
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard K. Gast
- U.S. National Poultry Research CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Kapil K. Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesThe University of AdelaideRoseworthySouth AustraliaAustralia
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3
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Samper-Cativiela C, Prieto ME, Collado S, De Frutos C, Branscum AJ, Saez JL, Alvarez J. Risk Factors for Salmonella Detection in Commercial Layer Flocks in Spain. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3181. [PMID: 37893905 PMCID: PMC10603648 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Trends in Salmonella human infections are assumed to be related to the distribution of the pathogen in the animal reservoir/food products, and cases in humans are most often linked to poultry and poultry products (eggs, meat). Therefore, ongoing Salmonella national control programs (NCPs) in European Union Member States have the objective of monitoring and reducing its prevalence in commercial poultry flocks. Results from NCPs have shown certain factors (housing systems, season of sampling and if sampling is conducted by food business operators (FBOps) or competent authorities (CAs), among others) can influence detection rates, but associations are often not consistent. Here, we analyzed data from the Spanish NCP on 7216 laying hen flocks subjected to 36,193 sampling events over a six-year period to characterize its performance and identify variables influencing detection rates. Overall, 1205 sampling events were positive for Salmonella spp. (any serovar) and 132 for S. Enteritidis-S. Typhimurium/monophasic. Bayesian multivariable models adjusting for multiple covariates concluded that sampling events later in the year, in caged flocks with older animals and conducted by CAs had increased odds of positivity for Salmonella spp., revealing aspects linked with a differential estimation of Salmonella levels in laying hen flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Samper-Cativiela
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Soledad Collado
- Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, 28010 Madrid, Spain (S.C.)
| | - Cristina De Frutos
- Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, 28010 Madrid, Spain (S.C.)
| | - Adam J. Branscum
- Biostatistics Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Jose Luis Saez
- Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, 28010 Madrid, Spain (S.C.)
| | - Julio Alvarez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Drauch V, Mitra T, Liebhart D, Hess M, Hess C. Infection dynamics of Salmonella Infantis vary considerably between chicken lines. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:561-573. [PMID: 35938538 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2108373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSalmonella (S.) Infantis is the most common serovar in broilers and broiler meat in the European Union. In the field, fast-growing broilers are reported to be more affected than slow-growing and layer birds. The present study investigated the infection dynamics and immunological response of four chicken lines in the course of a S. Infantis infection. Two commercial chicken lines, Ross 308 and Hubbard ISA-JA-757, and two experimentally chicken lines, specific pathogen free (SPF) layers and broilers, were infected at 2 days of age. Investigations focused on faecal shedding, bacterial colonisation, humoral and cellular immune response in the blood. Ross and SPF broilers were mainly attributed as high shedders followed by Hubbard. SPF layers showed the least shedding. This is in agreement with the caecal colonisation, SPF layers harboured significant less bacteria. Systemic spread of S. Infantis to liver and spleen was highest in Ross being statistically significant at 7 days of age compared to the other lines. Spread of infection to in-contact birds, was noticed 5 days post infection in every line. Antibody response occurred in every chicken line from day 21 of age onwards. In contrast to the other chicken lines, significant differences in T cell subsets and monocytes/macrophages were found between infected and negative Hubbard birds at 7 days of age. Uninfected SPF birds had significant higher immune cell counts (T cell subsets, B cells and monocytes /macrophages) compared to uninfected commercial birds, a fact important for future experimental settings. The results illustrate that the infection dynamics of S. Infantis is influenced by the chicken line resulting in a higher risk of transmission to humans from fast-growing broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Drauch
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - T Mitra
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - D Liebhart
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - C Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Vellano IHB, Milbradt EL, Polizel DM, Oro C, Paz IC, Padovani CR, Gross L, Silva TM, Hataka A, Filho RLA. Comparison of microbiological, pathological and zootechnical aspects between broiler chickens and turkeys challenged with Salmonella Heidelberg. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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6
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Whole genome sequencing and protein structure analyses of target genes for the detection of Salmonella. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20887. [PMID: 34686701 PMCID: PMC8536731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive detection of Salmonella is a critical step in routine food quality control, outbreak investigation, and food recalls. Although various genes have been the targets in the design of rapid molecular detection methods for Salmonella, there is limited information on the diversity of these target genes at the level of DNA sequence and the encoded protein structures. In this study, we investigated the diversity of ten target genes (invA, fimA, phoP, spvC, and agfA; ttrRSBCA operon including 5 genes) commonly used in the detection and identification of Salmonella. To this end, we performed whole genome sequencing of 143 isolates of Salmonella serotypes (Enteritidis, Typhimurium, and Heidelberg) obtained from poultry (eggs and chicken). Phylogenetic analysis showed that Salmonella ser. Typhimurium was more diverse than either Enteritidis or Heidelberg. Forty-five non-synonymous mutations were identified in the target genes from the 143 isolates, with the two most common mutations as T ↔ C (15 times) and A ↔ G (13 times). The gene spvC was primarily present in Salmonella ser. Enteritidis isolates and absent from Heidelberg isolates, whereas ttrR was more conserved (0 non-synonymous mutations) than ttrS, ttrB, ttrC, and ttrA (7, 2, 2, and 7 non-synonymous mutations, respectively). Notably, we found one non-synonymous mutation (fimA-Mut.6) across all Salmonella ser. Enteritidis and Salmonella ser. Heidelberg, C → T (496 nt postion), resulting in the change at AA 166 position, Glutamine (Q) → Stop condon (TAG), suggesting that the fimA gene has questionable sites as a target for detection. Using Phyre2 and SWISS-MODEL software, we predicted the structures of the proteins encoded by some of the target genes, illustrating the positions of these non-synonymous mutations that mainly located on the α-helix and β-sheet which are key elements for maintaining the conformation of proteins. These results will facilitate the development of sensitive molecular detection methods for Salmonella.
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Hu L, Cao G, Brown EW, Allard MW, Ma LM, Khan AA, Zhang G. Antimicrobial resistance and related gene analysis of Salmonella from egg and chicken sources by whole-genome sequencing. Poult Sci 2020; 99:7076-7083. [PMID: 33248624 PMCID: PMC7705029 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is a valuable tool in research on foodborne pathogens. In this study, a total of 143 isolates of Salmonella serotypes Enteritidis, Typhimurium, and Heidelberg sourced from eggs and chickens were analyzed for their antimicrobial resistance profiles using WGS data. The isolates carried high rate of genes resistant to aminoglycoside (70.63%), tetracycline (26.57%), fosfomycin (25.17%), sulfonamides (23.78%), and β-lactamases (15.38%); and aadA was the most frequently observed antimicrobial resistance gene (ARG). Antimicrobial resistance varies by Salmonella serotypes, with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (Salmonella ser. Enteritidis) isolates being highly resistant to aminoglycoside (particularly streptomycin); Salmonella ser. Typhimurium more resistant to aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and sulfonamides; and Salmonella ser. Heidelberg more resistant to aminoglycoside and fosfomycin. Salmonella ser. Typhimurium isolates presented more varieties of ARG than Salmonella ser. Enteritidis and Salmonella ser. Heidelberg. Our data showed that 5 isolates of Salmonella ser. Typhimurium and Salmonella ser. Heidelberg contained ARG resistant to ≥ 5 antimicrobials. In addition, 23 Salmonella isolates carried ARG resistant to 4 antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Hu
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD
| | - Guojie Cao
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD
| | - Eric W Brown
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD
| | - Marc W Allard
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD
| | - Li M Ma
- National Institute for Microbial Forensics & Food and Agricultural Biosecurity, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - Ashraf A Khan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD.
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8
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez-Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover-Cid S, Chemaly M, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Dewulf J, Hald T, Michel V, Niskanen T, Ricci A, Snary E, Boelaert F, Messens W, Davies R. Salmonella control in poultry flocks and its public health impact. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05596. [PMID: 32626222 PMCID: PMC7009056 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in confirmed human salmonellosis cases in the EU after 2014 triggered investigation of contributory factors and control options in poultry production. Reconsideration of the five current target serovars for breeding hens showed that there is justification for retaining Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium (including monophasic variants) and Salmonella Infantis, while Salmonella Virchow and Salmonella Hadar could be replaced by Salmonella Kentucky and either Salmonella Heidelberg, Salmonella Thompson or a variable serovar in national prevalence targets. However, a target that incorporates all serovars is expected to be more effective as the most relevant serovars in breeding flocks vary between Member State (MS) and over time. Achievement of a 1% target for the current target serovars in laying hen flocks is estimated to be reduced by 254,400 CrI95[98,540; 602,700] compared to the situation in 2016. This translates to a reduction of 53.4% CrI95[39.1; 65.7] considering the layer-associated human salmonellosis true cases and 6.2% considering the overall human salmonellosis true cases in the 23 MSs included in attribution modelling. A review of risk factors for Salmonella in laying hens revealed that overall evidence points to a lower occurrence in non-cage compared to cage systems. A conclusion on the effect of outdoor access or impact of the shift from conventional to enriched cages could not be reached. A similar review for broiler chickens concluded that the evidence that outdoor access affects the occurrence of Salmonella is inconclusive. There is conclusive evidence that an increased stocking density, larger farms and stress result in increased occurrence, persistence and spread of Salmonella in laying hen flocks. Based on scientific evidence, an impact of Salmonella control programmes, apart from general hygiene procedures, on the prevalence of Campylobacter in broiler flocks at the holding and on broiler meat at the end of the slaughter process is not expected.
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Hughes RA, Ali RA, Mendoza MA, Hassan HM, Koci MD. Impact of Dietary Galacto-Oligosaccharide (GOS) on Chicken's Gut Microbiota, Mucosal Gene Expression, and Salmonella Colonization. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:192. [PMID: 29181381 PMCID: PMC5693913 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventing Salmonella colonization in young birds is key to reducing contamination of poultry products for human consumption (eggs and meat). While several Salmonella vaccines have been developed that are capable of yielding high systemic antibodies, it is not clear how effective these approaches are at controlling or preventing Salmonella colonization of the intestinal tract. Effective alternative control strategies are needed to help supplement the bird’s ability to prevent Salmonella colonization, specifically by making the cecum less hospitable to Salmonella. In this study, we investigated the effect of the prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) on the cecal microbiome and ultimately the carriage of Salmonella. Day-old pullet chicks were fed control diets or diets supplemented with GOS (1% w/w) and then challenged with a cocktail of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis. Changes in cecal tonsil gene expression, cecal microbiome, and levels of cecal and extraintestinal Salmonella were assessed at 1, 4, 7, 12, and 27 days post infection. While the Salmonella counts were generally lower in the GOS-treated birds, the differences were not significantly different at the end of the experiment. However, these data demonstrated that treatment with the prebiotic GOS can modify both cecal tonsil gene expression and the cecal microbiome, suggesting that this type of treatment may be useful as a tool for altering the carriage of Salmonella in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca-Ayme Hughes
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Riawana A Ali
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Mary A Mendoza
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Hosni M Hassan
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Matthew D Koci
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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