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Flores RA, Nguyen BT, Cammayo PLT, Võ TC, Naw H, Kim S, Kim WH, Na BK, Min W. Epidemiological investigation and drug resistance of Eimeria species in Korean chicken farms. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:277. [PMID: 35836230 PMCID: PMC9284840 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coccidiosis is a poultry disease that occurs worldwide and is caused by Eimeria species. The infection is associated with reduced feed efficiency, body weight gain, and egg production. This study aimed to investigate the current status of coccidiosis and anticoccidial resistance to anticoccidial drugs used as part of control strategies for this disease in Korean chicken farms. Results An overall prevalence of 75% (291/388) was found. Positive farms contained several Eimeria species (mean = 4.2). Of the positive samples, E. acervulina (98.6%), E. maxima (84.8%), and E. tenella (82.8%) were the most prevalent species. Compared with cage-fed chickens, broilers and native chickens reared in free-range management were more at risk of acquiring an Eimeria infection. Sensitivities to six anticoccidial drugs (clopidol, diclazuril, maduramycin, monensin, salinomycin, and toltrazuril) were tested using nine field samples. Compared with untreated healthy control chickens, the body weight gains of infected chickens and treated/infected chickens were significantly reduced in all groups. Fecal oocyst shedding was significantly reduced in four clopidol-treated/infected groups, three diclazuril-treated/infected groups, two toltrazuril-treated/infected groups, one monensin-treated/infected group, and one salinomycin-treated/infected group, compared with the respective untreated/infected control groups. Intestinal lesion scores were also reduced in three clopidol-treated/infected groups, one monensin-treated/infected group, and one toltrazuril-treated/infected group. However, an overall assessment using the anticoccidial index, percent optimum anticoccidial activity, relative oocyst production, and reduced lesion score index found that all field samples had strong resistance to all tested anticoccidial drugs. Conclusion The results of this large-scale epidemiological investigation and anticoccidial sensitivity testing showed a high prevalence of coccidiosis and the presence of severe drug resistant Eimeria species in the field. These findings will be useful for optimizing the control of coccidiosis in the poultry industry. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03369-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle A Flores
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Binh T Nguyen
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Paula Leona T Cammayo
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuấn Cường Võ
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Department of Convergence Medical Science, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Haung Naw
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Department of Convergence Medical Science, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo H Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Kuk Na
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Department of Convergence Medical Science, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Wongi Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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Sakkas P, Oikeh I, Blake DP, Nolan MJ, Bailey RA, Oxley A, Rychlik I, Lietz G, Kyriazakis I. Does selection for growth rate in broilers affect their resistance and tolerance to Eimeria maxima? Vet Parasitol 2018; 258:88-98. [PMID: 30105985 PMCID: PMC6052249 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chickens exhibit varied responses to infection with Eimeria parasites. We hypothesise that broilers selected for increased growth rate will show lower resistance and tolerance to a coccidian challenge. 288 chickens of fast (F) or slow (S) growing lines were inoculated with 0 (control), 2500 (low-dose), or 7000 (high-dose) sporulated E. maxima oocysts at 13 days of age in two consecutive rounds. Gain and Intake were measured daily and their values relative to BW at the point of infection were calculated over the pre-patent (days 1-4 post-infection), acute (d5-8 pi), and recovery (d9-12 pi) phases of infection to assess the impact of infection. Levels of plasma carotenoids, vitamins E and A, long bone mineralisation, caecal microbiota diversity indices, and histological measurements were assessed at the acute (d6 pi) and recovery stage (d13 pi). In addition, we measured the levels of nitric oxide metabolites and the number of parasite genome copies in the jejunumat d6pi. In absolute terms F birds grew 1.42 times faster than S birds when not infected. Infection significantly reduced relative daily gain and intake (P < 0.001), with the effects being most pronounced during the acute phase (P < 0.001). Levels of all metabolites were significantly decreased, apart from NO which increased (P < 0.001) in response to infection on d6pi, and were accompanied by changes in histomorphometric features and the presence of E. maxima genome copies in infected birds, which persisted to d13pi. Furthermore, infection reduced tibia and femur mineralisation, which also persisted to d13pi. Reductions in measured variables were mostly independent of dose size, as was the level of parasite replication. The impact of infection was similar for S and F-line birds for all measured parameters, and there were no significant interactions between line x dose size on any of these parameters. In conclusion, our results suggest that line differences in productive performance do not influence host responses to coccidiosis when offered nutrient adequate diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Sakkas
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Idiegberanoise Oikeh
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Damer P Blake
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Matthew J Nolan
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | | | - Anthony Oxley
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Ivan Rychlik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Georg Lietz
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Ilias Kyriazakis
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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Akhtar M, Awais MM, Anwar MI, Ehtisham-ul-Haque S, Nasir A, Saleemi MK, Ashraf K. The effect of infection with mixed Eimeria species on hematology and immune responses following Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease booster vaccination in broilers. Vet Q 2015; 35:21-6. [PMID: 25423182 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2014.991048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coccidiosis is an important parasitic disease of chickens, causing high mortality and morbidity. This morbidity is believed to be correlated with altered population dynamics of blood cells and immunocompromisation. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the effects of mixed Eimeria species (viz., tenella, maxima, acervulina and necatrix) infection on hematology and immune responses following Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bursal disease (IBD) booster vaccination in broilers. ANIMALS AND METHODS One-day-old broiler chicks (Hubbard; n = 200) were divided into two equal groups A and B. On day 16, group A was infected orally with Eimeria species (7 × 10(4) sporulated oocysts), whereas group B served as control. Both groups were analyzed for hematological parameters on post-infection days 6-8. Sera from both groups were analyzed for antibody titers against ND and IBD vaccines. On day 8 post-infection, lymphoid organs were also examined. RESULTS Significantly lower (P < 0.05) levels of plasma proteins, globular volume, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, total erythrocytes, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were found in infected chickens compared with non-infected control chickens. In addition, the infected group exhibited significantly increased (P < 0.05) numbers of different leukocytes. Infected chickens also showed significantly lower antibody titers against ND and IBD with decreased relative organ weights of all lymphoid organs except spleen. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Mixed species of Eimeria adversely affected the hematology and immune efficiency of broilers. Thus, inexpensive immune potentiators and hemotonics along with appropriate anti-coccidial medications are suggested to avoid the complications and subsequent economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood Akhtar
- a Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , Bahauddin Zakariya University , Multan , Pakistan
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Fetterer RH, Miska KB, Mitchell AD, Jenkins MC. The Use of Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry to Assess the Impact ofEimeriaInfections in Broiler Chicks. Avian Dis 2013; 57:199-204. [DOI: 10.1637/10392-092812-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Construction of DNA vaccines encoding Eimeria acervulina cSZ-2 with chicken IL-2 and IFN-γ and their efficacy against poultry coccidiosis. Res Vet Sci 2011; 90:72-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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McGraw KJ, Tourville EA, Butler MW. A quantitative comparison of the commonly used methods for extracting carotenoids from avian plasma. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-008-0622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mohana Subramanian B, Sriraman R, Hanumantha Rao N, Raghul J, Thiagarajan D, Srinivasan V. Cloning, expression and evaluation of the efficacy of a recombinant Eimeria tenella sporozoite antigen in birds. Vaccine 2008; 26:3489-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 04/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chapman HD, Roberts B, Shirley MW, Williams RB. Guidelines for evaluating the efficacy and safety of live anticoccidial vaccines, and obtaining approval for their use in chickens and turkeys. Avian Pathol 2005; 34:279-90. [PMID: 16147563 DOI: 10.1080/03079450500178378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
These guidelines are intended to aid those engaged in poultry research in the design, implementation and interpretation of laboratory, floor-pen and field studies for the assessment of the efficacy and safety of live anticoccidial vaccines for immunization of chickens and turkeys against Eimeria species. In addition to efficacy and safety requirements, manufacture, quality control and licensing considerations are discussed. The guidelines do not address subunit vaccines comprising non-viable material, but many of the principles described will be relevant to such vaccines if they are developed in the future. Guidelines are available in some countries for avian vaccines of bacterial or viral origin but specific standards for anticoccidial vaccines in poultry have not, as far as we know, been produced. Information is provided on general requirements of registration authorities (based upon regulations applicable in the European Union and the USA) for obtaining marketing authorizations for vaccines. These guidelines may assist poultry specialists in providing specific information for administrators involved in the decision-making process leading to registration of new vaccines, and are intended to facilitate the worldwide adoption of consistent, standard procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Chapman
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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Allen PC, Jenkins MC, Miska KB. Cross protection studies with Eimeria maxima strains. Parasitol Res 2005; 97:179-85. [PMID: 15991044 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1423-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2004] [Accepted: 05/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether differences in fecundity of Eimeria maxima isolates were related to their abilities to elicit cross-protective immunity. Immunizations were initiated by low-dose gavages of sporulated oocysts to day-old broiler chicks under conditions that allowed parasite recycling, and chickens were challenged with homologous and heterologous strains. Immunization efficacies were measured using a protective index calculated from weight gain, gross lesion score, plasma carotenoid, and NO2- + NO3- data. A 4x4 cross- immunization study of four E. maxima strains (designated A-D) showed that strain A, which displayed the lower fecundity, provided no cross-protection against the other three strains. Following several maintenance passages, the fecundity of strain A was increased to that of strain C, and infection with strain A oocysts was able to provide cross-immune protection against challenge with strain C. This study indicates that parasite fecundity is important in providing good immune stimulation, and should be carefully monitored when characterization of the unique immune potentials of Eimeria strains is undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Allen
- USDA/ARS, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Bldg. 1040, Rm 103, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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