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Pereira CER, Resende TP, Daniel AGDS, Vannucci FA, Gebhart C, Guedes RMC. Evaluation of the role of clathrin and bacterial viability in the endocytosis of Lawsonia intracellularis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1005676. [PMID: 36793380 PMCID: PMC9923121 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1005676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is an obligate intracellular bacterium and causative agent of proliferative enteropathy. The pathogenesis of L. intracellularis is not completely understood, including the endocytic mechanisms to access the host cell cytoplasm. In this study, we evaluated the mechanisms involved in endocytosis of L. intracellularis in vitro using intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). Confocal microscopy was used to co-localize L. intracellularis and clathrin. Clathrin gene knockdown was then applied to verify whether L. intracellularis endocytosis is clathrin-dependent. Finally, internalization of viable and non-viable (bacteria were inactivated by heat) L. intracellularis organisms were assessed to study the role of the host cell during bacterial endocytosis. L. intracellularis organisms were observed co-localized with clathrin by confocal microscopy but the amount of L. intracellularis internalized in cells, with and without clathrin knockdown, did not differ statistically. The internalization of non-viable L. intracellularis showed a decrease in the internalization in cells with less clathrin synthesis (P<0.05). The present study is the first to elucidate the involvement of clathrin in the endocytosis of L. intracellularis. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was shown to be an important, but not required, process for L. intracellularis internalization in porcine intestinal epithelial cells. Independence of bacterial viability for host cell internalization was also confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Real Pereira
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Talita Pilar Resende
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Amanda Gabrielle de Souza Daniel
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Fabio Augusto Vannucci
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Connie Gebhart
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Roberto Mauricio Carvalho Guedes
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,*Correspondence: Roberto Mauricio Carvalho Guedes ✉
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François-Brazier C, Payebien A, Manson C, Lefaux B, Quintard B. PREVALENCE OF LAWSONIA INTRACELLULARIS INFECTION IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES AND PEST RODENTS IN A ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTION. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:680-688. [PMID: 34130411 DOI: 10.1638/2018-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016 and 2017, Lawsonia intracellularis was isolated from several pileated gibbons (Hylobates pileatus) presenting with diarrhea in Mulhouse Zoo (eastern France). To this day, infection with this bacterium has rarely been described in nonhuman primates (NHP) in captivity or in the wild and there are no data about the prevalence or transmission of the disease. This study focuses on finding the prevalence of this infection amongst Mulhouse Zoo's NHP collection and trying to identify a source of contamination responsible for this epizooty. Forty-eight real-time PCR were conducted on feces from all NHP species in the zoo and on small mammals trapped in the NHP housing structures. No NHP was experiencing symptoms at the time of the study, however test results showed that Lawsonia intracellularis can be found in 61.76% (21/34) of the group total (n = 34) and the prevalence even increases to 92.3% (12/13) in the Lemuriform infraorder (n = 13). In small mammals (n = 14), prevalence of the bacterium is 57.17% (8/14) including 77.78% in rodents (7/9). The results of this study show that several NHP species are healthy carriers and some species of small mammals can be considered as a potential source of contamination. Because of the difficulty encountered trying to isolate the bacterium, it is plausible that infections caused by Lawsonia intracellularis have been underdiagnosed to this day, and that it could be an emerging disease in Europe. Therefore, using real-time PCR to search for this bacterium seems essential in case of diarrhea occurring in nonhuman primates. Moreover, even though further studies on contamination sources need to be conducted, the issue of the presence of rodents in NHP housing structures has to be taken very seriously and tackled with the utmost care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Audrey Payebien
- Laboratoire vétérinaire départemental du Haut-Rhin, 68025 Colmar, France
| | - Christine Manson
- Laboratoire vétérinaire départemental du Haut-Rhin, 68025 Colmar, France
| | - Brice Lefaux
- Parc zoologique et botanique de Mulhouse, 68100 Mulhouse, France
| | - Benoît Quintard
- Parc zoologique et botanique de Mulhouse, 68100 Mulhouse, France
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Quintard B, François‐Brazier C, Giorgiadis M, Lefaux B, Lemberger K. Suspicion of epizootic
Lawsonia intracellularis
disease in a group of pileated gibbons (
Hylobates pileatus
). VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brice Lefaux
- Parc Zoologique et Botanique de MulhouseMulhouseFrance
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Pereira CER, Resende TP, Armién AG, Laub RP, Vannucci FA, Santos RL, Gebhart CJ, Guedes RMC. Survival of Lawsonia intracellularis in porcine peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236887. [PMID: 32735621 PMCID: PMC7394435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis, an obligately intracellular enteric bacterium, infects intestinal epithelial cells, but may also be found within macrophages in the intestinal lamina propria of affected pigs. Macrophages play an important role in host defense against infectious agents, but the role of this cell in L. intracellularis infection is not well understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the permissibility of macrophages to L. intracellularis infection in vitro. Pure culture of L. intracellularis was added to swine peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages. Viability of intracytoplasmic L. intracellularis was evaluated at different time points by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Potential replication of L. intracellularis in macrophages was also evaluated by qPCR. By TEM, phagocytosis L. intracellularis within of phagolysosomes were observed 1-hour post-infection (hpi) and bacterial structures in binary fission at 48 hpi. The number of intracellular bacteria was determined at 1, 4, 24, 48, and 72 hpi by qPCR in infected macrophages and compared to the number of intracellular bacteria from culture in McCoy cells. In both cell lines, the amount of L. intracellularis was decreased at 4 hpiand increased at 24 hpi. The number of intracellular bacteria continued to increase in McCoy cells over time. This is the first study showing interaction, survival and propagation of L. intracellularis in macrophages. These findings are critical to establish an experimental model for future studies of the pathogenesis of porcine proliferative enteropathy and the potential persistence of L. intracellularis in macrophages during chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Real Pereira
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Talita Pilar Resende
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Aníbal G. Armién
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Ultrastructural Pathology Unit, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Pereira Laub
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabio Augusto Vannucci
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Renato Lima Santos
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Connie Jane Gebhart
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Roberto Mauricio Carvalho Guedes
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Vannucci FA, Gebhart CJ. Recent Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Lawsonia intracellularis Infections. Vet Pathol 2014; 51:465-77. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985813520249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative enteropathy is an infectious disease caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium, Lawsonia intracellularis, and characterized by thickening of the intestinal epithelium due to enterocyte proliferation. The disease is endemic in swine herds and has been occasionally reported in various other species. Furthermore, outbreaks among foals began to be reported on breeding farms worldwide within the past 5 years. Cell proliferation is directly associated with bacterial infection and replication in the intestinal epithelium. As a result, mild to severe diarrhea is the major clinical sign described in infected animals. The dynamics of L. intracellularis infection in vitro and in vivo have been well characterized, but little is known about the genetic basis for the pathogenesis or ecology of this organism. The present review focuses on the recent advances regarding the pathogenesis and host-pathogen interaction of L. intracellularis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. A. Vannucci
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - C. J. Gebhart
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
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Vannucci FA, Pusterla N, Mapes SM, Gebhart C. Evidence of host adaptation in Lawsonia intracellularis infections. Vet Res 2012; 43:53. [PMID: 22715937 PMCID: PMC3443049 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lawsonia intracellularis is the causative agent of proliferative enteropathy, an endemic disease in pigs and an emerging concern in horses. Enterocyte hyperplasia is a common lesion in every case but there are differences regarding clinical and pathological presentations among affected species. We hypothesize that host susceptibility to L. intracellularis infection depends on the species of origin of the bacterial isolate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibilities of pigs and horses to L. intracellularis infection using either a porcine or an equine isolate. Materials and methods Twelve foals and eighteen pigs were equally divided into three groups and infected with either a porcine or an equine isolate (109L. Intracellularis/challenged animal), and a saline solution (negative control group). The animals were monitored regarding clinical signs, average of daily weight gain, fecal shedding of the bacteria by PCR and humoral serological response. Results Foals infected with the equine isolate developed moderate to severe clinical signs and maintained a lower average of weight gain compared to control foals. Fecal quantitative PCR in equine isolate-infected foals revealed higher amounts of bacterial DNA associated with longer duration of shedding compared with porcine isolate-infected foals. All four foals infected with the equine isolate demonstrated higher IgG titers in the serum compared with porcine isolate-infected foals. In the pig trial, diarrhea and seroconversion were only observed in animals infected with the porcine isolate. Pathological changes typical of proliferative enteropathy were observed in the necropsied foal infected with equine isolate and in the two necropsied pigs infected with the porcine isolate. Conclusions Evident clinical signs, longer periods of bacterial shedding and stronger serologic immune responses were observed in animals infected with species-specific isolates. These results show that host susceptibility is driven by the origin of the isolated L. intracellularis strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio A Vannucci
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St, Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
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Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Alimentary Tract. JUBB, KENNEDY & PALMER'S PATHOLOGY OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS 2007. [PMCID: PMC7155580 DOI: 10.1016/b978-070202823-6.50096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Atherton RP, McKenzie HC. Alternative antimicrobial agents in the treatment of proliferative enteropathy in horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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