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Fusco NA, Cosentino BJ, Gibbs JP, Allen ML, Blumenfeld AJ, Boettner GH, Carlen EJ, Collins M, Dennison C, DiGiacopo D, Drapeau Picard AP, Edmonson J, Fisher-Reid MC, Fyffe R, Gallo T, Grant A, Harbold W, Heard SB, Lafferty DJR, Lehtinen RM, Marino S, McDonald JE, Mortelliti A, Murray M, Newman A, Oswald KN, Ott-Conn C, Richardson JL, Rimbach R, Salaman P, Steele M, Stothart MR, Urban MC, Vandegrift K, Vanek JP, Vanderluit SN, Vezina L, Caccone A. Population genomic structure of a widespread, urban-dwelling mammal: The eastern grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17230. [PMID: 38078558 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Urbanization is a persistent and widespread driver of global environmental change, potentially shaping evolutionary processes due to genetic drift and reduced gene flow in cities induced by habitat fragmentation and small population sizes. We tested this prediction for the eastern grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), a common and conspicuous forest-dwelling rodent, by obtaining 44K SNPs using reduced representation sequencing (ddRAD) for 403 individuals sampled across the species' native range in eastern North America. We observed moderate levels of genetic diversity, low levels of inbreeding, and only a modest signal of isolation-by-distance. Clustering and migration analyses show that estimated levels of migration and genetic connectivity were higher than expected across cities and forested areas, specifically within the eastern portion of the species' range dominated by urbanization, and genetic connectivity was less than expected within the western range where the landscape is fragmented by agriculture. Landscape genetic methods revealed greater gene flow among individual squirrels in forested regions, which likely provide abundant food and shelter for squirrels. Although gene flow appears to be higher in areas with more tree cover, only slight discontinuities in gene flow suggest eastern grey squirrels have maintained connected populations across urban areas in all but the most heavily fragmented agricultural landscapes. Our results suggest urbanization shapes biological evolution in wildlife species depending strongly on the composition and habitability of the landscape matrix surrounding urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Fusco
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Bradley J Cosentino
- Department of Biology, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York, USA
| | - James P Gibbs
- Department of Environmental Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Maximilian L Allen
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexander J Blumenfeld
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - George H Boettner
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Carlen
- Department of Biology, Washington University-St. Louis Campus, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Merri Collins
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Devin DiGiacopo
- Yreka Fish and Wildlife Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Yreka, CA, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Edmonson
- Sonderegger Science Center, Edgewood College, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - M Caitlin Fisher-Reid
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca Fyffe
- Landmark Pest Management, ABC Humane Wildlife Control & Prevention Inc., Arlington Heights, Illinois, USA
| | - Travis Gallo
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Alannah Grant
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - William Harbold
- Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Monitoring and Non-Tidal Assessment Division, Annapolis, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen B Heard
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Diana J R Lafferty
- Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, Marqeutte, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Shealyn Marino
- Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John E McDonald
- Department of Environmental Science, Westfield State University, Westfield, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Maureen Murray
- Department of Conservation and Science, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amy Newman
- Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Monitoring and Non-Tidal Assessment Division, Annapolis, Maryland, USA
| | - Krista N Oswald
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Caitlin Ott-Conn
- Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Disease Laboratory - Wildlife Division, Naubinway, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Rimbach
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Paul Salaman
- Galapagos Conservancy, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Michael Steele
- Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mason R Stothart
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mark C Urban
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Center of Biological Risk, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kurt Vandegrift
- Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John P Vanek
- New York Natural Heritage Program, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | - Lucie Vezina
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Adalgisa Caccone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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McRobie HR, Moncrief ND, Mundy NI. Multiple origins of melanism in two species of North American tree squirrel (Sciurus). BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:140. [PMID: 31296164 PMCID: PMC6625063 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1471-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While our understanding of the genetic basis of convergent evolution has improved there are still many uncertainties. Here we investigate the repeated evolution of dark colouration (melanism) in eastern fox squirrels (Sciurus niger; hereafter "fox squirrels") and eastern gray squirrels (S. carolinensis; hereafter "gray squirrels"). RESULTS We show that convergent evolution of melanism has arisen by independent genetic mechanisms in two populations of the fox squirrel. In a western population, melanism is associated with a 24 bp deletion in the melanocortin-1-receptor gene (MC1RΔ24 allele), whereas in a south-eastern population, melanism is associated with a point substitution in the agouti signalling protein gene causing a Gly121Cys mutation. The MC1R∆24 allele is also associated with melanism in gray squirrels, and, remarkably, all the MC1R∆24 haplotypes are identical in the two species. Evolutionary analyses show that the MC1R∆24 haplotype is more closely related to other MC1R haplotypes in the fox squirrel than in the gray squirrel. Modelling supports the possibility of gene flow between the two species. CONCLUSIONS The presence of the MC1R∆24 allele and melanism in gray squirrels is likely due to introgression from fox squirrels, although we cannot completely rule out alternative hypotheses including introgression from gray squirrels to fox squirrels, or an ancestral polymorphism. Convergent melanism in these two species of tree squirrels has evolved by at least two and probably three different evolutionary routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R McRobie
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK.
| | - Nancy D Moncrief
- Virginia Museum of Natural History, Martinsville, VA, 24112, USA
| | - Nicholas I Mundy
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
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Austin JD, Greene DU, Honeycutt RL, McCleery RA. Genetic evidence indicates ecological divergence rather than geographic barriers structure Florida fox squirrels. J Mammal 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyy128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James D Austin
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Daniel U Greene
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rodney L Honeycutt
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, CA, USA
| | - Robert A McCleery
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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