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Dos Santos Morais BH, de Lima Cardoso D, da Silva Costa J, Mayor P, de Albuquerque NI, Chisté RC, de Araújo Guimarães DA. Use of wildlife as an alternative protein source: Collared peccary meat. Meat Sci 2022; 192:108895. [PMID: 35752060 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.108895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge on the nutritional and sensory characteristics of wild meat provides a better basis for its use as food, ultimately expanding studies in gastronomy areas and stimulating the development of new products. This review aims to present information on the use of wild meat, with a focus on collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu). The biological characteristics of collared peccaries are discussed, with a focus on the main aspects of their meat. Collared peccary meat has excellent nutritional value due to its high protein levels (18.25%), unsaturated fatty acids (51.6-57.8%), and tenderness, similar to other domestic animals, thereby stimulating the interest of a new product market. Despite the demand for this product, collared peccary meat is scarce and not readily available for commercialization. Further, public policies are needed to encourage the management of this species to add value to the development of a production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deise de Lima Cardoso
- Graduate Program in Animal Health and Production, Federal Rural University of Amazônia, 66077-830 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Juliane da Silva Costa
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Federal University of Pará, 68740-970 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Pedro Mayor
- Graduate Program in Animal Health and Production, Federal Rural University of Amazônia, 66077-830 Belém, Pará, Brazil; Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Edifici V, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Renan Campos Chisté
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Institute of Technology, Federal University of Pará, 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Diva Anélie de Araújo Guimarães
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Federal University of Pará, 68740-970 Belém, Pará, Brazil; Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil.
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Dalmau A, Martínez-Macipe M, Manteca X, Mainau E. Sex Differences in Group Composition and Habitat Use of Iberian Free-Range Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:600259. [PMID: 33344534 PMCID: PMC7744786 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.600259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to study group size, group composition and habitat use of Iberian pigs along the year when reared outdoor. This consists of a regimen in which animals are reared free range from 2 months of age until at least 14 months of age. In a first stage, animals are supplemented with concentrates, and in a second, called montanera, pigs eat just natural resources in areas with no more than two pigs per hectare. In these systems, males are castrated to avoid boar taint and females spayed to avoid the attraction and mounting by wild boars. The study was carried out in five different farms allocated in the south-west of Spain during 2 consecutive years, from March 2012 to February 2014, under the montanera regimen, and with a total of 995 animals observed (498 males and 497 females). The data were analyzed with SAS by means of general models and proc mixed. Mean group size along the year was of 17 ± 12.9 individuals, but this was significantly lower (P < 0.05) during the montanera (12 ± 0.8) and at midday (13 ± 0.8). Groups were bigger (P < 0.05) when they were more than 50 m from a tree (23 ± 1.8), or <10 m from the shelter (25 ± 1.5), the feeding area (31 ± 3.1) and the water-bath area (25 ± 1.5). Nine percent of the groups were solitary animals, being higher (P = 0.0286) during the montanera (11%) than the rest of the year (8%) and being formed in 68% by males. Males were less involved in mixed groups than were females (75% vs. 91%), especially in spring, where the largest (P < 0.0001) male groups were found. Female groups were less frequent and smaller (P < 0.0001) than were male and mixed groups. In conclusion, although males were castrated at a very young age, they showed a different behavior than females, forming in bachelor groups during the spring and being less involved in mixed groups and with more solitary animals. During the montanera, when animals were feeding on acorns and other natural resources, groups were smaller and closer to the trees, solitary males reaching a maximum percent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Dalmau
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Animal Welfare Program, Girona, Spain
| | - Míriam Martínez-Macipe
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Animal Welfare Program, Girona, Spain
| | - Xavier Manteca
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Veterinary School, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Eva Mainau
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Veterinary School, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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de Faria CM, de Souza Sá F, Lovenstain Costa DD, da Silva MM, da Silva BC, Young RJ, de Azevedo CS. Captive-born collared peccaries learning about their predators: Lessons learnt but not remembered. Behav Processes 2019; 171:104031. [PMID: 31899275 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.104031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Captive-born animals frequently lose their anti-predatory abilities due to the absence of encounters with their predators, but these abilities can be regained through specific training. Anti-predator training can, thus, enhance the success of reintroduction programs with predator naïve animals. In addition, a good memory is important to guarantee the effects of the anti-predator training and increase survival rate after release into the wild. In the present study, anti-predator training sessions were applied to 11 captive-born collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu), followed by memory tests at 30, 60 and 90 days after the end of the training sessions. The collared peccaries responded appropriately to training against predators, showing alert, escape and predator avoidance behaviors after anti-predator training; however, the animals maintained these acquired behaviors for only 30 days after the end of the anti-predator training. After 60 days, peccaries responded to the predator in a 'relaxed' manner, exhibiting no anti-predator behaviors. For the trained collared peccaries to be released into the wild, reinforcement in the anti-predator training would be required at least 30 days prior to release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Magno de Faria
- Departamento De Evolução, Biodiversidade e Meio Ambiente, Instituto De Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal De Ouro Preto, Campus Morro Do Cruzeiro, s/n, Bauxita, Cep: 35400-000, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda de Souza Sá
- Departamento De Evolução, Biodiversidade e Meio Ambiente, Instituto De Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal De Ouro Preto, Campus Morro Do Cruzeiro, s/n, Bauxita, Cep: 35400-000, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Dhiordan Deon Lovenstain Costa
- Departamento De Evolução, Biodiversidade e Meio Ambiente, Instituto De Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal De Ouro Preto, Campus Morro Do Cruzeiro, s/n, Bauxita, Cep: 35400-000, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Mariane Mendes da Silva
- Departamento De Evolução, Biodiversidade e Meio Ambiente, Instituto De Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal De Ouro Preto, Campus Morro Do Cruzeiro, s/n, Bauxita, Cep: 35400-000, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Beatriz Cristiana da Silva
- Departamento De Evolução, Biodiversidade e Meio Ambiente, Instituto De Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal De Ouro Preto, Campus Morro Do Cruzeiro, s/n, Bauxita, Cep: 35400-000, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Robert John Young
- University of Salford Manchester, Peel Building - Room G51, Salford, M5 4WT, United Kingdom.
| | - Cristiano Schetini de Azevedo
- Departamento De Evolução, Biodiversidade e Meio Ambiente, Instituto De Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal De Ouro Preto, Campus Morro Do Cruzeiro, s/n, Bauxita, Cep: 35400-000, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Fernandez CM, Vera Alvarez MD, Cove MV. Heightened nest loss in tropical forest fragments despite higher predator load in core forest. Trop Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42965-019-00032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Vera Alvarez MD, Fernandez C, Cove MV. Assessing the role of habitat and species interactions in the population decline and detection bias of Neotropical leaf litter frogs in and around La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. NEOTROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION 2019. [DOI: 10.3897/neotropical.14.e37526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, amphibian populations have been declining rapidly. This decline can be attributed to many factors including climate change, pesticide exposure, and emerging infectious diseases, among other important factors, but few studies have examined the influence of species interactions. In this study, we examined how habitat factors and co-occurring avian and mammalian species, as well as humans, exert direct and indirect effects on Neotropical amphibian population dynamics. We further examined how these habitat and species interactions could affect our ability to reliably detect amphibian presence to robustly estimate population trends. We conducted amphibian visual encounter surveys at 26 randomly selected sites in the La Selva Biological Station, in northeastern Costa Rica, as well as 26 sites across five additional forest fragments in the region. Furthermore, we used camera traps to collect data on avian and mammalian communities and human visitation at those amphibian survey plots. From these data, we were able to estimate species occupancy probabilities for leaf litter frogs across sites and their relationships to habitat and interspecific species interaction covariates. We also conducted an experiment with plastic model frogs to estimate detection probabilities when a population is known to occur at a site with certainty. Our results suggested that strawberry poison dart frog (Oophagapumilio) occupancy was positively related to secondary forest and their detection was negatively related to increasing air temperatures at the times of the surveys. Leaf litter frog occupancy was negatively related to core La Selva sites and human detections at sites, yet their detection was positively related to human trail presence, which might be related to reduced leaf litter cover due to heavy trampling. Our experimental surveys suggested that Neotropical leaf litter frog communities are difficult to detect when present and future studies should explicitly account for this detection bias to effectively monitor population trends.
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Nonvolant mammalian populations in primary and secondary Central American rainforests as revealed by transect surveys. J Mammal 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyw009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Secondary forests are now prominent features in Neotropical landscapes, yet little is known about their conservation value for nonvolant mammalian communities. We performed a 20-month study using transect walks to survey the nonvolant mammal fauna in primary and secondary forests at La Selva Biological Station in the Caribbean lowlands of northeastern Costa Rica. We found that secondary forests can hold complex mammalian communities and no species exhibited habitat preferences between primary and secondary forests. With few exceptions, behavioral and group dynamic characteristics of mammal species were similar between forest types. Our research allows us to address methodological questions and assess the effectiveness of transect sampling. Monthly detection rates vary widely by species and likely reflect short-term changes in behavior rather than population fluctuations. Air temperature and rainfall are the factors most associated with monthly detection rates for various species. Small-scale areas of higher and lower use are evident for several species. Neither time of morning for surveys nor number of observers per trail affects detection rate. We report current abundances for the most commonly observed species and note generally lower densities in the Caribbean lowlands than elsewhere in the Neotropics. This research highlights that in less seasonal, evergreen forests climatic factors can still affect mammalian behavior. Overall, we find that secondary forests are of high conservation value and that transect walks are an effective methodology to sample many nonvolant mammal species, and we present recommendations on how to sample properly to conduct rigorous and long-term studies.
Los bosques secundarios son mucho más comunes en el neotrópico, pero poco se sabe sobre su importancia en la conservación de comunidades de mamíferos no voladores. Durante 20 meses llevamos a cabo un estudio usando líneas de transectos para investigar la fauna de mamíferos no voladores en bosques primarios y secundarios en la Estación Biológica La Selva en las tierras bajas caribeñas al noreste de Costa Rica. Pudimos constatar que los bosques secundarios pueden albergarcomplejas comunidades de mamíferos y ninguna especie exhibe preferencias de hábitat entre bosque primario y secundario. Con pocas excepciones, las características dinámicas de grupo y comportamiento de especies de mamíferos fueron similares entre los dos tipos de bosque. Nuestra investigación nos permite abordar cuestiones metodológicas y evaluar la eficacia del muestreo con transectos. Las tasas mensuales de detección varían de acuerdo a la especie y probablemente reflejan cambios a corto plazo en las fluctuaciones del comportamiento en vez de la población. La temperatura del aire y la precipitación son los factores más asociados con las tasas mensuales de detección de distintas especies. Encontramos que varias especies muestran diferentes incidencias de uso en zonas pequeñas. Ni la hora de la mañana, ni el número de observadores en las encuestas por transecto afectan la tasa de detección. Presentamos la abundancia actual de las especies más comúnmente observadas y notamos en general bajas densidades en las tierras bajas del Caribe más que en otras partes del neotrópico. Esta investigación resalta que en los bosques menos estacionales, factores climáticos aún pueden afectar el comportamiento de mamíferos. En general, encontramos que los bosques secundarios son de alto valor para la conservación y que los muestreos en transectos son una metodología eficaz para estudiar muchas especies de mamíferos no voladores y presentamos recomendaciones sobre cómo llevar a cabo muestreos adecuados para realizar estudios rigurosos a largo plazo.
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Michel NL, Carson WP, Sherry TW. Do Collared Peccaries Negatively Impact Understory Insectivorous Rain Forest Birds Indirectly Via Lianas and Vines? Biotropica 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L. Michel
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department Tulane University 400 Boggs Hall New Orleans LA 70115 U.S.A
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science University of Saskatchewan 6D34 Agriculture Building 51 Campus Drive Saskatoon SK S7N 5A6 Canada
| | - Walter P. Carson
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh 154A Crawford Hall Pittsburgh PA 15260 U.S.A
| | - Thomas W. Sherry
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department Tulane University 400 Boggs Hall New Orleans LA 70115 U.S.A
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Kuprewicz EK. Scatter hoarding of seeds confers survival advantages and disadvantages to large-seeded tropical plants at different life stages. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124932. [PMID: 25970832 PMCID: PMC4430353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Scatter hoarding of seeds by animals contributes significantly to forest-level processes, including plant recruitment and forest community composition. However, the potential positive and negative effects of caching on seed survival, germination success, and seedling survival have rarely been assessed through experimental studies. Here, I tested the hypothesis that seed burial mimicking caches made by scatter hoarding Central American agoutis (Dasyprocta punctate) enhances seed survival, germination, and growth by protecting seeds from seed predators and providing favorable microhabitats for germination. In a series of experiments, I used simulated agouti seed caches to assess how hoarding affects seed predation by ground-dwelling invertebrates and vertebrates for four plant species. I tracked germination and seedling growth of intact and beetle-infested seeds and, using exclosures, monitored the effects of mammals on seedling survival through time. All experiments were conducted over three years in a lowland wet forest in Costa Rica. The majority of hoarded palm seeds escaped predation by both invertebrates and vertebrates while exposed seeds suffered high levels of infestation and removal. Hoarding had no effect on infestation rates of D. panamensis, but burial negatively affected germination success by preventing endocarp dehiscence. Non-infested palm seeds had higher germination success and produced larger seedlings than infested seeds. Seedlings of A. alatum and I. deltoidea suffered high mortality by seed-eating mammals. Hoarding protected most seeds from predators and enhanced germination success (except for D. panamensis) and seedling growth, although mammals killed many seedlings of two plant species; all seedling deaths were due to seed removal from the plant base. Using experimental caches, this study shows that scatter hoarding is beneficial to most seeds and may positively affect plant propagation in tropical forests, although tradeoffs in seed survival do exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K. Kuprewicz
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rapid collapse of a population of Dieffenbachia spp., plants used for tadpole-rearing by a poison-dart frog (Oophaga pumilio) in a Costa Rican rain forest. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467414000467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:Amphibian populations have been declining worldwide, with multiple potential causes. At La Selva field station in north-eastern Costa Rica, previous work has shown that populations of many amphibians have decreased significantly since the 1970s, especially in primary forest. Starting in 1998, we investigated one of the most common frog species at La Selva, the poison-dart frog Oophaga pumilio (= Dendrobates pumilio). In a survey of 50 plots of 100 m2 in 1998, adult frogs were 4.6 times more abundant in secondary forest than in primary forest. Tadpoles were found only in secondary-forest plots. Almost all (89%) of the tadpoles were found in leaf axils of Dieffenbachia spp., which were much more abundant in secondary-forest than in primary-forest plots. The greater abundance of Dieffenbachia spp. in secondary forest was confirmed in a broad survey of ~11 km of trails within La Selva in 2002. When the same trails were resampled in 2012, Dieffenbachia spp. had been extirpated from 72% of the 50-m segments where plants were present in 2002; abundance was greatly reduced in the few trail segments where any Dieffenbachia spp. remained in 2012. The loss of Dieffenbachia spp., especially in secondary forest, removed the species most often used by O. pumilio for tadpole rearing. Based on counts of calling frogs in 2010, there was no difference in O. pumilio abundance in primary versus secondary forest, in striking contrast to multiple earlier surveys that found much greater frog abundance in secondary forest. We propose that the reason for the rapid decline in Dieffenbachia spp. is herbivory by the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), which has increased in abundance at La Selva in recent years. A likely consequence is continued reduction in O. pumilio populations.
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