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Gliga DS, Pisanu B, Walzer C, Desvars-Larrive A. Helminths of urban rats in developed countries: a systematic review to identify research gaps. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2383-2397. [PMID: 32607706 PMCID: PMC7366588 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06776-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although black (Rattus rattus) and brown (Rattus norvegicus) rats are among the most widespread synanthropic wild rodents, there is a surprising scarcity of knowledge about their ecology in the urban ecosystem. In particular, relatively few studies have investigated their helminth species diversity in such habitat. We followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guideline to synthesize the existing published literature regarding the helminth fauna of urban rats in developed countries (North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand and Japan). We aimed at describing the species diversity and richness of urban rat helminths, the species prevalence and associations, the methods of investigation, the pathological changes observed in the hosts, the risk factors of infection and the public health significance of rat-borne helminthiases. Twenty-three scientific papers published between 1946 and 2019 were reviewed, half of them were conducted in Europe. Twenty-five helminth species and eight genera were described from the liver, digestive tract, lungs and muscles of urban rats. The most commonly reported parasite was Calodium hepaticum. Prevalence and risk factors of helminth infection in urban rats varied greatly between studies. Observed pathological findings in the rat host were generally minor, except for C. hepaticum. Several rat helminths can parasitize humans and are therefore of public health significance. The lack of references to identification keys and the rare use of molecular tools for species confirmation represent the main limitation of these studies. Knowledge gap on this topic and the needs for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S Gliga
- Conservation Medicine, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benoît Pisanu
- Unité Mixte de Services (UMS) 2006 Patrimoine Naturel, Office Français pour la Biodiversité (OFB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Paris, France
| | - Chris Walzer
- Conservation Medicine, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Health Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Amélie Desvars-Larrive
- Conservation Medicine, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
- Complexity Science Hub, Vienna, Austria.
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Carvalho‐Pereira TSA, Souza FN, Santos LRDN, Pedra GG, Minter A, Bahiense TC, Reis MG, Ko AI, Childs JE, Silva EM, Costa F, Begon M. Coinfection modifies carriage of enzootic and zoonotic parasites in Norway rats from an urban slum. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ticiana S. A. Carvalho‐Pereira
- Instituto de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva Federal University of Bahia (UFBA) Salvador Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Ministério da Saúde Salvador Brazil
- Institute of Integrative Biology University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Fábio Neves Souza
- Instituto de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva Federal University of Bahia (UFBA) Salvador Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Ministério da Saúde Salvador Brazil
| | | | | | - Amanda Minter
- Institute of Integrative Biology University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Thiago Campanharo Bahiense
- Instituto de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva Federal University of Bahia (UFBA) Salvador Brazil
| | - Mitermayer Galvão Reis
- Instituto de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva Federal University of Bahia (UFBA) Salvador Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Ministério da Saúde Salvador Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease Yale School of Public Health New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Albert Icksang Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease Yale School of Public Health New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - James E. Childs
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease Yale School of Public Health New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Eduardo M. Silva
- Instituto de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva Federal University of Bahia (UFBA) Salvador Brazil
| | - Federico Costa
- Instituto de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva Federal University of Bahia (UFBA) Salvador Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Ministério da Saúde Salvador Brazil
- Institute of Integrative Biology University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease Yale School of Public Health New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Mike Begon
- Institute of Integrative Biology University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
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Coomansingh-Springer C, Vishakha V, Acuna AM, Armstrong E, Sharma RN. Internal parasitic burdens in brown rats ( Rattus norvegicus) from Grenada, West Indies. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02382. [PMID: 31517102 PMCID: PMC6728764 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study identified the endoparasites in Brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) during May to July 2017 in Grenada, West Indies. A total of 162 rats, 76 females and 86 males were trapped from St. George and St. David parishes in Grenada. The collected fecal samples were examined for parasitic eggs and/or oocysts using simple fecal flotation technique. Adult parasites found in the intestinal tract were examined for identification. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites among rats was 79 %. Ten helminth species were recovered, several of which were reported for the first time in rodents in Grenada. The internal parasites consist of seven nematodes (Angiostrongylus spp., Nippostrongylus braziliensis, Heterakis spumosa, Strongyloides ratti, Aspiculuris tetraptera, Syphacia spp. and Protospirura spp.), one cestode (Hymenolepsis diminuta), one acanthocephalan (Moniliformis moniliformis) and one protozoa species (Eimeria spp.). The most prevalent zoonotic species were Angiostrongylus spp. (35.2%), Hymenolepsis diminuta (7.4%) and Moniliformis moniliformis (3.1%). Several nonzoonotic endoparasites; which included Nippostrongylus braziliensis (50.6%), Heterakis spumosa (15.4%), Strongyloides ratti (43.2%), Aspiculuris tetraptera (2.5%), Syphacia spp. (1.9%), Protospirura spp. (1.2%) and Eimeria spp. (4.7%) were also identified. The most prevalent parasites were Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (50.6%), Strongyloides ratti (43.2%) and Angiostrongylus spp. (35.2%). Co-infections occurred with up to six species per rat showing different combinations of parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Coomansingh-Springer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, West Indies, Grenada
| | - V Vishakha
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, West Indies, Grenada
| | - A Montanez Acuna
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, West Indies, Grenada
| | - E Armstrong
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, West Indies, Grenada
| | - R N Sharma
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, West Indies, Grenada
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Jaleta TG, Rödelsperger C, Streit A. Parasitological and transcriptomic comparison of Strongyloides ratti infections in natural and in suboptimal permissive hosts. Exp Parasitol 2016; 180:112-118. [PMID: 27939765 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The nematode genus Strongyloides consists of fairly species-specific small intestinal parasites of various vertebrates, among them the human pathogen S. stercoralis. Between the parthenogenetic parasitic generations these worms can also form single facultative sexual free-living generations. In addition to their primary hosts, several species can also live more or less well in other permissive hosts, which are sometimes not very closely related with the normal host. For example, S. stercoralis can also infect dogs and non-human primates. Here we compare the infection and reproductive success over time and the gene expression profiles as determined by quantitative sequencing of S. ratti parasitizing in its natural host rat and in the permissive host gerbil. We show that in gerbils fewer infective larvae successfully establish in the host, but those that do accomplish this survive and reproduce for longer and produced a higher proportion of males during the first two month of infection. Globally, the gene expression profiles in the two hosts are very similar. Among the relatively few differentially expressed genes, astacin-like and acetylcholinesterase genes are prominently represented. In the future it will be interesting to see if these changes in the suboptimal host are indeed ecologically sensible responses to the different host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegegn G Jaleta
- Department for Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Rödelsperger
- Department for Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adrian Streit
- Department for Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany.
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Lee JH, Dillman AR, Hallem EA. Temperature-dependent changes in the host-seeking behaviors of parasitic nematodes. BMC Biol 2016; 14:36. [PMID: 27154502 PMCID: PMC4858831 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are lethal parasites of insects that are of interest as biocontrol agents for insect pests and disease vectors. Although EPNs have been successfully commercialized for pest control, their efficacy in the field is often inconsistent for reasons that remain elusive. EPN infective juveniles (IJs) actively search for hosts to infect using a diverse array of host-emitted odorants. Here we investigate whether their host-seeking behavior is subject to context-dependent modulation. Results We find that EPN IJs exhibit extreme plasticity of olfactory behavior as a function of cultivation temperature. Many odorants that are attractive for IJs grown at lower temperatures are repulsive for IJs grown at higher temperatures and vice versa. Temperature-induced changes in olfactory preferences occur gradually over the course of days to weeks and are reversible. Similar changes in olfactory behavior occur in some EPNs as a function of IJ age. EPNs also show temperature-dependent changes in their host-seeking strategy: IJs cultured at lower temperatures appear to more actively cruise for hosts than IJs cultured at higher temperatures. Furthermore, we find that the skin-penetrating rat parasite Strongyloides ratti also shows temperature-dependent changes in olfactory behavior, demonstrating that such changes occur in mammalian-parasitic nematodes. Conclusions IJs are developmentally arrested and long-lived, often surviving in the environment through multiple seasonal temperature changes. Temperature-dependent modulation of behavior may enable IJs to optimize host seeking in response to changing environmental conditions, and may play a previously unrecognized role in shaping the interactions of both beneficial and harmful parasitic nematodes with their hosts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0259-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Ha Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Adler R Dillman
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, USA
| | - Elissa A Hallem
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA.
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Anjos-Ramos L, Gama LA, Mati VLT, Corá LA, Fujiwara RT, Americo MF. Evaluation of gastrointestinal transit after infection with different loads of Strongyloides venezuelensis in rats. Acta Trop 2016; 156:43-7. [PMID: 26739657 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to correlate the gastrointestinal transit profile in rats, evaluated by a biomagnetic technique, in response to infection with different loads of Strongyloides venezuelensis. Eggs per gram, intestinal number of worms and fecundity, and also gastric emptying time, cecum arrival time, small intestinal transit time and stool weight were determined. Assessments occurred at 0 (control), 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 days post infection (dpi) with three infective loads (400, 2000, and 10,000 L). Gastric emptying was faster (p=0.0001) and the intestinal transit was significantly slower (p=0.001) during the infection time course. Also, linear mixed-effects models showed significantly changes in small intestinal transit after three parasite load over time. Cecum arrival was not influenced by infection time course or parasite load. As indirect effect, stool weight decreased accompanied a strong oviposition peak at 9 dpi in 400 L and 2000 L. In several motor function instances, neuromuscular dysfunction persists after mucosal inflammation has decreased. Our approach could be very helpful to evaluate gastrointestinal motor abnormalities in vivo after parasite infection. Despite parasitological data progressively decreased after 15 dpi, small intestinal transit worse over time and according to burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Anjos-Ramos
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, UFMT-Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - L A Gama
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, UFMT-Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - V L T Mati
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas UFMG-Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - L A Corá
- Centro de Ciências Integradoras, UNCISAL-Universidade Estadual de Ciências da Saúde de Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - R T Fujiwara
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas UFMG-Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M F Americo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, UFMT-Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
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Intestinal mast cells and eosinophils in relation to Strongyloides ratti adult expulsion from the small and large intestines of rats. Parasitology 2013; 140:626-31. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012001837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYMucosal mast cells (MMC) play a crucial role in the expulsion of Strongyloides ratti adults from the small intestine of mice. We reported the large intestinal parasitism of S. ratti in rats, and there has been no report on MMC in the large intestine of the natural host. We studied kinetics of MMC, together with eosinophils, in the upper and lower small intestines, caecum and colon of infected rats. Two distinct phases of mastocytosis were revealed: one in the upper small intestine triggered by stimulation of ‘ordinary’ adults, and the other in the colon stimulated by ‘immune-resistant’ adults that started parasitizing the colon around 19 days post-infection. In all 4 intestinal sites, the MMC peaks were observed 5–7 days after the number of adult worms became the maximum and the height of MMC peaks appeared to be dependent on the number of parasitic adults, suggesting an important role played by worms themselves in the MMC buildup.
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Strongyloides ratti: transplantation of adults recovered from the small intestine at different days after infection into the colon of naive and infection-primed Wistar rats, and the effect of antioxidant treatment on large intestinal parasitism. Parasitology 2011; 138:1053-60. [PMID: 21676279 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182011000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Strongyloides ratti (Nagoya strain) is unique in that a portion of adults parasitizing the small intestine withstands 'worm expulsion', which starts at around day 8 post-infection (p.i.) by host immunity, and establishes in the large intestine after day 19 p.i. To investigate the mechanism, adults obtained from the small intestine at day 7 or 19 p.i. were transplanted into the colon of infection-primed immune rats. Adults obtained at day 7 p.i. were rejected quickly, whereas those obtained at day 19 p.i. could establish infection. Moreover, the body length and the number of intrauterine eggs increased in the large intestine. In a separate experiment, large intestinal parasitism was abolished by the treatment of host rats with an anti-oxidant, butylated hydroxyanisole. These results indicate that small intestinal adults between days 7 and 19 p.i. acquired the ability to parasitize the large intestine of immune rats, and that free radicals produced by the host may have played a significant role in the process.
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Malsawmtluangi C, Tandon V. Helminth parasite spectrum in rodent hosts from bamboo growing areas of Mizoram, North-east India. J Parasit Dis 2010; 33:28-35. [PMID: 23129885 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-009-0004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the northeastern state of Mizoram, India the rodent outbreak is periodic and coincides with bamboo (Melocanna baccifera) bloom causing a tremendous destruction to food crops that often results in famine. The present study was undertaken during the bamboo flowering period (2006-2008) to assess the parasite spectrum and load in the bourgeoning rodent population of the affected region. The survey results of the populations of 9 prevalent rodent species revealed that nematodes were the most dominant parasitic group followed by cestodes of the order Cyclophyllidea; however, the trematodes were found to be conspicuously missing. The nematodes harbored by the rodents belonged to the genera: Syphacia, Aspicularis, Trichuris, Rictularia, Capillaria, Trichosomoides, Nippostrongylus, Hepatojarakus and Heterakis, whereas the cestode genera included Hymenolepis, Raillietina and Taenia. Hymenolepis diminuta was the commonly encountered species. Only one acanthocephalan (Moniliformis sp.) could be collected during the entire study.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Malsawmtluangi
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya 793 022 India
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