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Peter JS, Schuemann J, Held KD, McNamara AL. Nano-scale simulation of neuronal damage by galactic cosmic rays. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67:10.1088/1361-6560/ac95f4. [PMID: 36172820 PMCID: PMC9951267 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac95f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of realistic, deep space radiation environments on neuronal function remain largely unexplored.In silicomodeling studies of radiation-induced neuronal damage provide important quantitative information about physico-chemical processes that are not directly accessible through radiobiological experiments. Here, we present the first nano-scale computational analysis of broad-spectrum galactic cosmic ray irradiation in a realistic neuron geometry. We constructed thousands ofin silicorealizations of a CA1 pyramidal neuron, each with over 3500 stochastically generated dendritic spines. We simulated the entire 33 ion-energy beam spectrum currently in use at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory galactic cosmic ray simulator (GCRSim) using the TOol for PArticle Simulation (TOPAS) and TOPAS-nBio Monte Carlo-based track structure simulation toolkits. We then assessed the resulting nano-scale dosimetry, physics processes, and fluence patterns. Additional comparisons were made to a simplified 6 ion-energy spectrum (SimGCRSim) also used in NASA experiments. For a neuronal absorbed dose of 0.5 Gy GCRSim, we report an average of 250 ± 10 ionizations per micrometer of dendritic length, and an additional 50 ± 10, 7 ± 2, and 4 ± 2 ionizations per mushroom, thin, and stubby spine, respectively. We show that neuronal energy deposition by proton andα-particle tracks declines approximately hyperbolically with increasing primary particle energy at mission-relevant energies. We demonstrate an inverted exponential relationship between dendritic segment irradiation probability and neuronal absorbed dose for each ion-energy beam. We also find that there are no significant differences in the average physical responses between the GCRSim and SimGCRSim spectra. To our knowledge, this is the first nano-scale simulation study of a realistic neuron geometry using the GCRSim and SimGCRSim spectra. These results may be used as inputs to theoretical models, aid in the interpretation of experimental results, and help guide future study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah S Peter
- Biophysics Program, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Jan Schuemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Kathryn D Held
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Aimee L McNamara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
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2
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Strigari L, Strolin S, Morganti AG, Bartoloni A. Dose-Effects Models for Space Radiobiology: An Overview on Dose-Effect Relationships. Front Public Health 2021; 9:733337. [PMID: 34820349 PMCID: PMC8606590 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.733337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Space radiobiology is an interdisciplinary science that examines the biological effects of ionizing radiation on humans involved in aerospace missions. The dose-effect models are one of the relevant topics of space radiobiology. Their knowledge is crucial for optimizing radioprotection strategies (e.g., spaceship and lunar space station-shielding and lunar/Mars village design), the risk assessment of the health hazard related to human space exploration, and reducing damages induced to astronauts from galactic cosmic radiation. Dose-effect relationships describe the observed damages to normal tissues or cancer induction during and after space flights. They are developed for the various dose ranges and radiation qualities characterizing the actual and the forecast space missions [International Space Station (ISS) and solar system exploration]. Based on a Pubmed search including 53 papers reporting the collected dose-effect relationships after space missions or in ground simulations, 7 significant dose-effect relationships (e.g., eye flashes, cataract, central nervous systems, cardiovascular disease, cancer, chromosomal aberrations, and biomarkers) have been identified. For each considered effect, the absorbed dose thresholds and the uncertainties/limitations of the developed relationships are summarized and discussed. The current knowledge on this topic can benefit from further in vitro and in vivo radiobiological studies, an accurate characterization of the quality of space radiation, and the numerous experimental dose-effects data derived from the experience in the clinical use of ionizing radiation for diagnostic or treatments with doses similar to those foreseen for the future space missions. The growing number of pooled studies could improve the prediction ability of dose-effect relationships for space exposure and reduce their uncertainty level. Novel research in the field is of paramount importance to reduce damages to astronauts from cosmic radiation before Beyond Low Earth Orbit exploration in the next future. The study aims at providing an overview of the published dose-effect relationships and illustrates novel perspectives to inspire future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Strigari
- Department of Medical Physics, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Strolin
- Department of Medical Physics, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessio Giuseppe Morganti
- Radiation Oncology Center, School of Medicine, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine - DIMES, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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3
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Matar M, Gokoglu SA, Prelich MT, Gallo CA, Iqbal AK, Britten RA, Prabhu RK, Myers JG. Machine Learning Models to Predict Cognitive Impairment of Rodents Subjected to Space Radiation. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:713131. [PMID: 34588962 PMCID: PMC8473791 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.713131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This research uses machine-learned computational analyses to predict the cognitive performance impairment of rats induced by irradiation. The experimental data in the analyses is from a rodent model exposed to ≤15 cGy of individual galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) ions: 4He, 16O, 28Si, 48Ti, or 56Fe, expected for a Lunar or Mars mission. This work investigates rats at a subject-based level and uses performance scores taken before irradiation to predict impairment in attentional set-shifting (ATSET) data post-irradiation. Here, the worst performing rats of the control group define the impairment thresholds based on population analyses via cumulative distribution functions, leading to the labeling of impairment for each subject. A significant finding is the exhibition of a dose-dependent increasing probability of impairment for 1 to 10 cGy of 28Si or 56Fe in the simple discrimination (SD) stage of the ATSET, and for 1 to 10 cGy of 56Fe in the compound discrimination (CD) stage. On a subject-based level, implementing machine learning (ML) classifiers such as the Gaussian naïve Bayes, support vector machine, and artificial neural networks identifies rats that have a higher tendency for impairment after GCR exposure. The algorithms employ the experimental prescreen performance scores as multidimensional input features to predict each rodent's susceptibility to cognitive impairment due to space radiation exposure. The receiver operating characteristic and the precision-recall curves of the ML models show a better prediction of impairment when 56Fe is the ion in question in both SD and CD stages. They, however, do not depict impairment due to 4He in SD and 28Si in CD, suggesting no dose-dependent impairment response in these cases. One key finding of our study is that prescreen performance scores can be used to predict the ATSET performance impairments. This result is significant to crewed space missions as it supports the potential of predicting an astronaut's impairment in a specific task before spaceflight through the implementation of appropriately trained ML tools. Future research can focus on constructing ML ensemble methods to integrate the findings from the methodologies implemented in this study for more robust predictions of cognitive decrements due to space radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Matar
- NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | | | | | | | - Asad K. Iqbal
- ZIN Technologies, Inc., Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Richard A. Britten
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - R. K. Prabhu
- Universities Space Research Association, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jerry G. Myers
- NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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4
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Shuryak I, Brenner DJ, Blattnig SR, Shukitt-Hale B, Rabin BM. Modeling space radiation induced cognitive dysfunction using targeted and non-targeted effects. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8845. [PMID: 33893378 PMCID: PMC8065206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction is increasingly recognized as an important risk for human exploration of distant planets. Mechanistically-motivated mathematical modeling helps to interpret and quantify this phenomenon. Here we considered two general mechanisms of ionizing radiation-induced damage: targeted effects (TE), caused by traversal of cells by ionizing tracks, and non-targeted effects (NTE), caused by responses of other cells to signals released by traversed cells. We compared the performances of 18 dose response model variants based on these concepts, fitted by robust nonlinear regression to a large published data set on novel object recognition testing in rats exposed to multiple space-relevant radiation types (H, C, O, Si, Ti and Fe ions), covering wide ranges of linear energy transfer (LET) (0.22-181 keV/µm) and dose (0.001-2 Gy). The best-fitting model (based on Akaike information criterion) was an NTE + TE variant where NTE saturate at low doses (~ 0.01 Gy) and occur at all tested LETs, whereas TE depend on dose linearly with a slope that increases with LET. The importance of NTE was also found by additional analyses of the data using quantile regression and random forests. These results suggest that NTE-based radiation effects on brain function are potentially important for astronaut health and for space mission risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th street, VC-11-234/5, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - David J Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th street, VC-11-234/5, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | | | - Barbara Shukitt-Hale
- Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, USDA-ARS, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernard M Rabin
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Lei G, Liu F, Liu P, Jiao T, Yang L, Chu Z, Deng LS, Li Y, Dang YH. Does genetic mouse model of constitutive Hint1 deficiency exhibit schizophrenia-like behaviors? Schizophr Res 2020; 222:304-318. [PMID: 32439293 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1 (HINT1) is closely related to many neuropsychiatric disorders. Clinical studies supported that mutations in the Hint1 gene correlated potentially with schizophrenia. In addition, Hint1 gene knockout (KO) mice exhibited hyperactivity induced by amphetamine and apomorphine. However, it is still unclear whether this animal model exhibits schizophrenia-like behaviors and, if so, their underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Thus, our study sought to evaluate schizophrenia-like behaviors in Hint1-KO mice, and explore the associated changes in neuronal structural plasticity and schizophrenia-related molecules. A series of behavioral tests were used to compare Hint1-KO and their wild-type (WT) littermates, alongside a number of morphological and molecular biological methods. Relative to WT mice, Hint1-KO mice exhibited reduced social interaction behaviors, aggressive behavior, sensorimotor gating deficits, apathetic and self-neglect behaviors, and increased MK-801-induced hyperactivity. Hint1-KO mice also showed partly increased dendritic complexity in the hippocampus (Hip) relative to WT mice. Total glutamate was decreased in the medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens (NAc), and Hip of KO mice. Expression of NR1, NR2A, and D4R was decreased whereas that of D1R was increased in the NAc of KO relative to WT mice. The expression level of NR2B was increased whereas that of D1R was decreased in the Hip of KO mice. Hint1-KO mice exhibited schizophrenia-like behaviors. Partly increased dendritic complexity and dysfunction in both the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems may be involved in the abnormalities in Hint1-KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Lei
- College of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Fei Liu
- College of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China; Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Tong Jiao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Liu Yang
- College of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Zheng Chu
- College of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Li-Sha Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yong-Hui Dang
- College of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Health Ministry for Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
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6
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Kiffer F, Alexander T, Anderson J, Groves T, McElroy T, Wang J, Sridharan V, Bauer M, Boerma M, Allen A. Late Effects of 1H + 16O on Short-Term and Object Memory, Hippocampal Dendritic Morphology and Mutagenesis. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:96. [PMID: 32670032 PMCID: PMC7332779 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The space extending beyond Earth’s magnetosphere is subject to a complex field of high-energy charged nuclei, which are capable of traversing spacecraft shielding and human tissues, inducing dense ionization events. The central nervous system is a major area of concern for astronauts who will be exposed to the deep-space radiation environment on a mission to Mars, as charged-particle radiation has been shown to elicit changes to the dendritic arbor within the hippocampus of rodents, and related cognitive-behavioral deficits. We exposed 6-month-old male mice to whole-body 1H (0.5 Gy; 150 MeV/n; 18–19 cGy/minute) and an hour later to 16O (0.1Gy; 600 MeV/n; 18–33 Gy/min) at NASA’s Space Radiation Laboratory as a galactic cosmic ray-relevant model. Animals were housed with bedding which provides cognitive enrichment. Mice were tested for cognitive behavior 9 months after exposure to elucidate late radiation effects. Radiation induced significant deficits in novel object recognition and short-term spatial memory (Y-maze). Additionally, we observed opposing morphological differences between the mature granular and pyramidal neurons throughout the hippocampus, with increased dendritic length in the dorsal dentate gyrus and reduced length and complexity in the CA1 subregion of the hippocampus. Dendritic spine analyses revealed a severe reduction in mushroom spine density throughout the hippocampus of irradiated animals. Finally, we detected no general effect of radiation on single-nucleotide polymorphisms in immediate early genes, and genes involved in inflammation but found a higher variant allele frequency in the antioxidants thioredoxin reductase 2 and 3 loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Kiffer
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Tyler Alexander
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Julie Anderson
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Thomas Groves
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Taylor McElroy
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Vijayalakshmi Sridharan
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Marjan Boerma
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Antiño Allen
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
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7
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Cucinotta FA, Cacao E. Predictions of cognitive detriments from galactic cosmic ray exposures to astronauts on exploration missions. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2020; 25:129-135. [PMID: 32414486 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For the first-time we report on predictions on cognitive detriments from galactic cosmic ray (GCR) exposures on long-duration space missions outside the protection of the Earth's magnetosphere and solid body shielding. Estimates are based on a relative risk (RR) model of the fluence response for proton and heavy ion in rodent studies using the widely used novel object recognition (NOR) test, which estimates detriments in recognition or object memory. Our recent meta-analysis showed that linear and linear-quadratic dose response models were not accurate, while exponential increasing fluence response models based on particle track structure provided good descriptions of rodent data for doses up to 1 Gy. Using detailed models of the GCR environment and particle transport in shielding and tissue, we predict the excess relative risk (ERR) for NOR detriments for several long-term space mission scenarios. Predictions suggest ERR < 0.15 for most space mission scenarios with ERR<0.1 for 1-year lunar surface missions, and about ERR~0.1 for a 1000 day Mars mission for average solar cycle conditions. We discuss possible implications of these ERR levels of cognitive performance detriments relative to other neurological challenges such as rodent models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Comparisons suggest a small but potentially clinically significant risk for possible space mission scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis A Cucinotta
- Department of Health Physics and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Nevada, Box 453037, Las Vegas, NV 89195-3037, United States.
| | - Eliedonna Cacao
- Department of Health Physics and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Nevada, Box 453037, Las Vegas, NV 89195-3037, United States
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8
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Cacao E, Cucinotta FA. Meta-analysis of Cognitive Performance by Novel Object Recognition after Proton and Heavy Ion Exposures. Radiat Res 2019; 192:463-472. [PMID: 31415222 DOI: 10.1667/rr15419.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies of cognitive detriments in mice and rats after proton and heavy ion exposures have been performed by several laboratories to investigate possible risks to astronauts exposed to cosmic rays in space travel and patients treated for brain cancers with proton and carbon beams in Hadron therapy. However, distinct radiation types and doses, cognitive tests and rodent models have been used by different laboratories, while few studies have considered detailed dose-response characterizations, including estimates of relative biological effectiveness (RBE). Here we report on the first quantitative meta-analysis of the dose response for proton and heavy ion rodent studies of the widely used novel object recognition (NOR) test, which estimates detriments in recognition or object memory. Our study reveals that linear or linear-quadratic dose-response models of relative risk (RR) do not provide accurate descriptions. However, good descriptions for doses up to 1 Gy are provided by exponentially increasing fluence or dose-response models observed with an LET dependence similar to a classical radiation quality response, which peaks near 100-120 keV/µm and declines at higher LET values. Exponential models provide accurate predictions of experimental results for NOR in mice after mixed-beam exposures of protons and 56Fe, and protons, 16O and 28Si. RBE estimates are limited by available X-ray or gamma-ray experiments to serve as a reference radiation. RBE estimates based on use of data from combined gamma-ray and high-energy protons of low-LET experiments suggest modest RBEs, with values <8 for most heavy ions, while higher values <20 are based on limited gamma-ray data. In addition, we consider a log-normal model for the variation of subject responses at defined dose levels. The log-normal model predicts a heavy ion dose threshold of approximately 0.01 Gy for NOR-related cognitive detriments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliedonna Cacao
- Department of Health Physics and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | - Francis A Cucinotta
- Department of Health Physics and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada
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9
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Cucinotta FA, Cacao E. Risks of cognitive detriments after low dose heavy ion and proton exposures. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:985-998. [PMID: 31120359 PMCID: PMC6606350 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1623427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Heavy ion and proton brain irradiations occur during space travel and in Hadron therapy for cancer. Heavy ions produce distinct patterns of energy deposition in neuron cells and brain tissues compared to X-rays leading to large uncertainties in risk estimates. We make a critical review of findings from research studies over the last 25 years for understanding risks at low dose. Conclusions: A large number of mouse and rat cognitive testing measures have been reported for a variety of particle species and energies for acute doses. However, tissue reactions occur above dose thresholds and very few studies were performed at the heavy ion doses to be encountered on space missions (<0.04 Gy/y) or considered dose-rate effects, such that threshold doses are not known in rodent models. Investigations of possible mechanisms for cognitive changes have been limited by experimental design with largely group specific and not subject specific findings reported. Persistent oxidative stress and activated microglia cells are common mechanisms studied, while impairment of neurogenesis, detriments in neuron morphology, and changes to gene and protein expression were each found to be important in specific studies. Future research should focus on estimating threshold doses carried out with experimental designs aimed at understating causative mechanisms, which will be essential for extrapolating rodent findings to humans and chronic radiation scenarios, while establishing if mitigation are needed.
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10
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Cucinotta FA, Eliedonna Cacao MA. DETRIMENTS IN NEURON MORPHOLOGY FOLLOWING HEAVY ION IRRADIATION: WHAT'S THE TARGET? RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2019; 183:69-74. [PMID: 30561664 PMCID: PMC6642454 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncy265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuron cells consist of the soma or cell body, axons, dendritic arbor with multiple branches, and dendritic spines which are the substrates for memory storage and synaptic transmission. Detriments in neuron morphology are suggested to play a key role in cognitive impairments following brain irradiation. Multiple molecular mechanisms are involved in the regulation and stability of neuron morphology, while the effects of radiation on these processes have not been studied extensively. In this report, we consider possible biological targets in neurons for energy deposition (ED) by charged particles that could lead to neuron morphology detriments, and the resulting dose and radiation quality dependence of such detriments. The track structures of heavy ions including high charge and energy (HZE) particles consists of core of high-ED events and a penumbra of sparse ED from δ-ray electrons produced in ionization of target molecules. We consider the role of track structure relative to possible targets causative in the degradation of morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis A Cucinotta
- Department of Health Physics and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas NV, USA
| | - Murat Alp Eliedonna Cacao
- Department of Health Physics and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas NV, USA
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11
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Batmunkh M, Aksenova SV, Bayarchimeg L, Bugay AN, Lkhagva O. Optimized neuron models for estimation of charged particle energy deposition in hippocampus. Phys Med 2019; 57:88-94. [PMID: 30738537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of evaluating radiation risk on the central nervous system induced by space-born charged particles is very complex and challenging task in space radiobiology and radiation protection. To overcome computational difficulties in this field, we developed simplified neuron models with properties equivalent to realistic neuron morphology. Three-dimensional structure and parameters of simplified and complex neuron models with realistic morphology were obtained from the experimental data. The models implement uniform random distribution of spines along the dendritic branches in typical hippocampal neurons. Both types of models were implemented and tested using Geant4 Monte Carlo radiation transport code. Track structure simulations were performed for ion beams with typical fluxes of galactic cosmic rays expected for long-term interplanetary missions. The distribution of energy deposition events and percentage of irradiated volumes were obtained to be similar in both simplified and realistic models of pyramidal and granule cells of the rat hippocampus following irradiation. Significant increase of computational efficiency for detailed microdosimetry simulations of hippocampus using simplified neuron models was achieved. Using designed neuron models we have constructed 3D model of the rat hippocampus, including pyramidal cells, mature and immature granular cells, mossy cells, and neural stem cells. Computed energy deposition in irradiated hippocampal neurons following a track of iron ion suggests that most of energy is accumulated by dense population of granular cells in the dentate gyrus. Proposed approach could serve as a complementary computation technique for studying radiation-induced effects in large scale brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munkhbaatar Batmunkh
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia.
| | - Svetlana V Aksenova
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia.
| | - Lkhagvaa Bayarchimeg
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia.
| | - Aleksandr N Bugay
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia.
| | - Oidov Lkhagva
- Division of Natural Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646, Mongolia.
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Loganovsky KN, Bomko MO, Abramenko IV, Kuts KV, Belous NI, Masiuk SV, Gresko MV, Loganovska TK, Antypchuk KY, Perchuk IV, Kreinis GY, Chumak SA. NEUROPSYCHOBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF AFFECTIVE AND COGNITIVE DISORDERS IN THE CHORNOBYL CLEAN-UP WORKERS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE SPECIFIC GENE POLYMORPHISMS. PROBLEMY RADIATSIINOI MEDYTSYNY TA RADIOBIOLOHII 2018; 23:373-409. [PMID: 30582858 DOI: 10.33145/2304-8336-2018-23-373-409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Relevance of the present work is determined by the considerable prevalence of both affective and cognitive disor-ders in the victims due to the Chornobyl accident, the pathogenesis of which is insufficiently studied.Objective is to identify the neuropsychiobiological mechanisms of the formation of the remote affective and cog-nitive disorders following exposure to ionizing radiation taking into account the specific gene polymorphisms.Design, object and methods of research. The retrospective and prospective cohort study with the external andinternal control groups. The randomized sample of the male participants in liquidation of the consequences of theaccident (Chornobyl clean-up workers, liquidators) at the Chornobyl nuclear power plant (ChNPP) in 1986-1987(n = 198) recruited from the Clinico-epidemiological registry (CER) of NRCRM aged 39-87 (M ± SD: 60.0-8.5 years)with the external irradiation dose ranged 0.6-5900.0 mSv (M ± SD: 456.0 ± 760.0 mSv) was examined. The compar-ison group (n = 110) consisted of the unexposed patients of the Radiation Psychoneurology Department with thecorresponding age and sex (the external control group). The internal control group included the liquidators irradi-ated at doses < 50.0 mSv (n = 42). The standard diagnostic neuropsychiatric scales, psychodiagnostic questionnairesand tests, neuropsychological methods (including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) with premorbid IQ(pre-IQ) assessment), neuropsychiatric and psychophysiological methods (quantitative EEG (qEEG) and the audito-ry cognitive evoked potentials (Event-Related Potentials, ERP) were applied. The genotypes of the serotonin trans-porter gene SLC6A4 were determined by the 5_HTTLPR and rs25531 polymorphisms. The methods of descriptive and vari-ation statistics, non-parametric criteria, regression-correlation analysis, survival analysis by Kaplan - Meier and riskanalysis were used.Results. Cerebrovascular diseases, organic mental and depressive disorders, mainly of radiation-stress-relatednature, prevail among the liquidators. The overall risk of neuropsychiatric pathology increases (Pv < 0.001) with theirradiation dose. The verbal memory and learning are impaired, as well as the full IQ is reduced at the expense of theverbal one. The frequency of both mild cognitive impairment and dementia is risen. The cognitive impairment atdoses > 0.3 Sv is dose-dependent (r = 0.4-0.7; p = 0.03-0.003). Affective disorders (depression) and neurocogni-tive deficit are more severe at higher doses of irradiation (> 50 mSv). In the left posterior temporal region(Wernicke's area) the qEEG indices changes become dose-dependent at doses greater than 0.25-0.3 Sv. The dis-turbed brain information processes lateralized to the Wernicke's area are observed even at doses > 50 mSv. The car-riers of intermediate and low-level genotypes (LА/S, LА/LG, LG/LG, LG/S, S/S) of the serotonin transporter gene SLC6A4have more depressive disorders, especially severe ones, and tend to have more frequent and severe cognitive andstress-related disorders.The debut of depressive disorders in the carriers of the intermediate and low-activity genotypes occurs much earli-er (Log-Rank Test = 4.43, p = 0.035) in comparison with the carriers of the high-performance genotype LА/ LА.Conclusions. The radiation-induced dysfunction of the cortico-limbic system in the left dominant hemisphere ofthe human brain with a specific involvement of the hippocampus is considered to be the key cerebral basis of post-radiation organic brain damage. The association of genotypes by 5_HTTLPR and rs25531 polymorphisms of the SLC6A4gene with affective and cognitive disorders suggests the presence of neuropsychobiological features of these dis-orders associated with ionizing radiation depending on the certain gene polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Loganovsky
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - M O Bomko
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - I V Abramenko
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - K V Kuts
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - N I Belous
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - S V Masiuk
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - M V Gresko
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - T K Loganovska
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - K Yu Antypchuk
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - I V Perchuk
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - G Yu Kreinis
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - S A Chumak
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
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Szarka M, Szilasi S, Donczo B, Sarkozy D, Rajta I, Guttman A. The effect of simulated space radiation on the
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‐glycosylation of human immunoglobulin G1. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2872-2876. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mate Szarka
- Horváth Csaba Laboratory of Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Szilasi
- Institute for Nuclear ResearchHungarian Academy of Sciences Debrecen Hungary
| | - Boglarka Donczo
- Horváth Csaba Laboratory of Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - Daniel Sarkozy
- Horváth Csaba Laboratory of Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - Istvan Rajta
- Institute for Nuclear ResearchHungarian Academy of Sciences Debrecen Hungary
| | - Andras Guttman
- Horváth Csaba Laboratory of Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
- Translational Glycomics Research Group, Research Institute for Biomolecular and Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Pannonia Veszprem Hungary
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Cacao E, Parihar VK, Limoli CL, Cucinotta FA. Stochastic Modeling of Radiation-induced Dendritic Damage on in silico Mouse Hippocampal Neurons. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5494. [PMID: 29615729 PMCID: PMC5882641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction associated with radiotherapy for cancer treatment has been correlated to several factors, one of which is changes to the dendritic morphology of neuronal cells. Alterations in dendritic geometry and branching patterns are often accompanied by deficits that impact learning and memory. The purpose of this study is to develop a novel predictive model of neuronal dendritic damages caused by exposure to low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation, such as X-rays, γ-rays and high-energy protons. We established in silico representations of mouse hippocampal dentate granule cell layer (GCL) and CA1 pyramidal neurons, which are frequently examined in radiation-induced cognitive decrements. The in silico representations are used in a stochastic model that describes time dependent dendritic damage induced by exposure to low LET radiation. Changes in morphometric parameters, such as total dendritic length, number of branch points and branch number, including the Sholl analysis for single neurons are described by the model. Our model based predictions for different patterns of morphological changes based on energy deposition in dendritic segments (EDDS) will serve as a useful basis to compare specific patterns of morphological alterations caused by EDDS mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliedonna Cacao
- Department of Health Physics and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States of America
| | - Vipan K Parihar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Francis A Cucinotta
- Department of Health Physics and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States of America.
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