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Jagetia GC. Genotoxic effects of electromagnetic field radiations from mobile phones. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113321. [PMID: 35508219 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of wireless communication technology in mobile phones has revolutionized modern telecommunication and mobile phones have become so popular that their number exceeds the global population. Electromagnetic field radiations (EMR) are an integral part of wireless technology, which are emitted by mobile phones, mobile tower antennas, electric power stations, transmission lines, radars, microwave ovens, television sets, refrigerators, diagnostic, therapeutic, and other electronic devices. Manmade EMR sources have added to the existing burden of natural EMR human exposure arising from the Sun, cosmos, atmospheric discharges, and thunder storms. EMR including radiofrequency waves (RF) and extremely low-frequency radiation (ELF) has generated great interest as their short-term exposure causes headache, fatigue, tinnitus, concentration problems, depression, memory loss, skin irritation, sleep disorders, nausea, cardiovascular effects, chest pain, immunity, and hormonal disorders in humans, whereas long-term exposure to EMR leads to the development of cancer. The review has been written by collecting the information using various search engines including google scholar, PubMed, SciFinder, Science direct, EMF-portal, saferemr, and other websites from the internet. The main focus of this review is to delineate the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of EMR in humans and mammals. Numerous investigations revealed that exposure in the range of 0-300 GHz EMR is harmless as it did not increase micronuclei and chromosome aberrations. On the contrary, several other studies have demonstrated that exposure to EMR is genotoxic and mutagenic as it increases the frequency of micronuclei, chromosome aberrations, DNA adducts, DNA single and double strand breaks at the molecular level in vitro and in vivo. The EMR exposure induces reactive oxygen species and changes the fidelity of genes involved in signal transduction, cytoskeleton formation, and cellular metabolism.
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Halgamuge MN, Skafidas E, Davis D. A meta-analysis of in vitro exposures to weak radiofrequency radiation exposure from mobile phones (1990-2015). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 184:109227. [PMID: 32199316 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To function, mobile phone systems require transmitters that emit and receive radiofrequency signals over an extended geographical area exposing humans in all stages of development ranging from in-utero, early childhood, adolescents and adults. This study evaluates the question of the impact of radiofrequency radiation on living organisms in vitro studies. In this study, we abstract data from 300 peer-reviewed scientific publications (1990-2015) describing 1127 experimental observations in cell-based in vitro models. Our first analysis of these data found that out of 746 human cell experiments, 45.3% indicated cell changes, whereas 54.7% indicated no changes (p = 0.001). Realizing that there are profound distinctions between cell types in terms of age, rate of proliferation and apoptosis, and other characteristics and that RF signals can be characterized in terms of polarity, information content, frequency, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and power, we further refined our analysis to determine if there were some distinct properties of negative and positive findings associated with these specific characteristics. We further analyzed the data taking into account the cumulative effect (SAR × exposure time) to acquire the cumulative energy absorption of experiments due to radiofrequency exposure, which we believe, has not been fully considered previously. When the frequency of signals, length and type of exposure, and maturity, rate of growth (doubling time), apoptosis and other properties of individual cell types are considered, our results identify a number of potential non-thermal effects of radiofrequency fields that are restricted to a subset of specific faster-growing less differentiated cell types such as human spermatozoa (based on 19 reported experiments, p-value = 0.002) and human epithelial cells (based on 89 reported experiments, p-value < 0.0001). In contrast, for mature, differentiated adult cells of Glia (p = 0.001) and Glioblastoma (p < 0.0001) and adult human blood lymphocytes (p < 0.0001) there are no statistically significant differences for these more slowly reproducing cell lines. Thus, we show that RF induces significant changes in human cells (45.3%), and in faster-growing rat/mouse cell dataset (47.3%). In parallel with this finding, further analysis of faster-growing cells from other species (chicken, rabbit, pig, frog, snail) indicates that most undergo significant changes (74.4%) when exposed to RF. This study confirms observations from the REFLEX project, Belyaev and others that cellular response varies with signal properties. We concur that differentiation of cell type thus constitutes a critical piece of information and should be useful as a reference for many researchers planning additional studies. Sponsorship bias is also a factor that we did not take into account in this analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malka N Halgamuge
- Department Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Efstratios Skafidas
- Department Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Devra Davis
- Environmental Health Trust, Teton Village, WY, 83025, USA
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Gustavino B, Carboni G, Petrillo R, Paoluzzi G, Santovetti E, Rizzoni M. Exposure to 915 MHz radiation induces micronuclei inVicia fabaroot tips. Mutagenesis 2015; 31:187-92. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Schmid G, Kuster N. The discrepancy between maximum in vitro exposure levels and realistic conservative exposure levels of mobile phones operating at 900/1800 MHz. Bioelectromagnetics 2015; 36:133-48. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Niels Kuster
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS); Zurich Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH); Zurich Switzerland
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Gherardini L, Ciuti G, Tognarelli S, Cinti C. Searching for the perfect wave: the effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on cells. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:5366-87. [PMID: 24681584 PMCID: PMC4013569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15045366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing concern in the population about the effects that environmental exposure to any source of “uncontrolled” radiation may have on public health. Anxiety arises from the controversial knowledge about the effect of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure to cells and organisms but most of all concerning the possible causal relation to human diseases. Here we reviewed those in vitro and in vivo and epidemiological works that gave a new insight about the effect of radio frequency (RF) exposure, relating to intracellular molecular pathways that lead to biological and functional outcomes. It appears that a thorough application of standardized protocols is the key to reliable data acquisition and interpretation that could contribute a clearer picture for scientists and lay public. Moreover, specific tuning of experimental and clinical RF exposure might lead to beneficial health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gherardini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Siena, Strada Petriccio e Belriguardo, Siena 53100, Italy.
| | - Gastone Ciuti
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pisa 56025, Italy.
| | - Selene Tognarelli
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pisa 56025, Italy.
| | - Caterina Cinti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Siena, Strada Petriccio e Belriguardo, Siena 53100, Italy.
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Cammaerts MC, Johansson O. Ants can be used as bio-indicators to reveal biological effects of electromagnetic waves from some wireless apparatus. Electromagn Biol Med 2013; 33:282-8. [PMID: 23977878 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2013.817336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Society is confronted with an increasing number of applications making use of wireless communication. We also notice an increasing awareness about potentially harmful effects of the related electromagnetic fields on living organisms. At present, it is not realistic to expect that wireless communication will decrease or disappear within the near future. That is why we currently are investigating the mechanisms behind these effects and the effectiveness of possible solutions. In order to be efficient and effective, we designed and validated a fast and easy test on ants - these insects being used as a biological model - for revealing the effect of wireless equipments like mobile phones, smartphones, digital enhanced cordless telephone (DECT) phones, WiFi routers and so on. This test includes quantification of ants' locomotion under natural conditions, then in the vicinity of such wireless equipments. Observations, numerical results and statistical results allow detecting any effect of a radiating source on these living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Cammaerts
- Faculté des sciences, le département de Biologie des Organismes (DBO), Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels , Belgium and
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Waldmann P, Bohnenberger S, Greinert R, Hermann-Then B, Heselich A, Klug SJ, Koenig J, Kuhr K, Kuster N, Merker M, Murbach M, Pollet D, Schadenboeck W, Scheidemann-Wesp U, Schwab B, Volkmer B, Weyer V, Blettner M. Influence of GSM Signals on Human Peripheral Lymphocytes: Study of Genotoxicity. Radiat Res 2013; 179:243-53. [DOI: 10.1667/rr2914.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Waldmann
- Incos Boté GmbH, D-55232 Alzey, Friedhofstrasse 6, Germany
| | - Susanne Bohnenberger
- Harlan Cytotest Cell Research GmbH Roßdorf, In den Leppsteinwiesen 19, D-64380 Rossdorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Greinert
- Dermatology Center, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Elbeklinikum Buxtehude, Am Krankenhaus 1, D-21614 Buxtehude, Germany
| | - Beate Hermann-Then
- Harlan Cytotest Cell Research GmbH Roßdorf, In den Leppsteinwiesen 19, D-64380 Rossdorf, Germany
| | - Anja Heselich
- University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Hochschulstrasse 2, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefanie J. Klug
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, (IMBEI) University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 69, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jochem Koenig
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, (IMBEI) University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 69, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kuhr
- Institut für Medizinische Statistik, Informatik und Epidemiologie – IMSIE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, D-50923 Koeln, Germany
| | - Niels Kuster
- ITIS Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, ch-8004 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mandy Merker
- Harlan Cytotest Cell Research GmbH Roßdorf, In den Leppsteinwiesen 19, D-64380 Rossdorf, Germany
| | - Manuel Murbach
- ITIS Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, ch-8004 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Pollet
- University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Hochschulstrasse 2, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Ulrike Scheidemann-Wesp
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, (IMBEI) University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 69, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Britt Schwab
- University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Hochschulstrasse 2, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Beate Volkmer
- Dermatology Center, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Elbeklinikum Buxtehude, Am Krankenhaus 1, D-21614 Buxtehude, Germany
| | - Veronika Weyer
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, (IMBEI) University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 69, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria Blettner
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, (IMBEI) University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 69, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
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Genetic damage in human cells exposed to non-ionizing radiofrequency fields: A meta-analysis of the data from 88 publications (1990–2011). MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 749:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Bourthoumieu S, Magnaudeix A, Terro F, Leveque P, Collin A, Yardin C. Study of p53 expression and post-transcriptional modifications after GSM-900 radiofrequency exposure of human amniotic cells. Bioelectromagnetics 2012; 34:52-60. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Yang L, Hao D, Wang M, Zeng Y, Wu S, Zeng Y. Cellular neoplastic transformation induced by 916 MHz microwave radiation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32:1039-46. [PMID: 22395787 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
There has been growing concern about the possibility of adverse health effects resulting from exposure to microwave radiations, such as those emitted by mobile phones. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cellular neoplastic transformation effects of electromagnetic fields. 916 MHz continuous microwave was employed in our study to simulate the electromagnetic radiation of mobile phone. NIH/3T3 cells were adopted in our experiment due to their sensitivity to carcinogen or cancer promoter in environment. They were divided randomly into one control group and three microwave groups. The three microwave groups were exposed to 916 MHz EMF for 2 h per day with power density of 10, 50, and 90 w/m(2), respectively, in which 10 w/m(2) was close to intensity near the antenna of mobile phone. The morphology and proliferation of NIH/3T3 cells were examined and furthermore soft agar culture and animal carcinogenesis assay were carried out to determine the neoplastic promotion. Our experiments showed NIH/3T3 cells changed in morphology and proliferation after 5-8 weeks exposure and formed clone in soft agar culture after another 3-4 weeks depending on the exposure intensity. In the animal carcinogenesis study, lumps developed on the back of SCID mice after being inoculated into exposed NIH/3T3 cells for more than 4 weeks. The results indicate that microwave radiation can promote neoplastic transformation of NIH/3T3cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Marino C, Lagroye I, Scarfì MR, Sienkiewicz Z. Are the young more sensitive than adults to the effects of radiofrequency fields? An examination of relevant data from cellular and animal studies. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 107:374-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Bourthoumieu S, Terro F, Leveque P, Collin A, Joubert V, Yardin C. Aneuploidy studies in human cells exposed in vitro to GSM-900 MHz radiofrequency radiation using FISH. Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 87:400-8. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.542543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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