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Lakhani DA, Doo FX, Chung C. Developing a Comprehensive Resident-driven Research Training Pathway: A Chief Resident's Perspective. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2023; 52:93-96. [PMID: 36050135 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Wide variation exists in research training, experience, opportunities, and exposure across various radiology residency training programs, ranging from having a dedicated research track to no exposure to hypothesis driven projects. Studies conducted at different residency training programs with varied resources and National Institutes of Health funding have shown that resident-driven research initiatives and mentorship programs have the potential to improve research experience during residency training, engage more medical students in research, increase departmental peer-reviewed publications and increase peer-reviewed publications of early-career faculty physicians. In an attempt to standardize the research training during radiology residency, we propose a standardized resident-led program which institutions may adapt, as well as resources that the American Alliance of Academic Chief Residents in Radiology (A3CR2) might compile in collaboration with other national organizations to improve trainee's research experience during their radiology residency training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhairya A Lakhani
- Chief Resident, Department of Radiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV.; American Alliance of Academic Chief Residents in Radiology (A³CR²), Association of University Radiologists; The William W. Olmsted Trainee Editorial Fellow, The Radiological Society of North America (RSNA), Oak Brook, IL.
| | - Florence X Doo
- American Alliance of Academic Chief Residents in Radiology (A³CR²), Association of University Radiologists; Chief Resident, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai West, New York, NY.; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Charlotte Chung
- American Alliance of Academic Chief Residents in Radiology (A³CR²), Association of University Radiologists; Chief Resident, Department of Radiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.; Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY
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2
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Williams JP, Anscher MS, Vazquez M, Kronenberg A, Willey JS, Lawrence T, Woloschak GE, Marples B, Wong R, Howell RW. Radiation biology workforce in the United States. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2023; 23 Suppl 1:e13743. [PMID: 36705246 PMCID: PMC9880969 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the principal goals of participants in the field of radiation biologists have included defining dose thresholds for cancer and non-cancer endpoints to be used by regulators, clinicians and industry, as well as informing on best practice radiation utilization and protection applications. Importantly, much of this work has required an intimate relationship between "bench" radiation biology scientists and their target audiences (such as physicists, medical practitioners and epidemiologists) in order to ensure that the requisite gaps in knowledge are adequately addressed. However, despite the growing risk for public exposure to higher-than-background levels of radiation, e.g. from long-distance travel, the increasing use of ionizing radiation during medical procedures, the threat from geopolitical instability, and so forth, there has been a dramatic decline in the number of qualified radiation biologists in the U.S. Contributing factors are thought to include the loss of applicable training programs, loss of jobs, and declining opportunities for advancement. This report was undertaken in order to begin addressing this situation since inaction may threaten the viability of radiation biology as a scientific discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline P. Williams
- Departments of Environmental Medicine and Radiation OncologyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNew YorkUSA
| | - Mitchell S. Anscher
- Department of Radiation OncologyVirginia Commonwealth University School of MedicineRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Marcelo Vazquez
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Radiation Research DivisionLoma Linda UniversityLoma LindaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Amy Kronenberg
- Biological Systems and Engineering DivisionLawrence Berkeley NationalLaboratoryBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jeffrey S. Willey
- Department of Radiation OncologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Theodore Lawrence
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of Michigan ‐ University HospitalAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Gayle E. Woloschak
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Radiology, and Cell and Molecular BiologyNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Brian Marples
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Roger W. Howell
- Chief, Division of Radiation Research, Department of Radiology, Center for Cell SignalingRutgers New Jersey Medical SchoolNewarkNew JerseyUSA
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Newhauser WD, Gress DA, Mills MD, Jordan DW, Sutlief SG, Martin MC, Jackson E. Medical physics workforce in the United States. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2023; 23 Suppl 1:e13762. [PMID: 36705248 PMCID: PMC9880968 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne D. Newhauser
- Department of Physics & AstronomyLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA,Department of PhysicsMary Bird Perkins Cancer CenterBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | | | | | - David W. Jordan
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical CenterClevelandOhioUSA
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Zeman EM. Radiation and Cancer Biology Educators of Radiation Oncology Residents and the Courses They Teach1. Radiat Res 2022; 198:57-67. [PMID: 35395681 DOI: 10.1667/rade-21-00136.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize today's radiation and cancer biology educators of radiation oncology residents, and the biology courses they teach. An e-mail list of 133 presumptive resident biology educators was compiled, and they were invited to participate in a 46-item survey. Survey questions were designed to collect information about the educational and academic backgrounds of the educators, how they self-identify, characteristics of the courses they teach, the value that they assign to their teaching activities, their level of satisfaction with their courses and how they see these courses being taught in the future. Findings of this survey were compared and contrasted with prior surveys of biology educators (conducted 12 and 20 years ago, respectively), and with more recent surveys of radiation oncology residents and radiation oncology residency program directors conducted in 2018 and 2019. A total of 67 survey responses were received. Biology educators range in age, academic rank and years of teaching experience from junior (18%) to quite senior (45%). Only about 40% self-identify as radiation biologists, biophysicists or chemists, compared to 56% in 2001. The majority of the others consist of cancer biologists (15%), radiation oncologists (15%) and radiation oncology physician-scientists (16%). Educators prioritize their resident teaching as important or very important. Biology courses are widely variable in contact hours between programs and have not changed significantly over the past 20 years. About 75% of the courses are team-taught, including 15% involving multiple training programs. An average biology course consists of about 42% foundational ("classical") radiobiology, 28% clinical radiobiology and 28% cancer biology. While biology educators and radiation oncology program directors are highly satisfied with their biology courses, approximately a third of residents report being not very, or not at all, satisfied. That fewer biology educators are radiobiologists by training and their courses have remained quite variable in length and content over long periods point to the need for a consensus core curriculum for resident education in radiation and cancer biology. Both current educators and program directors also support making online teaching resources available, diversifying course instructors and consolidating biology teaching across multiple training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Zeman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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5
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Hande V, Prathaban K, Hande MP. Educational dialogue on public perception of nuclear radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:158-172. [PMID: 34871149 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2009147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Across the world, nuclear radiation and its effects on the population has been the topic of back-burner debates, given the strong emotional connotations involved. We believe that education is crucial for people to make informed decisions regarding nuclear energy. With a science-technology-society (STS) approach, a seminar-style educational module on Radiation and Society was formulated at Tembusu College, National University of Singapore (NUS) in 2015. This primarily aimed to equip students with the necessary analytical tools to assess evidence and thus, evaluate existing assumptions on radiation/nuclear power/nuclear energy, the effects on mankind and societal perception of radiation. METHODS Radiation and Society was a seminar-style module which consisted of weekly 3-hour interactive sessions for 13 weeks. Throughout the semester, students were acquainted with themes and concepts related to radiation and society, such as the historical dimensions, radiation science, role in medicine, the psychology of radiation fear, existing radiation myths, complexities in radiation disaster response, communication of risks and emergency preparedness. Discussions during the sessions covered a variety of topics, including ionizing radiation as a result of nuclear fall-out, historical contextualization of nuclear fear, and uses of radiation in (bio)medicine, STS and science communication. Field visits to research reactors and cancer centers were arranged to showcase the diverse applications of nuclear radiation. Experts involved in various related spheres of influence shared their perspectives on matters such as technological developments in emergency preparedness, nuclear reactors, and societal impacts. RESULTS The interactive facilitator-student sessions helped educate young minds about nuclear radiation. A post-course survey was conducted to obtain opinions of students on their perceptions of reliability and safety of nuclear energy, effectiveness of the seminar, and where radiation ranked relative to alternative energy sources. Overall findings of the survey indicated that although nuclear energy was perceived as a safe and reliable substitute, renewable energy was considered a better option. Participants felt that, as per the learning objectives, the sessions were effective in improving awareness regarding nuclear energy. CONCLUSION This seminar-style module equipped students with the analytical tools required to critically assess sources of knowledge and social perceptions of radiation. In addition to the concluding perceptions toward nuclear energy from the post-course survey, a pre-module/course survey to reveal changes in student attitudes is planned to aid refinement of the course in future iterations. Such educational efforts will allow students to be aware of both the pros and cons of nuclear radiation and thus, construct informed opinions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Hande
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - M Prakash Hande
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Tembusu College, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Novel Radiobiology is an Essential Pillar for the Future of Radiation Oncology. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2021; 33:681-682. [PMID: 34544641 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Salama JK, Floyd SR, Willett CG, Kirsch DG. Fostering Radiation Oncology Physician Scientist Trainees Within a Diverse Workforce: The Radiation Oncology Research Scholar Track. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 110:288-291. [PMID: 33412263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
There is a need to foster future generations of radiation oncology physician scientists, but the number of radiation oncologists with sufficient education, training, and funding to make transformative discoveries is relatively small. A large number of MD/PhD graduates have entered he field of radiation oncology over the past 2 decades, but this has not led to a significant cohort of externally funded physician scientists. Because radiation oncologists leading independent research labs have the potential to make transformative discoveries that advance our field and positively affect patients with cancer, we created the Duke Radiation Oncology Research Scholar (RORS) Program. In crafting this program, we sought to eliminate barriers preventing radiation oncology trainees from becoming independent physician scientists. The RORS program integrates the existing American Board of Radiology Holman Pathway with a 2-year post-graduate medical education instructor position with 80% research effort at the same institution. We use a separate match for RORS and traditional residency pathways, which we hope will increase the diversity of our residency program. Since the inception of the RORS program, we have matched 2 trainees into our program. We encourage other radiation oncology residency programs at peer institutions to consider this training pathway as a means to foster the development of independent physician scientists and a diverse workforce in radiation oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K Salama
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
| | - Scott R Floyd
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christopher G Willett
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David G Kirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline P Williams
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Environmental Medicine, Rochester, New York 14642
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Cho K, Imaoka T, Klokov D, Paunesku T, Salomaa S, Birschwilks M, Bouffler S, Brooks AL, Hei TK, Iwasaki T, Ono T, Sakai K, Wojcik A, Woloschak GE, Yamada Y, Hamada N. Funding for radiation research: past, present and future. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:816-840. [PMID: 30601684 PMCID: PMC7340138 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1558303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For more than a century, ionizing radiation has been indispensable mainly in medicine and industry. Radiation research is a multidisciplinary field that investigates radiation effects. Radiation research was very active in the mid- to late 20th century, but has then faced challenges, during which time funding has fluctuated widely. Here we review historical changes in funding situations in the field of radiation research, particularly in Canada, European Union countries, Japan, South Korea, and the US. We also provide a brief overview of the current situations in education and training in this field. A better understanding of the biological consequences of radiation exposure is becoming more important with increasing public concerns on radiation risks and other radiation literacy. Continued funding for radiation research is needed, and education and training in this field are also important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunwoo Cho
- Natural Radiation Safety Department, Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Tatsuhiko Imaoka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS) National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Dmitry Klokov
- Radiobiology and Health Branch, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tatjana Paunesku
- Department of Radiation Oncology Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sisko Salomaa
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mandy Birschwilks
- Unit PB3 “National and International Cooperation in Radiation Protection”, Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simon Bouffler
- Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England (PHE), Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Antone L. Brooks
- Environmental Science Washington State University, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Tom K. Hei
- Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Toshiyasu Iwasaki
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ono
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences (IES), Aomori, Japan
| | - Kazuo Sakai
- Faculty of Nursing, Tokyo Healthcare University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrzej Wojcik
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gayle E. Woloschak
- Department of Radiation Oncology Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Tokyo, Japan
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Dos Santos M, Paget V, Ben Kacem M, Trompier F, Benadjaoud MA, François A, Guipaud O, Benderitter M, Milliat F. Importance of dosimetry protocol for cell irradiation on a low X-rays facility and consequences for the biological response. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 94:597-606. [PMID: 29701998 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1466205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The main objective of radiobiology is to establish links between doses and radiation-induced biological effects. In this context, well-defined dosimetry protocols are crucial to the determination of experimental protocols. This work proposes a new dosimetry protocol for cell irradiation in a SARRP and shows the importance of the modification of some parameters defined in dosimetry protocol for physical dose and biological outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Once all parameters of the configuration were defined, dosimetry measurements with ionization chambers and EBT3 films were performed to evaluate the dose rate and the attenuation due to the cell culture medium. To evaluate the influence of changes in cell culture volume and/or additional filtration, 6-well plates containing EBT3 films with water were used to determine the impact on the physical dose at 80 kV. Then, experiments with the same irradiation conditions were performed by replacing EBT3 films by HUVECs. The biological response was assessed using clonogenic assay. RESULTS Using a 0.15 mm copper filter lead to a variation of +1% using medium thickness of 0.104 cm to -8% using a medium thickness of 0.936 cm on the physical dose compare to the reference condition (0.313 cm). For the 1 mm aluminum filter, a variation of +8 to -40% for the same medium thickness conditions has been observed. Cells irradiated in the same conditions showed significant differences in survival fraction, corroborating the effects of dosimetric changes on physical dose. CONCLUSIONS This work shows the importance of dosimetry in radiobiology studies and the need of an accurate description of the dosimetry protocol used for irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Dos Santos
- a Department of RAdiobiology and Regenerative MEDicine (SERAMED), Laboratory of Radiobiology of Accidental Exposures (LRAcc) , Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Vincent Paget
- b Department of RAdiobiology and Regenerative MEDicine (SERAMED), Laboratory of MEDical Radiobiology (LRMed) , Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Mariam Ben Kacem
- b Department of RAdiobiology and Regenerative MEDicine (SERAMED), Laboratory of MEDical Radiobiology (LRMed) , Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - François Trompier
- c Department of DOSimetry (SDOS), Ionizing Radiation Dosimetry Laboratory (LDRI) , Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Mohamed Amine Benadjaoud
- d Department of RAdiobiology and Regenerative MEDicine (SERAMED) , Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Agnès François
- b Department of RAdiobiology and Regenerative MEDicine (SERAMED), Laboratory of MEDical Radiobiology (LRMed) , Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Olivier Guipaud
- b Department of RAdiobiology and Regenerative MEDicine (SERAMED), Laboratory of MEDical Radiobiology (LRMed) , Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Marc Benderitter
- d Department of RAdiobiology and Regenerative MEDicine (SERAMED) , Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Fabien Milliat
- b Department of RAdiobiology and Regenerative MEDicine (SERAMED), Laboratory of MEDical Radiobiology (LRMed) , Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
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Kirsch DG, Diehn M, Kesarwala AH, Maity A, Morgan MA, Schwarz JK, Bristow R, Demaria S, Eke I, Griffin RJ, Haas-Kogan D, Higgins GS, Kimmelman AC, Kimple RJ, Lombaert IM, Ma L, Marples B, Pajonk F, Park CC, Schaue D, Tran PT, Willers H, Wouters BG, Bernhard EJ. The Future of Radiobiology. J Natl Cancer Inst 2018; 110:329-340. [PMID: 29126306 PMCID: PMC5928778 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djx231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovation and progress in radiation oncology depend on discovery and insights realized through research in radiation biology. Radiobiology research has led to fundamental scientific insights, from the discovery of stem/progenitor cells to the definition of signal transduction pathways activated by ionizing radiation that are now recognized as integral to the DNA damage response (DDR). Radiobiological discoveries are guiding clinical trials that test radiation therapy combined with inhibitors of the DDR kinases DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ataxia telangiectasia related (ATR), and immune or cell cycle checkpoint inhibitors. To maintain scientific and clinical relevance, the field of radiation biology must overcome challenges in research workforce, training, and funding. The National Cancer Institute convened a workshop to discuss the role of radiobiology research and radiation biologists in the future scientific enterprise. Here, we review the discussions of current radiation oncology research approaches and areas of scientific focus considered important for rapid progress in radiation sciences and the continued contribution of radiobiology to radiation oncology and the broader biomedical research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Kirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Max Diehn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford Cancer Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Amit Maity
- Department of Radiation Oncology Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Meredith A Morgan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Julie K Schwarz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Robert Bristow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Iris Eke
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert J Griffin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Daphne Haas-Kogan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Geoff S Higgins
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Perlmutter Cancer Center and Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Randall J Kimple
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Isabelle M Lombaert
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, Biointerfaces Institute, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Brian Marples
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Frank Pajonk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Catherine C Park
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Phuoc T. Tran
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Oncology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Henning Willers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Brad G. Wouters
- Department of Radiation Oncology (RB), Princess Margaret Cancer Center
| | - Eric J Bernhard
- Radiation Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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12
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Joiner MC, Tracey MW, Kacin SE, Burmeister JW. IBPRO - A Novel Short-Duration Teaching Course in Advanced Physics and Biology Underlying Cancer Radiotherapy. Radiat Res 2017; 187:637-640. [PMID: 28328309 DOI: 10.1667/rr14723.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a summary and status report of the ongoing advanced education program IBPRO - Integrated course in Biology and Physics of Radiation Oncology. IBPRO is a five-year program funded by NCI. It addresses the recognized deficiency in the number of mentors available who have the required knowledge and skill to provide the teaching and training that is required for future radiation oncologists and researchers in radiation sciences. Each year, IBPRO brings together 50 attendees typically at assistant professor level and upwards, who are already qualified/certified radiation oncologists, medical physicists or biologists. These attendees receive keynote lectures and activities based on active learning strategies, merging together the clinical, biological and physics underpinnings of radiation oncology, at the forefront of the field. This experience is aimed at increasing collaborations, raising the level and amount of basic and applied research undertaken in radiation oncology, and enabling attendees to confidently become involved in the future teaching and training of researchers and radiation oncologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Joiner
- a School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Monica W Tracey
- b College of Education, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Sara E Kacin
- c Office for Teaching and Learning, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Jay W Burmeister
- a School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201
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13
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Hricak H, Dauer LT. Radiation Brain Drain? The Impact of Demographic Change on U.S. Radiation Protection. HEALTH PHYSICS 2017; 112:126-130. [PMID: 28027150 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of radiation has a substantial beneficial impact, particularly in the areas of medicine, energy production, basic science research, and industrial applications. Radiation protection knowledge and experience are required for acquiring and implementing scientific knowledge to protect workers, members of the public, and the environment from potential harmful effects of ionizing radiation while facilitating the beneficial use and development of radiation-based technologies. However, demographic changes are negatively impacting U.S. radiation protection and response capabilities. The number of radiation professionals continues to decrease even as the demand for such professionals is growing. These concerns are most pronounced in the medical, energy, research, and security arenas. Though the United States has been the world leader in radiation protection and radiation sciences for many years, the country has no strategic plan to ensure the maintenance of expertise in radiobiology, radiation physics, and radiation protection. Solving this problem will require a significant increase in federal and state funding as well as formal partnerships and initiatives among academia, professional societies, government, and the private sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedvig Hricak
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Abstract
The medical physics workforce comprises approximately 24,000 workers worldwide and approximately 8,200 in the United States. The occupation is a recognized, established, and mature profession that is undergoing considerable growth and change, with many of these changes being driven by scientific, technical, and medical advances. Presently, the medical physics workforce is adequate to meet societal needs. However, data are emerging that suggest potential risks of shortages and other problems that could develop within a few years. Some of the governing factors are well established, such as the increasing number of incident cancers thereby increasing workload, while others, such as the future use of radiation treatments and changes in healthcare economic policies, are uncertain and make the future status of the workforce difficult to forecast beyond the next several years. This review examines some of the major factors that govern supply and demand for medical physicists, discusses published projections and their uncertainties, and presents other information that may help to inform short- and long-term planning of various aspects of the future workforce. It includes a description of the general characteristics of the workforce, including information on its size, educational attainment, certification, age distribution, etc. Because the supply of new workers is governed by educational and training pathways, graduate education, post-doctoral training, and residency training are reviewed, along with trends in state and federal support for research and education. Selected professional aspects of the field also are considered, including professional certification and compensation. We speculate on the future outlook of the workforce and provide recommendations regarding future actions pertaining to the future medical physics workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne D Newhauser
- *Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University and Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, 439-B Nicholson Hall, Tower Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-4001
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15
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Coleman CN. The Radiation Stress Response: Of the People, By the People and For the People. Radiat Res 2017; 187:129-146. [PMID: 28118117 DOI: 10.1667/rr0cnc.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The radiation stress response can have broad impact. In this Failla Award presentation it is discussed in three components using terms relevant to the current political season as to how the radiation stress response can be applied to the benefit for cancer care and as service to society. Of the people refers to the impact of radiation on cells, tissues and patients. The paradigm our laboratory uses is radiation as a drug, called "focused biology", and physics as "nano-IMRT" because at the nanometer level physics and biology merge. By the people refers to how the general population often reacts to the word "radiation" and how the Radiation Research Society can better enable society to deal with the current realities of radiation in our lives. For the people refers to the potential for radiation oncology and radiation sciences to improve the lives of millions of people globally who are now beyond benefits of cancer treatment and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Norman Coleman
- Associate Director, Radiation Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis; Senior Investigator, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and Senior Medical Advisor, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington DC
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16
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Trompier F, Baumann M, Barrios L, Gregoire E, Abend M, Ainsbury E, Barnard S, Barquinero JF, Bautista JA, Brzozowska B, Perez-Calatayud J, De Angelis C, Domínguez I, Hadjidekova V, Kulka U, Mateos JC, Meschini R, Monteiro Gil O, Moquet J, Oestreicher U, Montoro Pastor A, Quintens R, Sebastià N, Sommer S, Stoyanov O, Thierens H, Terzoudi G, Villaescusa JI, Vral A, Wojcik A, Zafiropoulos D, Roy L. Investigation of the influence of calibration practices on cytogenetic laboratory performance for dose estimation. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 93:118-126. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1213455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François Trompier
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-roses, France
| | - Marion Baumann
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-roses, France
| | | | - Eric Gregoire
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-roses, France
| | - Michael Abend
- Bundeswehr Institut für Radiologie in verbindung mit der Universtität Ulm, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Ainsbury
- Public Health England Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (PHE), Chilton, UK
| | - Stephen Barnard
- Public Health England Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (PHE), Chilton, UK
| | | | | | - Beata Brzozowska
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Ulrike Kulka
- Bundesamt fuer Strahlenschutz, Department Radiation Protection and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Octávia Monteiro Gil
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Bobadela-LRS, Portugal
| | - Jayne Moquet
- Public Health England Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (PHE), Chilton, UK
| | - Ursula Oestreicher
- Bundesamt fuer Strahlenschutz, Department Radiation Protection and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Roel Quintens
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK-CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Hubert Thierens
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Georgia Terzoudi
- National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Health Physics, Radiobiology & Cytogenetics, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Anne Vral
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Andrzej Wojcik
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Laurence Roy
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-roses, France
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Wallner PE, Shrieve DC, Kachnic LA, Wilson LD. Raising the Next Generation of Physician-Scientists: The Chairs' Perspective. In Regard to Formenti et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015; 93:727-8. [PMID: 26461020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Wallner
- 21st Century Oncology, Inc, and the American Board of Radiology, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Lynn D Wilson
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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18
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Dynlacht JR, Zeman EM, Held KD, Deye J, Vikram B, Joiner MC. Education and Training Needs in the Radiation Sciences: Problems and Potential Solutions. Radiat Res 2015; 184:449-55. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14199.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Wallner PE, Steinberg ML, McBride WH, Hahn SM, Zietman AL. A fork in the road: choosing the path of relevance. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015; 92:214-6. [PMID: 25968821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael L Steinberg
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - William H McBride
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephen M Hahn
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Yoshizumi T, Brady SL, Robbins ME, Bourland JD. Specific issues in small animal dosimetry and irradiator calibration. Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 87:1001-10. [PMID: 21961967 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.556178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In response to the increased risk of radiological terrorist attack, a network of Centers for Medical Countermeasures against Radiation (CMCR) has been established in the United States, focusing on evaluating animal model responses to uniform, relatively homogenous whole- or partial-body radiation exposures at relatively high dose rates. The success of such studies is dependent not only on robust animal models but on accurate and reproducible dosimetry within and across CMCR. To address this issue, the Education and Training Core of the Duke University School of Medicine CMCR organised a one-day workshop on small animal dosimetry. Topics included accuracy in animal dosimetry accuracy, characteristics and differences of cesium-137 and X-ray irradiators, methods for dose measurement, and design of experimental irradiation geometries for uniform dose distributions. This paper summarises the information presented and discussed. CONCLUSIONS Without ensuring accurate and reproducible dosimetry the development and assessment of the efficacy of putative countermeasures will not prove successful. Radiation physics support is needed, but is often the weakest link in the small animal dosimetry chain. We recommend: (i) A user training program for new irradiator users, (ii) subsequent training updates, and (iii) the establishment of a national small animal dosimetry center for all CMCR members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Yoshizumi
- Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27157, USA
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Rosenstein BS, Held KD, Rockwell S, Williams JP, Zeman EM. American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) survey of radiation biology educators in U.S. and Canadian radiation oncology residency programs. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 75:896-905. [PMID: 19733012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To obtain, in a survey-based study, detailed information on the faculty currently responsible for teaching radiation biology courses to radiation oncology residents in the United States and Canada. METHODS AND MATERIALS In March-December 2007 a survey questionnaire was sent to faculty having primary responsibility for teaching radiation biology to residents in 93 radiation oncology residency programs in the United States and Canada. RESULTS The responses to this survey document the aging of the faculty who have primary responsibility for teaching radiation biology to radiation oncology residents. The survey found a dramatic decline with time in the percentage of educators whose graduate training was in radiation biology. A significant number of the educators responsible for teaching radiation biology were not fully acquainted with the radiation sciences, either through training or practical application. In addition, many were unfamiliar with some of the organizations setting policies and requirements for resident education. Freely available tools, such as the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) Radiation and Cancer Biology Practice Examination and Study Guides, were widely used by residents and educators. Consolidation of resident courses or use of a national radiation biology review course was viewed as unlikely by most programs. CONCLUSIONS A high priority should be given to the development of comprehensive teaching tools to assist those individuals who have responsibility for teaching radiation biology courses but who do not have an extensive background in critical areas of radiobiology related to radiation oncology. These findings also suggest a need for new graduate programs in radiobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry S Rosenstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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22
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Wasserman TH, Smith SM, Powell SN. The growth of academic radiation oncology: a survey of endowed professorships in radiation oncology. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 74:338-40. [PMID: 19427550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The academic health of a medical specialty can be gauged by the level of university support through endowed professorships. METHODS AND MATERIALS We conducted a survey of the 86 academic programs in radiation oncology to determine the current status of endowed chairs in this discipline. RESULTS Over the past decade, the number of endowed chairs has more than doubled, and it has almost tripled over the past 13 years. The number of programs with at least one chair has increased from 31% to 65%. CONCLUSIONS Coupled with other indicators of academic growth, such as the proportion of graduating residents seeking academic positions, there has been clear and sustained growth in academic radiation oncology.
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Emery RJ, Valizadeh F, Kennedy V, Shelton AJ. An analysis of variables influencing the number of radiation overexposure events in Texas from 1970 to 2000. HEALTH PHYSICS 2005; 89:46-52. [PMID: 15951691 DOI: 10.1097/00004032-200507000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sources of radiation are used in a variety of modern work settings, including industrial, medical, research, and agricultural applications. Although regulatory controls exist to limit radiation exposures in these different settings, instances of radiation doses in excess of acceptable limits (referred to as overexposures) do occur. A unique study examined overexposure events in Texas over a 45-y period from 1956 to 2001. The primary purpose of the study was to characterize the factors associated with overexposure events. As part of this characterization, an interesting trend in the number of overexposures by year was observed, but not completely explained. The data revealed a dramatic increase in the number of overexposure events, followed by three apparent phases of decline. These declines are of particular interest because, while the increase and subsequent decrease in overexposures occurred, the number of permits to possess radiation sources in Texas generally increased over the same time period. This study focused on the identification of the factors that led to the trends in overexposure events. Data describing the reported overexposure events in Texas from 1970 to 2000 were obtained from the Texas Department of Health Bureau of Radiation Control (TDH BRC) and entered into a computerized database. With the assistance of senior members of the TDH BRC, the three primary factors influencing the number of overexposures were identified. These included domestic oil and gas exploration and production from 1970 to 2000, wherein sources of radiation are employed in various operations; the establishment of a training and certification requirement for industrial radiographers during the period of 1986 to 1988; and modification of the applicable regulations between 1992 and 1994. The generally accepted indicator of oil and gas exploration and production activity, known as "rig count," is the measure of the number of active oil and gas exploration and production platforms at any given time. Rig count is a parameter of particular interest in Texas because the state's economy is significantly tied to the market value of this important natural resource. The rig count parameter was shown to have a strong correlation with overexposure events (Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.82, p < 0.0001). Interestingly, the sources causing the overexposures indicate that the events stem primarily not from the oil and gas exploration activity itself, but rather from support activities in the form of industrial radiographic procedures. The number of overexposure events was also determined to be influenced by the imposition of the training requirement for radiographers and the modification of the applicable regulations (e.g., the elimination of the quarterly dose limit). The relative magnitude of these influences, however, was far overshadowed by the identified predominant predictor of rig count. The determination of rig count as the significant influencing factor in overexposure events is useful in possibly recognizing the potential for future occurrences of the same nature. This assessment also serves to highlight an apparent significant public health success story, as the number of overexposures per radioactive material licensee is shown to have declined significantly over the 30-y period of study. The factors contributing to this phenomenon are described to serve as a model for use in other settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Emery
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Environmental Health & Safety, 1851 Crosspoint Drive, OCB 1.330, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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Pellmar TC, Rockwell S. Priority list of research areas for radiological nuclear threat countermeasures. Radiat Res 2005; 163:115-23. [PMID: 15606315 DOI: 10.1667/rr3283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To help the nation prepare for the possibility of a terrorist attack using radiological and nuclear devices, the Office of Science and Technology Policy and the Homeland Security Council established an interagency working group. The working group deliberated on the research needs for radiological/ nuclear threat countermeasures and identified and prioritized 18 areas for further attention. The highest priorities were given to research on (1) radioprotectors for use prior to exposure; (2) therapeutic agents for postexposure treatment; (3) antimicrobial therapy for infections associated with radiation exposure; (4) cytokines and growth factors; (5) mechanisms of radiation injury at the molecular, cellular, tissue and organism levels; and (6) automation of biodosimetric assays. High priority was given to (1) developing biomarkers for biodosimetry; (2) enhancing training in the radiation sciences; (3) exploring the consequences of combined injury; (4) establishing a repository of information regarding investigational countermeasures; and (5) following the health of an exposed population to better prepare for subsequent events. The research areas that the committee felt required the attention of the radiation research community are described in this report in an effort to inform this community about the needs of the nation and to encourage researchers to address these critical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry C Pellmar
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland 20889-5603, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Norman Coleman
- Radiation Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment & Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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