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Brabant C, Honvo G, Demonceau C, Tirelli E, Léonard F, Bruyère O. Effects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields on animal cancer and DNA damage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2025; 195:137-156. [PMID: 39746455 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2024.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2024] [Revised: 12/12/2024] [Accepted: 12/30/2024] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
Abstract
The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the carcinogenic effects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) by analyzing animal and comet assay studies. We have performed a global meta-analysis on all the animal studies on the relation between ELF-MF and cancer incidence and separate meta-analyses on the incidence of cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, breast cancer, brain cancer and DNA damage assessed with the comet assay. Of the 5145 references identified, 71 studies have been included in our systematic review and 22 studies in our meta-analyses. Our global meta-analysis indicated that ELF-MF exposure had no significant impact on the incidence of cancers in rodents (19 studies, OR = 1.10; 95% CI 0.91-1.32). However, our separate meta-analyses showed that ELF-MF increased the odds of developing leukemia in mice (4 studies, OR = 4.45; 95% CI 1.90-10.38) but not in rats. Our systematic review also suggests that ELF-MF can damage DNA in certain cell types like brain cells. Nevertheless, a meta-analysis on three comet assay studies indicated that ELF-MF did not increase DNA damage in neuroblastoma cells (SMD = -0.08; 95% CI -0.18-0.01). Overall, our results suggest that exposure to ELF-MF does not represent a major hazard for mammals and the carcinogenic effects of these magnetic fields could be limited to leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brabant
- Research Unit in Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate, 13/B-23, B-4000, Liège, Belgium; Department of Psychology, Cognition and Behavior, University of Liège, Place des Orateurs, 2/B-32, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Germain Honvo
- Research Unit in Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate, 13/B-23, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Céline Demonceau
- Research Unit in Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate, 13/B-23, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ezio Tirelli
- Department of Psychology, Cognition and Behavior, University of Liège, Place des Orateurs, 2/B-32, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - François Léonard
- Department of Psychology, Cognition and Behavior, University of Liège, Place des Orateurs, 2/B-32, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Olivier Bruyère
- Research Unit in Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate, 13/B-23, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
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Mercado-Sáenz S, González-Vidal A, Burgos-Molina AM, López-Díaz B, Sendra-Portero F, Ruiz-Gómez MJ. Pulsed magnetic field increases the effect of ultraviolet C radiation and thermal shock in aged yeasts. Int Microbiol 2023; 26:951-959. [PMID: 36997813 PMCID: PMC10622344 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00352-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The study of the effects of the magnetic field (MF) on living matter continues to be a dilemma. Until now, the interaction mechanisms of MF with living matter that explain the observed phenomena are unknown. Despite the existing literature and the multiple effects described to date, there are few published articles that study the combined effect of MF with other physical agents during the cellular aging process. In this sense, the aim of this work is to study whether low frequency and intensity pulsed and sinusoidal MF exposure produce alterations in the cell killing effect of ultraviolet C (UVC) radiation and thermal shock during the chronological aging of S. cerevisiae. Yeast cells were exposed to 2.45 mT (50 Hz) sinusoidal MF and 1.5 mT (25 Hz) pulsed MF, during 40 days of aging, in combination with UVC radiation (50 J/m2) and/or thermal shock (52°C). Cell survival was evaluated by clonogenic assay. The exposure of yeast to pulsed MF produces an acceleration of aging, which is not observed in cells exposed to sinusoidal MF. The pulsed MF modifies the cellular response to damaging agents only in aged S. cerevisiae cells. In this sense, the pulsed MF applied increases the damage induced by UVC radiation and by thermal shock. In contrast, the sinusoidal MF used has no effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mercado-Sáenz
- Laboratorio de Radiobiología, Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur, 32, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alejandro González-Vidal
- Laboratorio de Radiobiología, Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur, 32, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio M Burgos-Molina
- Laboratorio de Radiobiología, Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur, 32, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Beatriz López-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Radiobiología, Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur, 32, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Sendra-Portero
- Laboratorio de Radiobiología, Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur, 32, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel J Ruiz-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Radiobiología, Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur, 32, 29010, Málaga, Spain.
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Exposure to 50 Hz Extremely-Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields Induces No DNA Damage in Cells by Gamma H2AX Technology. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:8510315. [PMID: 33628815 PMCID: PMC7899753 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8510315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The current results for extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) on DNA damage are still debated. A sensitive indicator and systematic research are needed to assess the effects of ELF-MF. In this study, we used γH2AX as an early and sensitive molecular marker to evaluate the DNA damage effects of ELF-MF in vitro. Human amnion epithelial cells (FLs), human skin fibroblast cells (HSFs), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to 50 Hz ELF-MF at 0.4, 1, and 2 mT for 15 min, 1 h, and 24 h, respectively. After exposure, cells were subjected to γH2AX immunofluorescence and western blot. The results showed no significant difference in the average number of foci per cell, the percentage of γH2AX foci-positive cells, or the expression of γH2AX between the sham and 50 Hz ELF-MF exposure groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, 50 Hz ELF-MF did not induce DNA damage in FLs, HSFs, or HUVECs, which was independent of the intensity or duration of the exposure.
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Possible Physical Basis of Mirror Symmetry Effect in Racemic Mixtures of Enantiomers: From Wallach’s Rule, Nonlinear Effects, B–Z DNA Transition, and Similar Phenomena to Mirror Symmetry Effects of Chiral Objects. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12060889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects associated with mirror symmetry may be underlying for a number of phenomena in chemistry and physics. Increase in the density and melting point of the 50%L/50%D collection of enantiomers of a different sign (Wallach’s rule) is probably based on a physical effect of the mirror image. The catalytic activity of metal complexes with racemic ligands differs from the corresponding complexes with enantiomers as well (nonlinear effect). A similar difference in the physical properties of enantiomers and racemate underlies L/D inversion points of linear helical macromolecules, helical nanocrystals of magnetite and boron nitride etc., B–Z DNA transition and phenomenon of mirror neurons may have a similar nature. Here we propose an explanation of the Wallach effect along with some similar chemical, physical, and biological phenomena related to mirror image.
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Сhiral and Racemic Fields Concept for Understanding of the Homochirality Origin, Asymmetric Catalysis, Chiral Superstructure Formation from Achiral Molecules, and B-Z DNA Conformational Transition. Symmetry (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11050649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The four most important and well-studied phenomena of mirror symmetry breaking of molecules were analyzed for the first time in terms of available common features and regularities. Mirror symmetry breaking of the primary origin of biological homochirality requires the involvement of an external chiral inductor (environmental chirality). All reviewed mirror symmetry breaking phenomena were considered from that standpoint. A concept of chiral and racemic fields was highly helpful in this analysis. A chiral gravitational field in combination with a static magnetic field (Earth’s environmental conditions) may be regarded as a hypothetical long-term chiral inductor. Experimental evidences suggest a possible effect of the environmental chiral inductor as a chiral trigger on the mirror symmetry breaking effect. Also, this effect explains a conformational transition of the right-handed double DNA helix to the left-handed double DNA helix (B-Z DNA transition) as possible DNA damage.
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An evaluation of genotoxicity in human neuronal-type cells subjected to oxidative stress under an extremely low frequency pulsed magnetic field. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 775-776:31-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Huang CY, Chuang CY, Shu WY, Chang CW, Chen CR, Fan TC, Hsu IC. Distinct epidermal keratinocytes respond to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields differently. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113424. [PMID: 25409520 PMCID: PMC4237442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Following an increase in the use of electric appliances that can generate 50 or 60 Hz electromagnetic fields, concerns have intensified regarding the biological effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) on human health. Previous epidemiological studies have suggested the carcinogenic potential of environmental exposure to ELF-EMFs, specifically at 50 or 60 Hz. However, the biological mechanism facilitating the effects of ELF-EMFs remains unclear. Cellular studies have yielded inconsistent results regarding the biological effects of ELF-EMFs. The inconsistent results might have been due to diverse cell types. In our previous study, we indicated that 1.5 mT, 60 Hz ELF-EMFs will cause G1 arrest through the activation of the ATM-Chk2-p21 pathway in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether ELF-EMFs cause similar effects in a distinct epidermal keratinocyte, primary normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK), by using the same ELF-EMF exposure system and experimental design. We observed that ELF-EMFs exerted no effects on cell growth, cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution, and the activation of ATM signaling pathway in NHEK cells. We demonstrated that the 2 epidermal keratinocytes responded to ELF-EMFs differently. To further validate this finding, we simultaneously exposed the NHEK and HaCaT cells to ELF-EMFs in the same incubator for 168 h and observed the cell growths. The simultaneous exposure of the two cell types results showed that the NHEK and HaCaT cells exhibited distinct responses to ELF-EMFs. Thus, we confirmed that the biological effects of ELF-EMFs in epidermal keratinocytes are cell type specific. Our findings may partially explain the inconsistent results of previous studies when comparing results across various experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ying Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wun-Yi Shu
- Institute of Statistics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chaang-Ray Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Ching Fan
- Magnet Group, Instrumentation Development Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ian C. Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Health Implications of Electromagnetic Fields, Mechanisms of Action, and Research Needs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/198609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMF) have been implicated to influence a range of bodily functions. Given their ubiquitous nature, widespread applications, and capability to produce deleterious effects, conclusive investigations of the health risks are critical. Accordingly, this paper has been constructed to weigh the bioeffects, possible biointeraction mechanisms, and research areas in bioelectromagnetics seeking immediate attention. The several gaps in the existing knowledge do not permit one to reach a concrete conclusion but possibility for harmful effects cannot be underestimated in absence of consistent findings and causal mechanisms. Several studies with appropriate methodologies reflect the capacity of electromagnetic radiations to cause adverse health effects and there are several credible mechanisms that can account for the observed effects. Hence, need of the hour is to activate comprehensive well-coordinated blind scientific investigations, overcoming all limitations and demerits of previous investigations especially replication studies to concretize the earlier findings. Furthermore, appropriate exposure assessment is crucial for identification of dose-response relation if any, and the elucidation of biological interaction mechanism. For the time being, the public should follow the precautionary principle and limit their exposure as much as possible.
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Pall ML. Electromagnetic fields act via activation of voltage-gated calcium channels to produce beneficial or adverse effects. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:958-65. [PMID: 23802593 PMCID: PMC3780531 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct targets of extremely low and microwave frequency range electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in producing non-thermal effects have not been clearly established. However, studies in the literature, reviewed here, provide substantial support for such direct targets. Twenty-three studies have shown that voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) produce these and other EMF effects, such that the L-type or other VGCC blockers block or greatly lower diverse EMF effects. Furthermore, the voltage-gated properties of these channels may provide biophysically plausible mechanisms for EMF biological effects. Downstream responses of such EMF exposures may be mediated through Ca2+/calmodulin stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis. Potentially, physiological/therapeutic responses may be largely as a result of nitric oxide-cGMP-protein kinase G pathway stimulation. A well-studied example of such an apparent therapeutic response, EMF stimulation of bone growth, appears to work along this pathway. However, pathophysiological responses to EMFs may be as a result of nitric oxide-peroxynitrite-oxidative stress pathway of action. A single such well-documented example, EMF induction of DNA single-strand breaks in cells, as measured by alkaline comet assays, is reviewed here. Such single-strand breaks are known to be produced through the action of this pathway. Data on the mechanism of EMF induction of such breaks are limited; what data are available support this proposed mechanism. Other Ca2+-mediated regulatory changes, independent of nitric oxide, may also have roles. This article reviews, then, a substantially supported set of targets, VGCCs, whose stimulation produces non-thermal EMF responses by humans/higher animals with downstream effects involving Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide increases, which may explain therapeutic and pathophysiological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Pall
- Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry and Basic Medical Sciences, Washington State University, Portland, OR, USA.
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López-Díaz B, Mercado-Sáenz S, Martínez-Morillo M, Sendra-Portero F, Ruiz-Gómez MJ. Long-term exposure to a pulsed magnetic field (1.5 mT, 25 Hz) increases genomic DNA spontaneous degradation. Electromagn Biol Med 2013; 33:228-35. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2013.802245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz López-Díaz
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga
MalagaSpain
| | - Silvia Mercado-Sáenz
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga
MalagaSpain
| | - Manuel Martínez-Morillo
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga
MalagaSpain
| | - Francisco Sendra-Portero
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga
MalagaSpain
| | - Miguel J. Ruiz-Gómez
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga
MalagaSpain
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Szerencsi Á, Kubinyi G, Váliczkó É, Juhász P, Rudas G, Mester Á, Jánossy G, Bakos J, Thuróczy G. DNA integrity of human leukocytes after magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 89:870-6. [PMID: 23679232 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.804962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study focuses on the effects of high-field (3T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans on the DNA integrity of human leukocytes in vitro in order to validate the study where genotoxic effects were obtained and published by Lee et al. MATERIALS AND METHODS The scanning protocol and exposure situation were the same as those used under routine clinical brain MRI scan. Peripheral blood samples from healthy non-smoking male donors were exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMF) produced by 3T magnetic resonance imaging equipment for 0, 22, 45, 67, and 89 min during the scanning procedure. Samples of positive control were exposed to ionizing radiation (4 Gy of (60)Co-γ). Single breaks of DNA in leukocytes were detected by single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay). Chromosome breakage, chromosome loss and micronuclei formations were detected by a micronucleus test (MN). Three independent experiments were performed. RESULTS The data of comet tail DNA%, olive tail moment and micronucleus frequency showed no DNA damages due to MRI exposure. CONCLUSIONS The results of the Comet assay and the micronucleus test indicate that the applied exposure of MRI does not appear to produce breaks in the DNA and has no significant effect on DNA integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Szerencsi
- "Fréderic Joliot-Curie" National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene , Budapest
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Trillo MÁ, Martínez MA, Cid MA, Úbeda A. Retinoic acid inhibits the cytoproliferative response to weak 50‑Hz magnetic fields in neuroblastoma cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:885-94. [PMID: 23292364 PMCID: PMC3597587 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that intermittent exposure to a 50‑Hz magnetic field (MF) at 100 µT stimulates cell proliferation in the human neuroblastoma cell line NB69. The present study aimed to investigate whether the magnetic field-induced growth promotion also occurs at a lower magnetic flux density of 10 µT. To this purpose, NB69 cells were subjected for 42 h to intermittent exposure, 3 h on/3 h off, to a 50‑Hz MF at a 10 or 100 µT magnetic flux density. The field exposure took place either in the presence or in the absence of the antiproliferative agent retinoic acid. At the end of the treatment and/or incubation period, the cell growth was estimated by hemocytometric counting and spectrophotometric analysis of total protein and DNA contents. Potential changes in DNA synthesis were also assessed through proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunolabeling. The results confirmed previously reported data that a 42-h exposure to a 50‑Hz sine wave MF at 100 µT promotes cell growth in the NB69 cell line, and showed that 10 µT induces a similar proliferative response. This effect, which was significantly associated and linearly correlated with PCNA expression, was abolished by the presence of retinoic acid in the culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Trillo
- Department of Research-BEM, IRYCIS, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain.
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Říhová B, Etrych T, Šírová M, Tomala J, Ulbrich K, Kovář M. Synergistic effect of EMF–BEMER-type pulsed weak electromagnetic field and HPMA-bound doxorubicin on mouse EL4 T-cell lymphoma. J Drug Target 2011; 19:890-9. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2011.622403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Lerchl A. Inappropriate statistical analyses lead to erroneous results [Focke et al., Mutation Research 683 (2010) 74-83]. Mutat Res 2010; 692:61-2; author reply 63-4. [PMID: 20692271 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ruiz-Gómez MJ, Sendra-Portero F, Martínez-Morillo M. Effect of 2.45 mT sinusoidal 50 Hz magnetic field on Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains deficient in DNA strand breaks repair. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:602-11. [PMID: 20545572 DOI: 10.3109/09553001003734519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether extremely-low frequency magnetic field (MF) exposure produce alterations in the growth, cell cycle, survival and DNA damage of wild type (wt) and mutant yeast strains. MATERIALS AND METHODS wt and high affinity DNA binding factor 1 (hdf1), radiation sensitive 52 (rad52), rad52 hdf1 mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains were exposed to 2.45 mT, sinusoidal 50 Hz MF for 96 h. MF was generated by a pair of Helmholtz coils. During this time the growth was monitored by measuring the optical density at 600 nm and cell cycle evolution were analysed by microscopic morphological analysis. Then, yeast survival was assayed by the drop test and DNA was extracted and electrophoresed. RESULTS A significant increase in the growth was observed for rad52 strain (P = 0.005, Analysis of Variance [ANOVA]) and close to significance for rad52 hdf1 strain (P = 0.069, ANOVA). In addition, the surviving fraction values obtained for MF-exposed samples were in all cases less than for the controls, being the P value obtained for the whole set of MF-treated strains close to significance (P = 0.066, Student's t-test). In contrast, the cell cycle evolution and the DNA pattern obtained for wt and the mutant strains were not altered after exposure to MF. CONCLUSIONS The data presented in the current report show that the applied MF (2.45 mT, sinusoidal 50 Hz, 96 h) induces alterations in the growth and survival of S. cerevisiae strains deficient in DNA strand breaks repair. In contrast, the MF treatment does not induce alterations in the cell cycle and does not cause DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel J Ruiz-Gómez
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.
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Chavdoula ED, Panagopoulos DJ, Margaritis LH. Comparison of biological effects between continuous and intermittent exposure to GSM-900-MHz mobile phone radiation: Detection of apoptotic cell-death features. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2010; 700:51-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lerchl A, Wilhelm AF. Critical comments on DNA breakage by mobile-phone electromagnetic fields [Diem et al., Mutat. Res. 583 (2005) 178–183]. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2010; 697:60-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Focke F, Schuermann D, Kuster N, Schär P. DNA fragmentation in human fibroblasts under extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure. Mutat Res 2010; 683:74-83. [PMID: 19896957 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) were reported to affect DNA integrity in human cells with evidence based on the Comet assay. These findings were heavily debated for two main reasons; the lack of reproducibility, and the absence of a plausible scientific rationale for how EMFs could damage DNA. Starting out from a replication of the relevant experiments, we performed this study to clarify the existence and explore origin and nature of ELF-EMF induced DNA effects. Our data confirm that intermittent (but not continuous) exposure of human primary fibroblasts to a 50 Hz EMF at a flux density of 1 mT induces a slight but significant increase of DNA fragmentation in the Comet assay, and we provide first evidence for this to be caused by the magnetic rather than the electric field. Moreover, we show that EMF-induced responses in the Comet assay are dependent on cell proliferation, suggesting that processes of DNA replication rather than the DNA itself may be affected. Consistently, the Comet effects correlated with a reduction of actively replicating cells and a concomitant increase of apoptotic cells in exposed cultures, whereas a combined Fpg-Comet test failed to produce evidence for a notable contribution of oxidative DNA base damage. Hence, ELF-EMF induced effects in the Comet assay are reproducible under specific conditions and can be explained by minor disturbances in S-phase processes and occasional triggering of apoptosis rather than by the generation of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Focke
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Ruiz-Gómez MJ, Martínez-Morillo M. Electromagnetic Fields and the Induction of DNA Strand Breaks. Electromagn Biol Med 2009; 28:201-14. [DOI: 10.1080/15368370802608696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Vijayalaxmi, Prihoda TJ. Genetic damage in mammalian somatic cells exposed to extremely low frequency electro-magnetic fields: A meta-analysis of data from 87 publications (1990–2007). Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 85:196-213. [DOI: 10.1080/09553000902748575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sannino A, Di Costanzo G, Brescia F, Sarti M, Zeni O, Juutilainen J, Scarfì MR. Human fibroblasts and 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation: evaluation of DNA damage after exposure and co-exposure to 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5h)-furanone (MX). Radiat Res 2009; 171:743-51. [PMID: 19580481 DOI: 10.1667/rr1642.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2025]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate DNA damage in human dermal fibroblasts from a healthy subject and from a subject affected by Turner's syndrome that were exposed for 24 h to radiofrequency (RF) radiation at 900 MHz. The RF-radiation exposure was carried out alone or in combination with 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX), a well-known environmental mutagen and carcinogen produced during the chlorination of drinking water. Turner's syndrome fibroblasts were also exposed for a shorter time (1 h). A signal similar to that emitted by Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) mobile phones was used at a specific absorption rate of 1 W/kg under strictly controlled conditions of temperature and dosimetry. To evaluate DNA damage after RF-radiation exposure alone, the alkaline comet assay and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay were used. In the combined-exposure experiments, MX was given at a concentration of 25 microM for 1 h immediately after the RF-radiation exposure, and the effects were evaluated by the alkaline comet assay. The results revealed no genotoxic and cytotoxic effects from RF radiation alone in either cell line. As expected, MX treatment induced an increase in DNA migration in the comet assay, but no enhancement of the MX-induced DNA damage was observed in the cells exposed to RF radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sannino
- Interuniversity Centre for Interaction Between Electromagnetic Fields and Biosystems at CNR-Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment (IREA), Naples, Italy
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Hartwig V, Giovannetti G, Vanello N, Lombardi M, Landini L, Simi S. Biological effects and safety in magnetic resonance imaging: a review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2009; 6:1778-98. [PMID: 19578460 PMCID: PMC2705217 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph6061778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the introduction of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) as a diagnostic technique, the number of people exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMF) has increased dramatically. In this review, based on the results of a pioneer study showing in vitro and in vivo genotoxic effects of MRI scans, we report an updated survey about the effects of non-ionizing EMF employed in MRI, relevant for patients' and workers' safety. While the whole data does not confirm a risk hypothesis, it suggests a need for further studies and prudent use in order to avoid unnecessary examinations, according to the precautionary principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Hartwig
- ITENI Laboratory, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy; E-Mails:
(V.H.);
(G.G.)
| | - Giulio Giovannetti
- ITENI Laboratory, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy; E-Mails:
(V.H.);
(G.G.)
| | - Nicola Vanello
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Massimo Lombardi
- MRI Laboratory, G. Monasterio Foundation and CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Luigi Landini
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Silvana Simi
- Cell Biology and Cytogenetics Unit, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
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Jian W, Wei Z, Zhiqiang C, Zheng F. X-ray-induced apoptosis of BEL-7402 cell line enhanced by extremely low frequency electromagnetic field in vitro. Bioelectromagnetics 2009; 30:163-5. [PMID: 19051321 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to test whether extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) could enhance the apoptosis-induction effect of X-ray radiotherapy on liver cancer cell line BEL-7402 in vitro. EMF exposure was performed inside an energized solenoid coil. X-ray irradiation was performed using a linear accelerator. Apoptosis rates of BEL-7402 cells were analyzed using Annexin V-Fit Apoptosis Detection kit. Apoptosis rates of EMF group and sham EMF group were compared when combined with X-ray irradiation. Our results suggested that the apoptosis rate of BEL-7402 cells exposed to low doses of X-ray irradiation could be significantly increased by EMF. More EMF exposures obtain significantly higher apoptosis rates than fewer EMF exposures when combined with 2 Gy X-ray irradiation. These findings suggested that ELF-EMF could augment the cell apoptosis effects of low doses of X-ray irradiation on BEL-7402 cells in a synergistic and cumulative way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jian
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering School, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Burdak-Rothkamm S, Rothkamm K, Folkard M, Patel G, Hone P, Lloyd D, Ainsbury L, Prise KM. DNA and chromosomal damage in response to intermittent extremely low-frequency magnetic fields. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2009; 672:82-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Schwenzer NF, Bantleon R, Maurer B, Kehlbach R, Schraml C, Claussen CD, Rodegerdts E. Do static or time-varying magnetic fields in magnetic resonance imaging (3.0 T) alter protein-gene expression?-A study on human embryonic lung fibroblasts. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 26:1210-5. [PMID: 17969170 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the influence of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on gene expression in embryonic human lung fibroblasts (Hel 299). MATERIALS AND METHODS The cells were exposed to the static magnetic field and to a turbo spin-echo sequence of an MR scanner at 3.0 Tesla. An MR group (exposed) and a control group (sham-exposed) were set up using a special MR-compatible incubation system. The exposure time was two hours. Gene expression profiles were studied using a complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) microarray containing 498 known genes involved in transcription, intracellular transport, structure/junction/adhesion or extracellular matrix, signaling, host defense, energetics, metabolism, cell shape, and death. RESULTS No changes in gene expression were found in either group (exposed or sham-exposed cells) at the end of a two-hour exposure for any of the 498 tested protein genes. CONCLUSION The results suggest that MRI has no influence on protein-gene expression in eugenic human lung cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina F Schwenzer
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.
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Otto M, von Mühlendahl KE. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): Do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? Int J Hyg Environ Health 2007; 210:635-44. [PMID: 17765660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Possible adverse health effects of exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (EMF), and especially the question of whether there exists a special vulnerability of children, have been a much discussed topic during the last two decades. Static fields produce health effects only in very rare and exceptional circumstances at extremely high field intensities. As for low-frequency EMF, the results of epidemiological research with respect to childhood leukaemia prompted the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 2001 to classify these fields as "possibly carcinogenic to humans". Current hypotheses on the mechanism of such action are presented. The effect, if existent, appears to be not very important in relation to established other causes of childhood leukaemia. High-frequency EMF, as used in mobile and wireless communication (mobile telephony according to the GSM and UMTS standard, cordless DECT phones, wireless local area networks (WLAN), Bluetooth) and since many decades also in radio and television technology, are practically omnipresent. At high intensities, the generation of heat is the principal effect. Current guidelines, limits and regulations prevent any such effect. Mobile phone calls may, in certain circumstances, lead to local exposures close to limit values. Base stations typically produce exposures lower by 2-5 magnitudes. The discussion centres on the so-called non-thermal effects, which are supposedly occurring at field intensities, which are by orders of magnitude lower than those responsible for thermal effects. The reproducibility of these effects is usually poor, and no physiologic or pathogenic mechanism, so far, has been found to explain the alleged effects. Equally, epidemiologic studies have not furnished clear and reproducible data as arguments for negative health effects. Final results of the INTERPHONE study on the risk of brain tumours, acoustic neurinoma and parotid gland tumours associated with the use of mobile phones will be soon available. Preliminary results do not seem to indicate a substantial increase in risk. There are presently no scientific data supporting the concept of a special vulnerability of children and adolescents to high-frequency EMF, even if the usual caveats (developing organisms and structures may be more vulnerable, decades of life to come) are considered. The concept of precautionary measures adapted to such concerns is critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Otto
- Kinderumwelt gGmbH of the German Academy of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Westerbreite 7, 49084 Osnabrück, Germany.
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Rockwell S, Kimler BF, Moulder JE. Publishing negative results: the problem of publication bias. Radiat Res 2006; 165:623-5. [PMID: 16802861 DOI: 10.1667/rr3573.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hone P, Lloyd D, Szłuińska M, Edwards A. Chromatid damage in human lymphocytes is not affected by 50 Hz electromagnetic fields. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2006; 121:321-4. [PMID: 16597692 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncl035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cultured human blood lymphocytes were exposed during the S/G(2) phases of the cell cycle to continuous extremely low frequency (50 Hz) electromagnetic fields of 0.23, 0.47 or 0.7 mT either alone or immediately after an acute exposure to 1.0 Gy of gamma rays. The ionising radiation, as expected, induced chromosomal aberrations of the chromatid-type observed at the next metaphase. The field applied alone did not induce chromosomal damage nor did it modify the frequency of aberrations caused by the gamma rays.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hone
- Health Protection Agency, Radiation Protection Division, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK
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