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Sinha RA, Yen PM. Metabolic Messengers: Thyroid Hormones. Nat Metab 2024; 6:639-650. [PMID: 38671149 PMCID: PMC7615975 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-00986-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are key hormones that regulate development and metabolism in mammals. In man, the major target tissues for TH action are the brain, liver, muscle, heart, and adipose tissue. Defects in TH synthesis, transport, metabolism, and nuclear action have been associated with genetic and endocrine diseases in man. Over the past few years, there has been renewed interest in TH action and the therapeutic potential of THs and thyromimetics to treat several metabolic disorders such as hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidaemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and TH transporter defects. Recent advances in the development of tissue and TH receptor isoform-targeted thyromimetics have kindled new hope for translating our fundamental understanding of TH action into an effective therapy. This review provides a concise overview of the historical development of our understanding of TH action, its physiological and pathophysiological effects on metabolism, and future therapeutic applications to treat metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit A Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
| | - Paul M Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Div. Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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Bei J, Zhu S, Du M, Hu Z, Tang Z, Chen C, Yang K, Zhong Y, Zhu X, Li W, Hu Z. Integrative analysis of multiomics data identified acetylation as key variable of excessive energy metabolism in hyperthyroidism-induced osteoporosis rats. J Proteomics 2022; 252:104451. [PMID: 34883266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Results from the previous experiment have demonstrated bone loss and excess metabolism in Hyperthyroidism-induced rats. Thus, an underlying relationship between metabolism and bone loss was speculated. In addition, previous studies have shown the influence of acetylation on metabolism in tissues and diseases. The hypothesis from this case study suggests that excessive metabolism is induced by acetylation of vital metabolism enzymes. RESULTS In the case study, a HYP-induced osteoporosis rat model was used and the glucose metabolite was tested through the acetylation of proteins by the mass spectrometer. The results showed that pivotal enzymes of Glycolysis-Tricarboxylic acid cycle-Oxidative phosphorylation were acetylated along with upregulated metabolites. With all acetyly-lysine sites of related enzymes listed, the results in this study showed that bone loss in HYP rats was accompanied by the upregulation of CREB-binding protein (Crebbp, CBP). Furthermore, it is also indicated that CBP has a close relationship with the enhancement of LDHA which promotes glucose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Acetylation is highly correlated with excessive energy metabolism in HYP-induced osteoporotic rats, where a representation relationship between CBP and LDHA is demonstrated. SIGNIFICANCE Hyperthyroidism may lead to osteoporosis. Our study found an interesting phenomenon of hyperthyroidism induced-osteoporosis is that osteoporosis is accompanied by excessive glucose metabolism. In this process, some molecular mechanisms are still unclear. This study indicates a high degree of acetylation of metabolic enzymes, which may be closely related to excessive glucose metabolism. The relationship between CBP and LDHA was also investigated in this study, which showed that CBP and LDHA had some extent interaction. Glucose metabolism and acetylation maybe all associated with hyperthyroidism induced-osteoporosis. This data provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of hyperthyroidism induced-osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Bei
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoping Zhu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Center, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Minqun Du
- Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zheng Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Cailing Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Kevin Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xianhong Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wangen Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhuoqing Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Yi L, Zhong T, Huang Y, Huang S. Triiodothyronine promotes the osteoblast formation by activating autophagy. Biophys Chem 2020; 267:106483. [PMID: 33010728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2020.106483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Based on the osteogenic effect, triiodothyronine (T3) plays an important role in bone growth and development. Autophagy contributes to osteoblast formation and subsequent osteogenesis. Our study aims to explore the relationship among T3, autophagy and osteogenesis. In this study, cranial primary osteoblasts were obtained from 2 to 3 weeks-old Sprague Dawley (SD) rat fetuses. Osteoblasts were treated with T3, and then the autophagic parameters of Osteoblasts (including autophagic proteins, LC3 conversion rate and autophagosome formation) were observed through Western Blotting and Transmission Electron Microscopy. Next, after using autophagic pharmacological inhibitors (3-MA and chloroquine) and silencing vectors of autophagic genes (BECN1, Atg5 and Atg7) to downregulate autophagic activity, osteoblast proliferation and osteoblastic gene expression were detected using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assays, respectively. Ultimately, the mice treated with partial thyroidectomy (PTx mice) were used to further observe the effect of T3 on the formation and autophagy of osteoblasts in trabecular bone in vivo. Our results show that T3 enhances osteoblast autophagy. Autophagy suppression with 3-MA, chloroquine or autophagy-genes knockdown reverses T3-promoted osteoblast formation. In vivo assays showed that the formation and autophagy of osteoblasts in bone tissue were reduced in T3-deficient young mice. Overall, T3 can promote osteoblast formation by activation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yi
- Department of Pediatrics, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Tao Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yubo Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Shuping Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, China.
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Cao XY, Liu J, Zhang YJ, Wang Y, Xiong JW, Wu J, Chen L. Exposure of adult mice to perfluorobutanesulfonate impacts ovarian functions through hypothyroxinemia leading to down-regulation of Akt-mTOR signaling. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125497. [PMID: 31809938 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS), a short-chain perfluoroalkyl substance, is used in many industrial products. Preliminary evidence suggests that exposure to PFBS may increase the risk of infertility. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of PFBS on ovarian function. Herein, we show that exposure of adult female mice to PFBS (200 mg/kg/day) (PFBS-mice) caused a decrease in the levels of serum total triiodothyronine and thyroxine, which depended on the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). The numbers of secondary, early antral and antral follicles were reduced in PFBS-mice with an increase in the atretic follicles, and these changes were recovered by the replacement of L-thyroxinein or the treatment with PPARα antagonist GW6471. PFBS-induced hypothyroxinemia led to a decrease in the levels of Akt, mTOR and p70S6K phosphorylation in ovarian granular cells and cumulus cells, which suppressed the proliferation of these cells and enhanced autophagic death of granular cells and cumulus cells. The levels of serum estradiol and progesterone were reduced in PFBS-mice with a low expression of the steroidogenic genes Star and P450scc in ovarian tissues, which were sensitive to the replacement of L-thyroxinein or the blockade of PPARα. The results indicate that exposure to PFBS (≥200 mg/kg/day) through reducing thyroid hormones causes down-regulation of Akt-mTOR signaling in granular cells and cumulus cells, leading to the deficits in the development of follicles and the biosynthesis of ovarian hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yuan Cao
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China; Yangzhou Municipal Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225001, China
| | - Ya-Jie Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jian-Wei Xiong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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Abstract
Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial cells outside the uterine cavity. Thyroid autoimmunity has been associated with endometriosis. This work investigated the potential pathophysiological link between endometriosis and thyroid disorders. Transcripts and proteins involved in thyroid metabolism are dysregulated in eutopic and ectopic endometrium of endometriotic patients, leading to resistance of ectopic endometrium to triiodothyronine (T3) action and local accumulation of thyroxine (T4). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) acts as a proliferative and prooxidative hormone on all endometria of endometriosis patients and controls, whereas T3 and T4 act to specifically increase ectopic endometrial cell proliferation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Mouse studies confirmed the data gained in vitro since endometriotic implants were found to be bigger when thyroid hormones increased. A retrospective analysis of endometriosis patients with or without a thyroid disorder revealed an increased chronic pelvic pain and disease score in endometriotic patients with a thyroid disorder.
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Triiodothyronine impregnated alginate/gelatin/polyvinyl alcohol composite scaffold designed for exudate-intensive wound therapy. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kong D, Liu Y, Zuo R, Li J. DnBP-induced thyroid disrupting activities in GH3 cells via integrin α vβ 3 and ERK1/2 activation. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 212:1058-1066. [PMID: 30286535 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Di-n-butylphthalate (DnBP) exhibits alarming thyroid disrupting activities. However, the toxic mechanism of DnBP is not completely understood. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of DnBP in thyroid disruption. Rat pituitary tumor cell lines (GH3) were treated with DnBP in different scenarios, and cell viabilities, target gene transcriptions and protein levels were measured accordingly. The results showed that after treatment with DnBP (20 μmol/L), cell proliferation increased to 114.69% (p < 0.01) and c-fos gene was up-regulated by 1.57-fold (p < 0.01). Both nuclear thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) and membrane TR (integrin αv and integrin β3) genes were up-regulated by 1.31-, 1.08- and 2.39-fold (p < 0.01), respectively, the latter was inhibited by Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides; the macromolecular DnBP-BSA was unable to bind nuclear TRs, but still promoted cell proliferation to 104.18% and up-regulated c-fos by 2.99-fold (p < 0.01); after silencing TRβ gene, cell proliferation (106.64%, p < 0.05) and up-regulation of c-fos (1.23-fold, p < 0.01) were also observed. All of these findings indicated the existence of non-genomic pathway for DnBP-induced thyroid disruption. Finally, DnBP activated the downstream extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2) pathway, up-regulating Mapk1 (1.15-, p < 0.05), Mapk3 (1.26-fold, p < 0.01) and increasing protein levels of p-ERK (p < 0.01); notably, DnBP-induced ERK1/2 activation along with c-fos up-regulation were attenuated by PD98059 (ERK1/2 inhibitor). Taken together, it could be suggested that integrin αvβ3 and ERK1/2 pathway play significant roles in DnBP-induced thyroid disruption, and this novel mechanism warrants further investigation in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Kong
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yun Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection, No.7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Rui Zuo
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jian Li
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Ahmed M, Miller E. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in the development and progression of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2018; 2018:14. [PMID: 30083544 PMCID: PMC6062764 DOI: 10.21542/gcsp.2018.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been described as a pro-inflammatory cytokine and regulator of neuro-endocrine function. It plays an important upstream role in the inflammatory cascade by promoting the release of other inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-6, ultimately triggering a chronic inflammatory immune response. As lungs can synthesize and release MIF, many studies have investigated the potential role of MIF as a biomarker in assessment of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and using anti-MIFs as a new therapeutic modality for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ahmed
- Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Pediatrics Department Cohen Children’s Hospital at New York, Northwell Health System
- The Center for Heart and Lung Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
- School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Edmund Miller
- The Center for Heart and Lung Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
- School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, USA
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, New York, USA
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10
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Little AG. Local Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Signaling. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 106:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Louzada RA, Carvalho DP. Similarities and Differences in the Peripheral Actions of Thyroid Hormones and Their Metabolites. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:394. [PMID: 30072951 PMCID: PMC6060242 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) are secreted by the thyroid gland, while T3 is also generated from the peripheral metabolism of T4 by iodothyronine deiodinases types I and II. Several conditions like stress, diseases, and physical exercise can promote changes in local TH metabolism, leading to different target tissue effects that depend on the presence of tissue-specific enzymatic activities. The newly discovered physiological and pharmacological actions of T4 and T3 metabolites, such as 3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2), and 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) are of great interest. A classical thyroid hormone effect is the ability of T3 to increase oxygen consumption in almost all cell types studied. Approximately 30 years ago, a seminal report has shown that 3,5-T2 increased oxygen consumption more rapidly than T3 in hepatocytes. Other studies demonstrated that exogenous 3,5-T2 administration was able to increase whole body energy expenditure in rodents and humans. In fact, 3,5-T2 treatment prevents diabetic nephropathy, hepatic steatosis induced by high fat diet, insulin resistance, and weight gain during aging in Wistar male rats. The regulation of mitochondria is likely one of the most important actions of T3 and its metabolite 3,5-T2, which was able to restore the thermogenic program of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in hypothyroid rats, just as T3 does, while T1AM administration induced rapid hypothermia. T3 increases heart rate and cardiac contractility, which are hallmark effects of hyperthyroidism involved in cardiac arrhythmia. These deleterious cardiac effects were not observed with the use of 3,5-T2 pharmacological doses, and in contrast T1AM was shown to promote a negative inotropic and chronotropic action at micromolar concentrations in isolated hearts. Furthermore, T1AM has a cardioprotective effect in a model of ischemic/reperfusion injury in isolated hearts, such as occurs with T3 administration. Despite the encouraging possible therapeutic use of TH metabolites, further studies are needed to better understand their peripheral effects, when compared to T3 itself, in order to establish their risk and benefit. On this basis, the main peripheral effects of thyroid hormones and their metabolites in tissues, such as heart, liver, skeletal muscle, and BAT are discussed herein.
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Ashur-Fabian O, Zloto O, Fabian I, Tsarfaty G, Ellis M, Steinberg DM, Hercbergs A, Davis PJ, Fabian ID. Tetrac Delayed the Onset of Ocular Melanoma in an Orthotopic Mouse Model. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:775. [PMID: 30671022 PMCID: PMC6331424 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular melanoma research, the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults, is hindered by limited in vivo models. In a series of experiments using melanoma cells injected intraocularly into mouse eyes, we developed a model for ocular melanoma. Inoculation of 5 × 105 B16F10 cells led to rapid tumor growth, extensive lung metastasis, and limited animal survival, while injection of 102 cells was sufficient for intraocular tumors to grow with extended survival. In order to improve tumor visualization, 102 melanoma cells (B16F10 or B16LS9) were inoculated into Balb/C albino mouse eyes. These mice developed intraocular tumors that did not metastasize and exhibited extended survival. Next, we studied the therapeutic potential of inhibitor of the thyroid hormones-αvβ3 integrin signaling pathway in ocular melanoma. By utilizing tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac), a thyroid hormone derivative, a delay in tumor onset in the B16F10 (integrin+) arm was observed, compared to the untreated group, while in the B16LS9 cells (integrin-) a similar rate of tumor onset was noticed in both experimental and control groups. In summary, following an optimization process, the mouse ocular melanoma model was developed. The models exhibited an extended therapeutic window and can be utilized as a platform for investigating various drugs and other treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Ashur-Fabian
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, The Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Kfar-Saba, Israel
- *Correspondence: Osnat Ashur-Fabian
| | - Ofira Zloto
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Affiliated to The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ina Fabian
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Galya Tsarfaty
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Martin Ellis
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, The Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Kfar-Saba, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David M. Steinberg
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Aleck Hercbergs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Paul J. Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Ido Didi Fabian
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Affiliated to The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Taylor E, Heyland A. Thyroid Hormones Accelerate Initiation of Skeletogenesis via MAPK (ERK1/2) in Larval Sea Urchins ( Strongylocentrotus purpuratus). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:439. [PMID: 30127765 PMCID: PMC6087762 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are important regulators of development and metabolism in animals. Their function via genomic and non-genomic actions is well-established in vertebrate species but remains largely elusive among invertebrates. Previous work suggests that thyroid hormones, principally 3,5,3',5'-Tetraiodo-L-thyronine (T4), regulate development to metamorphosis in sea urchins. Here we show that thyroid hormones, including T4, 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3), and 3,5-Diiodothyronine (T2) accelerate initiation of skeletogenesis in sea urchin gastrulae and pluteus larvae of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, as measured by skeletal spicule formation. Fluorescently conjugated hormones show T4 binding to primary mesenchyme cells in sea urchin gastrulae. Furthermore, our investigation of TH mediated skeletogenesis shows that Ets1, a transcription factor controlling initiation of skeletogenesis, is a target of activated (phosphorylated) mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK; extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2)]. As well, we show that PD98059, an inhibitor of ERK1/2 MAPK signaling, prevents the T4 mediated acceleration of skeletogenesis and upregulation of Ets1. In contrast, SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 MAPK signaling, did not inhibit the effect of T4. Immunohistochemistry revealed that T4 causes phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in presumptive primary mesenchyme cells and the basal membrane of epithelial cells in the gastrula. Pre-incubation of sea urchin gastrulae with RGD peptide, a competitive inhibitor of TH binding to integrins, inhibited the effect of T4 on skeletogenesis. Together, these experiments provide evidence that T4 acts via a MAPK- (ERK1/2) mediated integrin membrane receptor to accelerate skeletogenesis in sea urchin mesenchyme cells. These findings shed light, for the first time, on a putative non-genomic pathway of TH action in a non-chordate deuterostome and help elucidate the evolutionary history of TH signaling in animals.
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Taylor E, Heyland A. Evolution of thyroid hormone signaling in animals: Non-genomic and genomic modes of action. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 459:14-20. [PMID: 28549993 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Much research has focused on vertebrate thyroid hormone (TH) synthesis and their function in development and metabolism. While important differences in TH synthesis and signaling exist, comparative studies between vertebrates fail to explain the evolutionary origins of this important regulatory axis. For that, one needs to make sense out of the diverse TH effects which have been described in invertebrate phyla but for which a mechanistic understanding is largely missing. Almost every major group of non-vertebrate animals possesses the capability to synthesize and metabolize thyroid hormones and there is evidence for a nuclear thyroid hormone receptor mediated mechanism in the bilateria, especially in molluscs, echinoderms, cephalochordates and ascidians. Still, genomic pathways cannot fully explain many observed effects of thyroid hormones in groups such as cnidarians, molluscs, and echinoderms and it is therefore possible that TH may signal via other mechanisms, such as non-genomic signaling systems via membrane bound or cytoplasmic receptors. Here we provide a brief review of TH actions in selected invertebrate species and discuss the hypothesis that non-genomic TH action may have played a critical role in TH signaling throughout animal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Taylor
- University of Guelph, Integrative Biology, Canada
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Sayem ASM, Giribabu N, Muniandy S, Salleh N. Effects of thyroxine on expression of proteins related to thyroid hormone functions (TR-α, TR-β, RXR and ERK1/2) in uterus during peri-implantation period. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1016-1021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Thyroid hormones derivatives reduce proliferation and induce cell death and DNA damage in ovarian cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16475. [PMID: 29184090 PMCID: PMC5705594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16593-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a highly aggressive disease and novel treatments are required. Thyroid hormones binding to αvβ3 integrin produced growth-promoting activities in ovarian cancer and we hypothesized that natural thyroid hormone derivatives may antagonize these actions. The effect of three antagonists, tetraiodoacetic acid (tetrac), triiodothyroacetic acid (triac) and 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM), on cell proliferation, cell death and DNA damage was studied in two ovarian cancer cell lines (OVCAR3 and A2780), normal hamster ovary control cells (CHOK1) and αvβ3-deficient or transfected HEK293 cells. A differential inhibition of cell proliferation was observed in ovarian cancer cells compared to CHOK1. In OVCAR3, an induction of cell cycle regulators was further shown. Apoptosis was confirmed (annexin-PI, SubG1/cell-cycle, apoptotic genes, caspase-3 and poly ADP ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1) cleavage) and was reversed by a pan-caspase inhibitor. Induction in apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) was observed, suggesting a parallel caspase-independent mechanism. Integrin-involvement in triac/T1AM apoptotic action was shown in αvβ3-transfected HEK293 cells. Lastly, in ovarian cancer models, key proteins that coordinate recognition of DNA damage, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and PARP-1, were induced. To conclude, the cytotoxic potential of thyroid hormone derivatives, tetrac, triac and T1AM, in ovarian cancer may provide a much-needed novel therapeutic approach.
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Shinderman-Maman E, Weingarten C, Moskovich D, Werner H, Hercbergs A, Davis PJ, Ellis M, Ashur-Fabian O. Molecular insights into the transcriptional regulatory role of thyroid hormones in ovarian cancer. Mol Carcinog 2017; 57:97-105. [PMID: 28891089 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of cancer-relevant genes by the thyroid hormones, 3, 5, 3'-Triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) and L-thyroxine (T4), was recently acknowledged. However, limited data exists on the hormonal effects on gene expression in ovarian cancer, a gynecological malignancy associated with a low cure rate. The expression of fifteen genes involved in DNA repair, cell cycle, apoptosis, and tumor suppression was evaluated in OVCAR-3 and A2780 cell lines, using real-time PCR following short incubation with T3 (1 nM) or T4 (100 nM). The thyroid hormones downregulated the expression of the majority of genes examined. Support for the involvement of the MAPK and PI3K in thyroid hormone-mediated gene expression was shown for a set of genes. FAS expression was inhibited in A2780 cells, while an unexpected induction was demonstrated in OVCAR-3 cells. An analogous effect on the protein levels of FAS receptor and its soluble form was demonstrated by Western blotting. We further established, using primer sets that discriminate between the different RNA isoforms, that the hormones increase the mRNA levels of both coding and non-coding FAS mRNAs. The prevalence of these isoforms, using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) analysis, was significantly more abundant in 17 cancer types, including ovarian cancer, compared to normal tissues. Our results highlight the role of thyroid hormones in the expression of cancer-relevant-genes in ovarian cancer and provide an important insight into the pathways by which mitogenic and anti-apoptotic effects are exerted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Shinderman-Maman
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chen Weingarten
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dotan Moskovich
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Haim Werner
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Paul J Davis
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Martin Ellis
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Osnat Ashur-Fabian
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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18
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Hua X, Cao XY, Wang XL, Sun P, Chen L. Exposure of Pregnant Mice to Triclosan Causes Insulin Resistance via Thyroxine Reduction. Toxicol Sci 2017; 160:150-160. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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19
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Cao X, Hua X, Wang X, Chen L. Exposure of pregnant mice to triclosan impairs placental development and nutrient transport. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44803. [PMID: 28322267 PMCID: PMC5359620 DOI: 10.1038/srep44803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is associated with spontaneous abortions and fetal growth restriction. Here, we showed that when pregnant mice were treated with 8 mg/kg TCS (8-TCS mice) on gestational days (GD) 6–18 fetal body weights were lower than controls. Placental weights and volumes were reduced in 8-TCS mice. The placental proliferative cells and expression of PCNA and Cyclin D3 on GD13 were remarkably decreased in 8-TCS mice. The decreases in activities and expression of placental System A amino acid or glucose transporters on GD14 and GD17 were observed in 8-TCS mice. Levels of serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were lower in 8-TCS mice than those in controls. Declines of placental Akt, mTOR and P70S6K phosphorylation in 8-TCS mice were corrected by L-thyroxinein (T4). Treating 8-TCS mice with T4 rescued the placental cell proliferation and recovered the activity and expression of amino acid and glucose transporters, which were sensitive to mTOR inhibition by rapamycin. Furthermore, the replacement of T4 could rescue the decrease in fetal body weight, which was blocked by rapamycin. These findings indicate that TCS-induced hypothyroxinemia in gestation mice through reducing Akt-mTOR signaling may impair placental development and nutrient transfer leading to decreases in fetal body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Cao
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xu Hua
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
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20
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Deng SB, Jing XD, Wei XM, Du JL, Liu YJ, Qin Q, She Q. Triiodothyronine promotes the proliferation of epicardial progenitor cells through the MAPK/ERK pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:372-377. [PMID: 28315333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone has important functions in the development and physiological function of the heart. The aim of this study was to determine whether 3,5,3'-Triiodothyronine (T3) can promote the proliferation of epicardial progenitor cells (EPCs) and to investigate the potential underlying mechanism. Our results showed that T3 significantly promoted the proliferation of EPCs in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The thyroid hormone nuclear receptor inhibitor bisphenol A (100 μmol/L) did not affect T3's ability to induce proliferation. Further studies showed that the mRNA expression levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1), MAPK3, and Ki67 in EPCs in the T3 group (10 nmol/L) increased 2.9-, 3-, and 4.1-fold, respectively, compared with those in the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, the mRNA expression of the cell cycle protein cyclin D1 in the T3 group increased approximately 2-fold compared with the control group (P < 0.05), and there were more EPCs in the S phase of the cell cycle (20.6% vs. 12.0%, P < 0.05). The mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling pathway inhibitor U0126 (10 μmol/L) significantly inhibited the ability of T3 to promote the proliferation of EPCs and to alter cell cycle progression. This study suggested that T3 significantly promotes the proliferation of EPCs, and this effect may be achieved through activation of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Bai Deng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Jing
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Wei
- Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Nanchuan District, Chongqing, 408400, China
| | - Jian-Lin Du
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ya-Jie Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qiang She
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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21
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Gnocchi D, Steffensen KR, Bruscalupi G, Parini P. Emerging role of thyroid hormone metabolites. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2016; 217:184-216. [PMID: 26748938 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for the regulation of development and metabolism in key organs. THs produce biological effects both by directly affecting gene expression through the interaction with nuclear receptors (genomic effects) and by activating protein kinases and/or ion channels (short-term effects). Such activations can be either direct, in the case of ion channels, or mediated by membrane or cytoplasmic receptors. Short-term-activated signalling pathways often play a role in the regulation of genomic effects. Several TH intermediate metabolites, which were previously considered without biological activity, have now been associated with a broad range of actions, mostly attributable to short-term effects. Here, we give an overview of the physiological roles and mechanisms of action of THs, focusing on the emerging position that TH metabolites are acquiring as important regulators of physiology and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Gnocchi
- Division of Clinical Chemistry; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge; Stockholm Sweden
| | - K. R. Steffensen
- Division of Clinical Chemistry; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge; Stockholm Sweden
| | - G. Bruscalupi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘Charles Darwin’; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - P. Parini
- Division of Clinical Chemistry; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge; Stockholm Sweden
- Metabolism Unit; Department of Medicine; Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge; Stockholm Sweden
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22
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Gangadhara S, Smith C, Barrett-Lee P, Hiscox S. 3D culture of Her2+ breast cancer cells promotes AKT to MAPK switching and a loss of therapeutic response. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:345. [PMID: 27251376 PMCID: PMC4888214 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Her2 receptor is overexpressed in up to 25 % of breast cancers and is associated with a poor prognosis. Around half of Her2+ breast cancers also express the estrogen receptor and treatment for such tumours can involve both endocrine and Her2-targeted therapies. However, despite preclinical data supporting the effectiveness of these agents, responses can vary widely in the clinical setting. In light of the increasing evidence pointing to the interplay between the tumour and its extracellular microenvironment as a significant determinant of therapeutic sensitivity and response here we investigated the impact of 3D matrix culture of breast cancer cells on their therapeutic sensitivity. METHODS A 3D Matrigel-based culture system was established and optimized for the growth of ER+/Her2+ breast cancer cell models. Growth of cells in response to trastuzumab and endocrine agents in 3D culture versus routine monolayer culture were assessed using cell counting and Ki67 staining. Endogenous and trastuzumab-modulated signalling pathway activity in 2D and 3D cultures were assessed using Western blotting. RESULTS Breast cancer cells in 3D culture displayed an attenuated response to both endocrine agents and trastuzumab compared with cells cultured in traditional 2D monolayers. Underlying this phenomenon was an apparent matrix-induced shift from AKT to MAPK signalling; consequently, suppression of MAPK in 3D cultures restores therapeutic response. CONCLUSION These data suggest that breast cancer cells in 3D culture display a reduced sensitivity to therapeutic agents which may be mediated by internal MAPK-mediated signalling. Targeting of adaptive pathways that maintain growth in 3D culture may represent an effective strategy to improve therapeutic response clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharath Gangadhara
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, CF10 3NB, Cardiff, UK.,Velindre Cancer Centre, Whitchurch Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - Chris Smith
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, CF10 3NB, Cardiff, UK.,Velindre Cancer Centre, Whitchurch Road, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Stephen Hiscox
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, CF10 3NB, Cardiff, UK.
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23
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Abstract
The nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone begin at receptors in the plasma membrane, mitochondria or cytoplasm. These receptors can share structural homologies with nuclear thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) that mediate transcriptional actions of T3, or have no homologies with TR, such as the plasma membrane receptor on integrin αvβ3. Nongenomic actions initiated at the plasma membrane by T4 via integrin αvβ3 can induce gene expression that affects angiogenesis and cell proliferation, therefore, both nongenomic and genomic effects can overlap in the nucleus. In the cytoplasm, a truncated TRα isoform mediates T4-dependent regulation of intracellular microfilament organization, contributing to cell and tissue structure. p30 TRα1 is another shortened TR isoform found at the plasma membrane that binds T3 and mediates nongenomic hormonal effects in bone cells. T3 and 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine are important to the complex nongenomic regulation of cellular respiration in mitochondria. Thus, nongenomic actions expand the repertoire of cellular events controlled by thyroid hormone and can modulate TR-dependent nuclear events. Here, we review the experimental approaches required to define nongenomic actions of the hormone, enumerate the known nongenomic effects of the hormone and their molecular basis, and discuss the possible physiological or pathophysiological consequences of these actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy &Health Sciences, One Discovery Drive, Rennselaer, New York 12144, USA
| | - Fernando Goglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli studi del Sannio, Via Port'Arsa 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Jack L Leonard
- Department of Microbiology &Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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24
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Shinderman-Maman E, Cohen K, Weingarten C, Nabriski D, Twito O, Baraf L, Hercbergs A, Davis PJ, Werner H, Ellis M, Ashur-Fabian O. The thyroid hormone-αvβ3 integrin axis in ovarian cancer: regulation of gene transcription and MAPK-dependent proliferation. Oncogene 2015; 35:1977-87. [PMID: 26165836 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian carcinoma is the fifth common cause of cancer death in women, despite advanced therapeutic approaches. αvβ3 integrin, a plasma membrane receptor, binds thyroid hormones (L-thyroxine, T4; 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine, T3) and is overexpressed in ovarian cancer. We have demonstrated selective binding of fluorescently labeled hormones to αvβ3-positive ovarian cancer cells but not to integrin-negative cells. Physiologically relevant T3 (1 nM) and T4 (100 nM) concentrations in OVCAR-3 (high αvβ3) and A2780 (low αvβ3) cells promoted αv and β3 transcription in association with basal integrin levels. This transcription was effectively blocked by RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) peptide and neutralizing αvβ3 antibodies, excluding T3-induced β3 messenger RNA, suggesting subspecialization of T3 and T4 binding to the integrin receptor pocket. We have provided support for extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)-mediated transcriptional regulation of the αv monomer by T3 and of β3 monomer by both hormones and documented a rapid (30-120 min) and dose-dependent (0.1-1000 nM) ERK activation. OVCAR-3 cells and αvβ3-deficient HEK293 cells treated with αvβ3 blockers confirmed the requirement for an intact thyroid hormone-integrin interaction in ERK activation. In addition, novel data indicated that T4, but not T3, controls integrin's outside-in signaling by phosphorylating tyrosine 759 in the β3 subunit. Both hormones induced cell proliferation (cell counts), survival (Annexin-PI), viability (WST-1) and significantly reduced the expression of genes that inhibit cell cycle (p21, p16), promote mitochondrial apoptosis (Nix, PUMA) and tumor suppression (GDF-15, IGFBP-6), particularly in cells with high integrin expression. At last, we have confirmed that hypothyroid environment attenuated ovarian cancer growth using a novel experimental platform that exploited paired euthyroid and severe hypothyroid serum samples from human subjects. To conclude, our data define a critical role for thyroid hormones as potent αvβ3-ligands, driving ovarian cancer cell proliferation and suggest that disruption of this axis may present a novel treatment strategy in this aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Shinderman-Maman
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, The Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - K Cohen
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, The Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - C Weingarten
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, The Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - D Nabriski
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Endocrinology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
| | - O Twito
- Department of Endocrinology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
| | - L Baraf
- Department of Endocrinology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
| | - A Hercbergs
- Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - P J Davis
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - H Werner
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M Ellis
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, The Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - O Ashur-Fabian
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, The Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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25
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Cohen K, Ellis M, Shinderman E, Khoury S, Davis PJ, Hercbergs A, Ashur-Fabian O. Relevance of the thyroid hormones-αvβ3 pathway in primary myeloma bone marrow cells and to bortezomib action. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 56:1107-14. [PMID: 25058375 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.947612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) induce proliferation in multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines via the αvβ3 integrin-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. We further show in primary MM bone marrow (BM) samples (n = 9) induction of cell viability by 1 nM T3 (13%, p < 0.002) and more potently by 100 nM T4 (21-45%, p < 0.0002) and a quick (1 h) and long-lasting (24 h) pERK activation, which was inhibited in the presence of β3 but not β1 blocking antibodies. Involvement of the integrin was further shown by two disintegrins, Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) and echistatin peptides, which occluded the effects of T3/T4 on viability, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) (proliferation marker) and apoptotic gene expression. Lastly, T3/T4 significantly opposed bortezomib (25 nM) cytotoxicy, as confirmed by several methods. In summary, our results imply that endogenous thyroid hormones in myeloma are factors that may support cell growth, with relevance to bortezomib action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Cohen
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, The Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Meir Medical Center , Kfar-Saba , Israel
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26
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Colin IM, Denef JF, Lengelé B, Many MC, Gérard AC. Recent insights into the cell biology of thyroid angiofollicular units. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:209-38. [PMID: 23349248 PMCID: PMC3610675 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In thyrocytes, cell polarity is of crucial importance for proper thyroid function. Many intrinsic mechanisms of self-regulation control how the key players involved in thyroid hormone (TH) biosynthesis interact in apical microvilli, so that hazardous biochemical processes may occur without detriment to the cell. In some pathological conditions, this enzymatic complex is disrupted, with some components abnormally activated into the cytoplasm, which can lead to further morphological and functional breakdown. When iodine intake is altered, autoregulatory mechanisms outside the thyrocytes are activated. They involve adjacent capillaries that, together with thyrocytes, form the angiofollicular units (AFUs) that can be considered as the functional and morphological units of the thyroid. In response to iodine shortage, a rapid expansion of the microvasculature occurs, which, in addition to nutrients and oxygen, optimizes iodide supply. These changes are triggered by angiogenic signals released from thyrocytes via a reactive oxygen species/hypoxia-inducible factor/vascular endothelial growth factor pathway. When intra- and extrathyrocyte autoregulation fails, other forms of adaptation arise, such as euthyroid goiters. From onset, goiters are morphologically and functionally heterogeneous due to the polyclonal nature of the cells, with nodules distributed around areas of quiescent AFUs containing globules of compact thyroglobulin (Tg) and surrounded by a hypotrophic microvasculature. Upon TSH stimulation, quiescent AFUs are activated with Tg globules undergoing fragmentation into soluble Tg, proteins involved in TH biosynthesis being expressed and the local microvascular network extending. Over time and depending on physiological needs, AFUs may undergo repetitive phases of high, moderate, or low cell and tissue activity, which may ultimately culminate in multinodular goiters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ides M Colin
- Pôle de Morphologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), UCL-5251, 52 Avenue E. Mounier, B-1200, Bruxelles, Belgium.
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27
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Pentassuglia L, Sawyer DB. ErbB/integrin signaling interactions in regulation of myocardial cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1833:909-16. [PMID: 23261977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulin (Nrg)/ErbB and integrin signaling pathways are critical for the normal function of the embryonic and adult heart. Both systems activate several downstream signaling pathways, with different physiological outputs: cell survival, fibrosis, excitation-contraction coupling, myofilament structure, cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction. Activation of ErbB2 by Nrg1β in cardiomycytes or its overexpression in cancer cells induces phosphorylation of FAK (Focal Adhesion Kinase) at specific sites with modulation of survival, invasion and cell-cell contacts. FAK is also a critical mediator of integrin receptors, converting extracellular matrix alterations into intracellular signaling. Systemic FAK deletion is lethal and is associated with left ventricular non-compaction whereas cardiac restriction in adult hearts is well tolerated. Nevertheless, these hearts are more susceptible to stress conditions like trans-aortic constriction, hypertrophy, and ischemic injury. As FAK is both downstream and specifically activated by integrins and Nrg-1β, here we will explore the role of FAK in the heart as a protective factor and as possible mediator of the crosstalk between the ErbB and Integrin receptors. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Cardiac Pathways of Differentiation, Metabolism and Contraction.
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28
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Gnocchi D, Leoni S, Incerpi S, Bruscalupi G. 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) stimulates cell proliferation through the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in chick embryo hepatocytes. Steroids 2012; 77:589-95. [PMID: 22366194 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) have a wide variety of essential roles in vertebrates, ranging from the regulation of key metabolic processes to cell proliferation and apoptosis. The classical mechanism of action of THs is genomic; 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) binds to specific nuclear receptors (TRs) and modifies the expression of specific genes. Recently, a new category of mechanisms, termed nongenomic, has been discovered for T3. These mechanisms include, among others, the rapid activation of signal transduction pathways, such as PI3K/Akt and MAPK, which eventually lead to cell proliferation. These effects are mediated in some cell types by a plasma membrane receptor, identified as integrin αvβ3, and in other cell types by cytoplasmic TRβ1. The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of T3 on the cell growth of chick embryo hepatocytes at two different stages of development, 14 and 19 days, and to determine the activation of the signal transduction pathways, focusing on the potential involvement of a plasma membrane receptor and the possible participation of PI3K/Akt and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our results clearly show that T3 stimulates cell proliferation at both stages of development through the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and the production of small amounts of ROS, which operate as effective second messengers. Moreover, we prove that these effects are not initiated at the plasma membrane receptor for T3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gnocchi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Lei J, Ingbar DH. Src kinase integrates PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK1/2 pathways in T3-induced Na-K-ATPase activity in adult rat alveolar cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 301:L765-71. [PMID: 21840963 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00151.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that the 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3)-induced increase of Na-K-ATPase activity in rat alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) required activation of Src kinase, PI3K, and MAPK/ERK1/2. In the present study, we assessed the role of Akt in Na-K-ATPase activity and the interaction between the PI3K and MAPK in response to T3 by using MP48 cells, inhibitors, and constitutively active mutants in the MP48 (alveolar type II-like) cell line. The Akt inhibitor VIII blocked T3-induced increases in Na-K-ATPase activity and amount of plasma membrane Na-K-ATPase protein. The Akt inhibitor VIII also abolished the increase in Na-K-ATPase activity induced by constitutively active mutants of either Src kinase or PI3K. Moreover, constitutively active mutants of Akt increased Na-K-ATPase activity in the absence of T3. Thus activation of Akt was required for T3-induced Na-K-ATPase activity in AECs and is sufficient in the absence of T3. Inhibitors of Src kinase (PP1), PI3K (wortmannin), and ERK1/2 (U0126) all blocked the T3-induced Na-K-ATPase activity. PP1 blocked the activation of PI3K and also ERK1/2 by T3, whereas U0126 did not prevent T3 activation of Src kinase or PI3K activity. Wortmannin did not significantly alter T3-increased MAPK/ERK1/2 activity, suggesting that T3-activated PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK1/2 pathways acted downstream of the Src kinase. Furthermore, in the absence of T3, a constitutively active mutant of Src kinase increased activities of Na-K-ATPase, PI3K, and MAPK/ERK1/2. A constitutively active mutant of PI3K enhanced Na-K-ATPase activity but did not alter the MAPK/ERK1/2 activity significantly. In summary, in adult rat AECs T3-stimulated Src kinase activity can activate both PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK1/2, and activation of Akt is necessary for T3-induced Na-K-ATPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxun Lei
- Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Cohen K, Ellis M, Khoury S, Davis PJ, Hercbergs A, Ashur-Fabian O. Thyroid hormone is a MAPK-dependent growth factor for human myeloma cells acting via αvβ3 integrin. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:1385-94. [PMID: 21821675 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and clinical observations suggest that thyroid hormone [l-thyroxine (T(4)) and 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine (T(3))] can support cancer cell proliferation. T(3) and T(4) promote both tumor cell division and angiogenesis by activating mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) via binding to a hormone receptor on the αvβ3 integrin, overexpressed on many cancer cells. We have studied the responsiveness of several MM cell lines to T(3) and T(4) and characterized hormonal effects on cell survival, proliferation, and MAPK activation. Overnight T(3) (1-100 nmol/L) and T(4) (100 nmol/L) incubation enhanced, up to 50% (P < 0.002), MM cell viability (WST-1 assay) and increased cell proliferation by 30% to 60% (P < 0.01). Short exposure (10 minutes) to T(3) and T(4) increased MAPK activity by 2.5- to 3.5-fold (P < 0.03). Pharmacologic MAPK inhibition blocked the proliferative action of T(3) and T(4). Antibodies to the integrin αvβ3 dimer and αv and β3 monomers (but not β1) inhibited MAPK activation and subsequent cell proliferation in response to thyroid hormone, indicating dependence upon this integrin. Moreover, tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac), a non-agonist T(4) analogue previously shown to selectively block T(3)/T(4) binding to αvβ3 receptor site, blocked induction of MAPK by the hormones in a dose-dependent manner. This demonstration of the role of thyroid hormones as growth factors for MM cells may offer novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Cohen
- Translational Hemato-Oncology Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, 59 Tchernichovsky St, Kfar-Saba 44281, Israel
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Abstract
Thyroid hormones are of crucial importance for the functioning of nearly every organ. Remarkably, disturbances of thyroid hormone synthesis and function are among the most common endocrine disorders affecting approximately one third of the working German population. Over the last ten years our understanding of biosynthesis and functioning of these hormones has increased tremendously. This includes the identification of proteins involved in thyroid hormone biosynthesis like Thox2 and Dehal where mutations in these genes are responsible for certain degrees of hypothyroidism. One of the most important findings was the identification of a specific transporter for triiodothyronine (T3), the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) responsible for directed transport of T3 into target cells and for export of thyroid hormones out of thyroid epithelial cells. Genetic disturbances of MCT8 in patients result in a biochemical constellation of high T3 levels in combination with low or normal TSH and thyroxine levels leading to a new syndrome of severe X-linked mental retardation. Importantly mice lacking MCT8 presented only with a mild phenotype, indicating that compensatory mechanisms exist in mice. Moreover, it has become clear that not only genomic actions of T3 exist. T3 is also capable to activate adhesion receptors and it signals via activation of PI3K and MAPK pathways. Most recently, thyroid hormone derivatives were identified, the thyronamines which are decarboxylated thyroid hormones initiating physiological actions like lowering body temperature and heart rate, thereby acting in opposite direction to the classical thyroid hormones. So far it is believed that thyronamines function via the activation of a G-protein coupled receptor, TAAR1. The objective of this review is to summarise the recent findings in thyroid hormone synthesis and action and to discuss their implications for diagnosis of thyroid disease and for treatment of patients.
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Linares GR, Xing W, Burghardt H, Baumgartner B, Chen ST, Ricart W, Fernández-Real JM, Zorzano A, Mohan S. Role of diabetes- and obesity-related protein in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E40-8. [PMID: 21467300 PMCID: PMC3129842 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00065.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Although thyroid hormone (TH) is known to exert important effects on the skeleton, the nuclear factors constituting the TH receptor coactivator complex and the molecular pathways by which TH mediates its effects on target gene expression in osteoblasts remain poorly understood. A recent study demonstrated that the actions of TH on myoblast differentiation are dependent on diabetes- and obesity-related protein (DOR). However, the role of DOR in osteoblast differentiation is unknown. We found DOR expression increased during in vitro differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells into osteoblasts and also in MC3T3-E1 cells treated with TH. However, DOR expression decreased during cellular proliferation. To determine whether DOR acts as a modulator of TH action during osteoblast differentiation, we examined whether overexpression or knockdown of DOR in MC3T3-E1 cells affects the ability of TH to induce osteoblast differentiation by evaluating alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. ALP activity was markedly increased in DOR-overexpressing cells treated with TH. In contrast, loss of DOR dramatically reduced TH stimulation of ALP activity in MC3T3-E1 cells and primary calvaria osteoblasts transduced with lentiviral DOR shRNA. Consistent with reduced ALP activity, mRNA levels of osteocalcin, ALP, and Runx2 were decreased significantly in DOR shRNA cells. In addition, a common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), DOR1 found on the promoter of human DOR gene, was associated with circulating osteocalcin levels in nondiabetic subjects. Based on these data, we conclude that DOR plays an important role in TH-mediated osteoblast differentiation, and a DOR SNP associates with plasma osteocalcin in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel R Linares
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, California 92357, USA
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Davis PJ, Davis FB, Mousa SA, Luidens MK, Lin HY. Membrane receptor for thyroid hormone: physiologic and pharmacologic implications. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 51:99-115. [PMID: 20868274 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010510-100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane integrin αvβ3 is a cell surface receptor for thyroid hormone at which nongenomic actions are initiated. L-thyroxine (T₄) and 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T₃) promote angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation via the receptor. Tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac), a deaminated T₄ derivative, blocks the nongenomic proliferative and proangiogenic actions of T₄ and T₃. Acting at the integrin independently of T₄ and T₃, tetrac and a novel nanoparticulate formulation of tetrac that acts exclusively at the cell surface have oncologically desirable antiproliferative actions on multiple tumor cell survival pathway genes. These agents also block the angiogenic activity of vascular growth factors. Volume and vascular support of xenografts of human pancreatic, kidney, lung, and breast cancers are downregulated by tetrac formulations. The integrin αvβ3 receptor site for thyroid hormone selectively regulates signal transduction pathways and distinguishes between unmodified tetrac and the nanoparticulate formulation. The receptor also mediates nongenomic thyroid hormone effects on plasma membrane ion transporters and on intracellular protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Davis
- Ordway Research Institute, Albany, New York 12208, USA.
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Bridoux A, Khan RA, Chen C, Chevé G, Cui H, Dyskin E, Yasri A, Mousa SA. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of bifunctional thyrointegrin inhibitors: new anti-angiogenesis analogs. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 26:871-82. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.557023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Bridoux
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Rensselaer, NY, USA
- Vascular Vision Pharmaceuticals, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Riaz A. Khan
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Rensselaer, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Manav Rachna International University (MRIU), Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Celei Chen
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Gwenaël Chevé
- NOVADECISION, Rond point Benjamin Franklin–C539521, 34950 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Huadong Cui
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Evgeny Dyskin
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Aziz Yasri
- NOVADECISION, Rond point Benjamin Franklin–C539521, 34950 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Shaker A. Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Rensselaer, NY, USA
- Vascular Vision Pharmaceuticals, Rensselaer, NY, USA
- King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Thyronamines (TAMs) are a newly identified class of endogenous signaling compounds. Their structure is identical to that of thyroid hormone and deiodinated thyroid hormone derivatives, except that TAMs do not possess a carboxylate group. Despite some initial publications dating back to the 1950s, TAMs did not develop into an independent area of research until 2004, when they were rediscovered as potential ligands to a class of G protein-coupled receptors called trace-amine associated receptors. Since this discovery, two representatives of TAMs, namely 3-iodothyronamine (3-T(1)AM) and thyronamine (T(0)AM), have been detected in vivo. Intraperitoneal or central injection of 3-T(1)AM or T(0)AM into mice, rats, or Djungarian hamsters caused various prompt effects, such as metabolic depression, hypothermia, negative chronotropy, negative inotropy, hyperglycemia, reduction of the respiratory quotient, ketonuria, and reduction of fat mass. Although their physiological function remains elusive, 3-T(1)AM and T(0)AM have already revealed promising therapeutic potential because they represent the only endogenous compounds inducing hypothermia as a prophylactic or acute treatment of stroke and might thus be expected to cause fewer side effects than synthetic compounds. This review article summarizes the still somewhat scattered data on TAMs obtained both recently and more than 20 yr ago to yield a complete and updated picture of the current state of TAM research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Piehl
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum (Südring 10), Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Scapin S, Leoni S, Spagnuolo S, Gnocchi D, De Vito P, Luly P, Pedersen JZ, Incerpi S. Short-term effects of thyroid hormones during development: Focus on signal transduction. Steroids 2010; 75:576-84. [PMID: 19900468 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Extranuclear or nongenomic effects of thyroid hormones are mediated by receptors located at the plasma membrane or inside cells, and are independent of protein synthesis. Recently the alphaVbeta3 integrin was identified as a cell membrane receptor for thyroid hormones, and a wide variety of nongenomic effects have now been shown to be induced through binding of thyroid hormones to this receptor. However, also other thyroid hormone receptors can produce nongenomic effects, including the cytoplasmic TRalpha and TRbeta receptors and probably also a G protein-coupled membrane receptor, and increasing importance is now given to thyroid hormone metabolites like 3,5-diiodothyronine and reverse T(3) that can mimick some nongenomic effects of T(3) and T(4). Signal transduction from the alphaVbeta3 integrin may proceed through at least three independent pathways (protein kinase C, Src or mitogen-activated kinases) but the details are still unknown. Thyroid hormones induce nongenomic effects on at least three important Na(+)-dependent transport systems, the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger, and amino acid transport System A, leading to a mitogenic response in embryo cells; but modulation of the same transport systems may have different roles in other cells and at different developmental stages. It seems that thyroid hormones in many cases can modulate nongenomically the same targets affected by the nuclear receptors through long-term mechanisms. Recent results on nongenomic effects confirm the old theory that the primary role of thyroid hormones is to keep the steady-state level of functioning of the cell, but more and more mechanisms are discovered by which this goal can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Scapin
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Lee DY, Li YSJ, Chang SF, Zhou J, Ho HM, Chiu JJ, Chien S. Oscillatory flow-induced proliferation of osteoblast-like cells is mediated by alphavbeta3 and beta1 integrins through synergistic interactions of focal adhesion kinase and Shc with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathway. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:30-42. [PMID: 19889638 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.010512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial flow in and around bone tissue is oscillatory in nature and affects the mechanical microenvironment for bone cell growth and formation. We investigated the role of oscillatory shear stress (OSS) in modulating the proliferation of human osteoblast-like MG63 cells and its underlying mechanisms. Application of OSS (0.5 +/- 4 dynes/cm(2)) to MG63 cells induced sustained activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K (p70S6 kinase) signaling cascades and hence cell proliferation, which was accompanied by increased expression of cyclins A and D1, cyclin-dependent protein kinases-2, -4, and -6, and bone formation-related genes (c-fos, Egr-1, and Cox-2) and decreased expression of p21(CIP1) and p27(KIP1). OSS-induced activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K and cell proliferation were inhibited by specific antibodies or small interference RNAs of alpha(v)beta(3) and beta(1) integrins and by dominant-negative mutants of Shc (Shc-SH2) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) (FAK(F397Y)). Co-immunoprecipitation assay showed that OSS induces sustained increases in association of Shc and FAK with alpha(v)beta(3) and beta(1) integrins and PI3K subunit p85, which were abolished by transfecting the cells with FAK(F397Y) or Shc-SH2. OSS also induced sustained activation of ERK, which was inhibited by the specific PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and was required for OSS-induced activation of mTOR/p70S6K and proliferation in MG63 cells. Our findings provide insights into the mechanisms by which OSS induces osteoblast-like cell proliferation through activation of alpha(v)beta(3) and beta(1) integrins and synergistic interactions of FAK and Shc with PI3K, leading to the modulation of downstream ERK and Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Yu Lee
- Division of Medical Engineering Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan
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Bhargava M, Lei J, Ingbar DH. Nongenomic actions of L-thyroxine and 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine. Focus on "L-Thyroxine vs. 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine and cell proliferation: activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase". Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 296:C977-9. [PMID: 19295177 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00116.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Syudo M, Yamada S, Yanagiguchi K, Matsunaga T, Hayashi Y. Early gene expression analyzed by a genome microarray and real-time PCR in osteoblasts cultured with a 4-META/MMA-TBB adhesive resin sealer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 107:e77-81. [PMID: 19157924 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adhesive resin sealer systems have been applied in endodontics to seal the root canal system. This study was designed to confirm the mechanism of intracellular molecular events in an in vitro cell culture system with a 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride/methylmethacrylate-tri-n-butyl borane (4-META/MMA-TBB) adhesive resin sealer. STUDY DESIGN The gene expression patterns relating to cell growth and differentiation were examined using a human genome expression microarray and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses in hard tissue-forming osteoblasts cultured with and without a 4-META/MMA-TBB resin sealer. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the cell number between the control and adhesive sealer groups. An increased expression of integrin beta, transforming growth factor beta-related protein, craniofacial development protein 1, and PI3K genes was demonstrated. The integrin beta and PI3K genes showed extremely high ratios. CONCLUSIONS The signal transduction pathway, at least through the PI3K/Akt cascade for cell proliferation and differentiation, can be controlled by some components of this type of adhesive resin sealer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Syudo
- Department of Cariology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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