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Suyama M, Koike M, Asaoka D, Mori H, Oguro M, Ueno T, Nagahara A, Watanabe S, Uchiyama Y. Increased immunoreactivity of cathepsins in the rat esophagus under chronic acid reflux esophagitis. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 62:645-60. [PMID: 24943348 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414542300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have designed a stable rat chronic acid reflux esophagitis (RE) model. In gastrointestinal lesions, several lysosomal cathepsins are known to participate in epithelial permeability in cell-cell connections, such as tight junctions in ulcerative colitis. However, very few studies have focused on the distribution of cathepsins in the esophageal multilayer squamous epithelium. Therefore to clarify the role of cathepsins in RE, we investigated their immunohistological localization in the esophageal epithelium under normal conditions and after RE. Of the cathepsins examined (cathepsins B, C, D, F, H, L, S, and X), granular immunoreactivity for cathepsins B, C, D and L was observed in the control esophageal epithelia; although, their distribution differed depending on the enzyme examined. In the RE model, immunoreactivity of these cathepsins was increased in esophageal epithelial cells and activated macrophages. The immunoreactivity for cathepsins F, H, S and X was barely detectable in the control esophageal epithelium. However, in the RE model, we noticed a slight increase in the expression of cathepsins H and X in the epithelial cells. Furthermore, activated macrophages of the RE model possessed intense immunoreactivity for these cathepsins, which may have been related to esophageal inflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Suyama
- Department of Gastroenterology (MS, DA, HM, MO, AN, SW), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (MK,YU), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanCenter for Biomedical Research Resources (TU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology (YU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology (MS, DA, HM, MO, AN, SW), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (MK,YU), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanCenter for Biomedical Research Resources (TU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology (YU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Asaoka
- Department of Gastroenterology (MS, DA, HM, MO, AN, SW), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (MK,YU), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanCenter for Biomedical Research Resources (TU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology (YU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterology (MS, DA, HM, MO, AN, SW), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (MK,YU), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanCenter for Biomedical Research Resources (TU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology (YU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Oguro
- Department of Gastroenterology (MS, DA, HM, MO, AN, SW), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (MK,YU), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanCenter for Biomedical Research Resources (TU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology (YU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology (MS, DA, HM, MO, AN, SW), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (MK,YU), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanCenter for Biomedical Research Resources (TU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology (YU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Nagahara
- Department of Gastroenterology (MS, DA, HM, MO, AN, SW), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (MK,YU), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanCenter for Biomedical Research Resources (TU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology (YU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumio Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology (MS, DA, HM, MO, AN, SW), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (MK,YU), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanCenter for Biomedical Research Resources (TU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology (YU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Gastroenterology (MS, DA, HM, MO, AN, SW), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (MK,YU), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanCenter for Biomedical Research Resources (TU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology (YU), Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Schönefuss A, Wendt W, Schattling B, Schulten R, Hoffmann K, Stuecker M, Tigges C, Lübbert H, Stichel C. Upregulation of cathepsin S in psoriatic keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2011; 19:e80-8. [PMID: 19849712 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00990.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin S (CATS) is a cysteine protease, well known for its role in MHC class II-mediated antigen presentation and extracellular matrix degradation. Disturbance of the expression or metabolism of this protease is a concomitant feature of several diseases. Given this importance we studied the localization and regulation of CATS expression in normal and pathological human/mouse skin. In normal human skin CATS-immunostaining is mainly present in the dermis and is localized in macrophages, Langerhans, T- and endothelial cells, but absent in keratinocytes. In all analyzed pathological skin biopsies, i.e. atopic dermatitis, actinic keratosis and psoriasis, CATS staining is strongly increased in the dermis. But only in psoriasis, CATS-immunostaining is also detectable in keratinocytes. We show that cocultivation with T-cells as well as treatment with cytokines can trigger expression and secretion of CATS, which is involved in MHC II processing in keratinocytes. Our data provide first evidence that CATS expression (i) is selectively induced in psoriatic keratinocytes, (ii) is triggered by T-cells and (iii) might be involved in keratinocytic MHC class II expression, the processing of the MHC class II-associated invariant chain and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. This paper expands our knowledge on the important role of keratinocytes in dermatological disease.
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Veena MS, Lee G, Keppler D, Mendonca MS, Redpath JL, Stanbridge EJ, Wilczynski SP, Srivatsan ES. Inactivation of the cystatin E/M tumor suppressor gene in cervical cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2008; 47:740-54. [PMID: 18506750 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously localized a cervical cancer tumor suppressor gene to a 300 kb interval of 11q13. Analysis of candidate genes revealed loss of expression of cystatin E/M, a lysosomal cysteine protease inhibitor, in 6 cervical cancer cell lines and 9 of 11 primary cervical tumors. Examination of the three exons in four cervical cancer cell lines, 19 primary tumors, and 21 normal controls revealed homozygous deletion of exon 1 sequences in one tumor. Point mutations were observed in six other tumors. Two tumors contained mutations at the consensus binding sites for cathepsin L, a lysosomal protease overexpressed in cervical cancer. Introduction of these two point mutations using site directed mutagenesis resulted in reduced binding of mutated cystatin E/M to cathepsin L. Although mutations were not observed in any cell lines, four cell lines and 12 of 18 tumors contained promoter hypermethylation. Reexpression of cystatin E/M was observed after 5'aza 2-deoxycytidiene and/or Trichostatin A treatment of cervical cancer cell lines, HeLa and SiHa, confirming promoter hypermethylation. Ectopic expression of cystatin E/M in these two cell lines resulted in growth suppression. There was also suppression of soft agar colony formation by HeLa cells expressing the cystatin E/M gene. Reexpression of cystatin E/M resulted in decreased intracellular and extracellular expression of cathepsin L. Overexpression of cathepsin L resulted in increased cell growth which was inhibited by the reintroduction of cystatin E/M. We conclude, therefore, that cystatin E/M is a cervical cancer suppressor gene and that the gene is inactivated by somatic mutations and promoter hypermethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mysore S Veena
- Department of Surgery, VAGLAHS/David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles 90073, CA
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