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Kosenda K, Ichii O, Yamashita Y, Ohtsuka H, Fukuda S, Kon Y. Histological Characteristics of Conjunctiva-Associated Lymphoid Tissue in Young and Adult Holstein Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3481. [PMID: 38003099 PMCID: PMC10668845 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) has been used as a target site for mucosal vaccinations in several animals. In this study, we compared the morphological features of CALT in the eyelid and third eyelid between Holstein calves and adult cows. In the eyelids, CALTs in the form of diffused lymphoid tissue (DLT) and lymphatic follicles (LF) were observed, where DLTs were dominant and LFs were scarce. The CALTs of cows comprised T-, B-cells, macrophages, and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In particular, B-cells were dominant except in the eyelids of the calves. The epithelial layer covering the CALT is often discontinuous and lacks goblet cells. Cytokeratin18 is strongly expressed in the epithelial layer covering the CALT, except in the third eyelids of adult cows. IgA-positive cells were diffusely distributed in the lamina propria of the conjunctiva of the eyelids and third eyelids. The eyelid CALT area in calves was lower than that in adult cows. Furthermore, the CALT of calves had a lower cellularity of B-cells and a higher cellularity of macrophages than that of adult cows. These histological characteristics indicate that CALT plays a role in the mucosal immune-inductive and effector sites. Furthermore, lower cellularity of B-cells in the CALT of calves indicates that the function of CALT as a mucosal immune induction site is less developed in calves than in adult cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Kosenda
- Laboratory of Farm Animal Pathophysiology, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-0836, Japan;
| | - Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (O.I.); (Y.K.)
- Laboratory of Agrobiomedical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamashita
- Nayoro Veterinary Clinical Center, Hokkaido Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Nayoro 096-0072, Japan;
| | - Hiromichi Ohtsuka
- Section of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan;
| | - Shigeo Fukuda
- Laboratory of Farm Animal Pathophysiology, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-0836, Japan;
| | - Yasuhiro Kon
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (O.I.); (Y.K.)
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Lee JS, Yoon S, Han SJ, Kim ED, Kim J, Shin HS, Seo KY. Eyedrop vaccination: an immunization route with promises for effective responses to pandemics. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 21:91-101. [PMID: 34788181 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2008246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mucosal vaccines have several advantages over parenteral vaccines. They induce both systemic and mucosal antigen-specific immune responses, allow easy administration, and bypass the need for trained medical personnel. AREAS COVERED Eye mucosa is a novel route of mucosal vaccine administration. Eyedrop vaccination induces systemic and mucosal immune responses similar to other forms of mucosal vaccines such as oral and intranasal vaccines. EXPERT OPINION Eyedrop vaccines are free of serious adverse side effects like the infiltration of CNS by pathogens. Studies over the years have shown promising results for eye drop vaccines against infectious agents like the influenza virus, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli in animal models. Such efficacy and safety of eyedrop vaccination enable the application of eyedrop vaccines against other infectious diseases as well as chronic diseases. In this review of published literature, we examine the mechanism, efficacy, and safety of eyedrop vaccines and contemplate their role in times of a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihei Sara Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sangchul Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Medical Humanities and Social Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Jung Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Do Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Sol Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Korea Mouse Sensory Phenotyping Center (Kmspc), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Yul Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Korea Mouse Sensory Phenotyping Center (Kmspc), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Colman K, Andrews RN, Atkins H, Boulineau T, Bradley A, Braendli-Baiocco A, Capobianco R, Caudell D, Cline M, Doi T, Ernst R, van Esch E, Everitt J, Fant P, Gruebbel MM, Mecklenburg L, Miller AD, Nikula KJ, Satake S, Schwartz J, Sharma A, Shimoi A, Sobry C, Taylor I, Vemireddi V, Vidal J, Wood C, Vahle JL. International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND): Non-proliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Non-human Primate ( M. fascicularis). J Toxicol Pathol 2021; 34:1S-182S. [PMID: 34712008 PMCID: PMC8544165 DOI: 10.1293/tox.34.1s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for
Lesions Project (www.toxpath.org/inhand.asp) is a joint initiative of the Societies of
Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP) and North
America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and
nonproliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to
provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying microscopic lesions observed in most
tissues and organs from the nonhuman primate used in nonclinical safety studies. Some of
the lesions are illustrated by color photomicrographs. The standardized nomenclature
presented in this document is also available electronically on the internet
(http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from
government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes
spontaneous lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test materials. Relevant
infectious and parasitic lesions are included as well. A widely accepted and utilized
international harmonization of nomenclature for lesions in laboratory animals will provide
a common language among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different
countries and increase and enrich international exchanges of information among
toxicologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn Colman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rachel N Andrews
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hannah Atkins
- Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Alys Bradley
- Charles River Laboratories Edinburgh Ltd., Tranent, Scotland, UK
| | - Annamaria Braendli-Baiocco
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Capobianco
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - David Caudell
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mark Cline
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Takuya Doi
- LSIM Safety Institute Corporation, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andew D Miller
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Shigeru Satake
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kagoshima and Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Alok Sharma
- Covance Laboratories, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles Wood
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - John L Vahle
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis IN, USA
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Schuh JCL. Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue and Tertiary Lymphoid Structures of the Eye and Ear in Laboratory Animals. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 49:472-482. [PMID: 33252012 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320970448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) of special senses is poorly described and can be confused with nonspecific mononuclear cell infiltrates and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS). In the eye, MALT consists mostly of conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) and lacrimal drainage-associated lymphoid tissue (LDALT). In humans, CALT and LDALT are important components of the normal eye-associated lymphoid tissue (EALT), but EALT is less frequently described in ocular tissues of animals. The EALT are acquired postnatally in preferential mucosal sites, expand with antigenic exposure, form well-developed lymphoid follicles, and are reported to senesce. Lymphoid follicles that are induced concurrently with chronic inflammation are more appropriately considered TLS but must be differentiated from inflammation in MALT. Less understood is the etiology for formation of lymphoid tissue aggregates in the ciliary body, limbus, or choroid of healthy eyes in animals and humans. In the healthy eustachian tube and middle ear of animals and humans, MALT may be present but is infrequently described. Concurrent with otitis media, lymphoid follicles in the eustachian tube are probably expanded MALT, but lymphoid follicles in the middle ear may be TLS. The purpose of this comparative review is to familiarize toxicologic pathologists with MALT in the special senses and to provide considerations for differentiating and reporting eye and ear MALT from immune or inflammatory cell infiltrates or inflammation in nonclinical studies, and the circumstances for reporting TLS in compartments of the eye and ear.
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Klećkowska-Nawrot JE, Goździewska-Harłajczuk K, Barszcz K. Comparative study of the eyelids and orbital glands morphology in the okapi (Okapia johnstoni, Giraffidae), Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus, Cervidae) and the Philippine mouse-deer (Tragulus nigricans, Tragulidae). Histol Histopathol 2019; 35:185-202. [PMID: 31271442 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The accessory organs of the eye represent part of the protective system of the eyeball. In the present study, an examination of the accessory organs of the eye of three species of captive ruminants was performed using light microscopy. In the okapi, the superficial gland of the third eyelid and lacrimal gland were complex branched multilobar tubular glands formed by mucous units with tubular secretory portions and no plasma cells. The deep gland of the third eyelid was absent in the okapi and present in both the Père David's deer and the Philippine mouse-deer. In the Philippine mouse-deer, the deep gland had a very thick connective capsule and thick interlobar septae. It contained fewer lobes forming the gland parenchyma compared to Père David's deer and other ruminants. Organized lymphoid follicles were present within the upper and lower eyelids only in the okapi and Père David's deer, while diffuse lymphocytes were observed in the Philippine mouse-deer. The orbital glands in the Père David's deer had a multilobar tubuloacinar structure with numerous plasma cells and a mucoserous character. In contrast to the Philippine mouse-deer, these glands had a serous character. The presence of several macroscopic and microscopic structural differences of the examined accessory organs of the eye in the three captive ruminant species may be understood within an ecological context and may be associated with different habitat-specific environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Elżbieta Klećkowska-Nawrot
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Karolina Goździewska-Harłajczuk
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Karolina Barszcz
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Klećkowska-Nawrot JE, Goździewska-Harłajczuk K, Darska M, Barszcz K, Janeczek M. Microstructure of the eye tunics, eyelids and ocular glands of the Sulawesi bear cuscus (Ailurops ursinusTemminck, 1824) (Phalangeridae: Marsupialia) based on anatomical, histological and histochemical studies. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna E. Klećkowska-Nawrot
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Karolina Goździewska-Harłajczuk
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Marta Darska
- Faculty of Biology and Animal Science; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Karolina Barszcz
- Department of Morphological Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | - Maciej Janeczek
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wroclaw Poland
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Klećkowska-Nawrot JE, Goździewska-Harłajczuk K, Łupicki D, Marycz K, Nawara T, Barszcz K, Kowalczyk A, Rosenberger J, Łukaszewicz E. The differences in the eyelids microstructure and the conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue between selected ornamental and wild birds as a result of adaptation to their habitat. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna E. Klećkowska-Nawrot
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Karolina Goździewska-Harłajczuk
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Dariusz Łupicki
- Museum of Natural History of the Faculty of Biology and Animal Science; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory; Faculty of Biology and Animal Science; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Tomasz Nawara
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory; Faculty of Biology and Animal Science; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Karolina Barszcz
- Department of Morphological Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | - Artur Kowalczyk
- Division of Poultry Breeding; Faculty of Biology and Animal Science; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Joanna Rosenberger
- Division of Poultry Breeding; Faculty of Biology and Animal Science; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Ewa Łukaszewicz
- Division of Poultry Breeding; Faculty of Biology and Animal Science; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wroclaw Poland
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Klećkowska-Nawrot J, Nowaczyk R, Goździewska-Harłajczuk K, Barszcz K, Kowalczyk A, Łukaszewicz E. Light and electron microscopic study of the eyelids, conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue and lacrimal gland in Bilgorajska Goose (Anser anser). Anat Sci Int 2015; 91:74-88. [PMID: 25673221 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-015-0274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Normal structure of the accessory organs of the eye is essential for normal eye physiology. Among the most important accessory organs of the eye are the eyelids, the conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) and the lacrimal gland (LG). The aim of this study was to demonstrate the histological structure of the eyelids and LG by histochemical and ultrastructural analysis. The study was performed on 13 adult female Bilgorajska geese. Eyelid samples were stained with the Alcian blue (AB pH 2.5) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) methods. Staining methods used for LG were AB pH 2.5, aldehyde fuchsin (AF), PAS and Hale's dialysed iron (HDI). Within the connective tissue of the eyelids, well-developed, diffuse, CALT follicles were observed, mostly under the conjunctival epithelium. Numerous lymphocytes were present within loose connective tissue. Staining of the eyelids with the PAS method demonstrated the presence of goblet cells of a mucous nature, and AB pH 2.5 staining indicated the presence of sulfated acid mucopolysaccharides. PAS staining of LG revealed the presence of secretory cells containing weakly PAS-positive granules. All epithelial cells of the corpus glandulae and the duct systems reacted positively to AB pH 2.5. HDI staining detected the presence of carboxylated acid mucopolysaccharides. Transmission electron microscopy investigations revealed two types of secretory epithelial cells in LG. Both types of LG cells contained drop-like secretory vesicles of different sizes with low or high electron density in cytoplasm, as well as small and large lipid vacuoles, and numerous small primary lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Klećkowska-Nawrot
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kozuchowska 1/3, 51-631, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Renata Nowaczyk
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kozuchowska 1/3, 51-631, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Karolina Goździewska-Harłajczuk
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kozuchowska 1/3, 51-631, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Karolina Barszcz
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159 Nowoursynowska, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Kowalczyk
- Division of Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38a, 51-631, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Łukaszewicz
- Division of Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38a, 51-631, Wrocław, Poland
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Tabynov K, Sansyzbay A, Kydyrbayev Z, Yespembetov B, Ryskeldinova S, Zinina N, Assanzhanova N, Sultankulova K, Sandybayev N, Khairullin B, Kuznetsova I, Ferko B, Egorov A. Influenza viral vectors expressing the Brucella OMP16 or L7/L12 proteins as vaccines against B. abortus infection. Virol J 2014; 11:69. [PMID: 24716528 PMCID: PMC3997475 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We generated novel, effective candidate vaccine against Brucella abortus based on recombinant influenza viruses expressing the Brucella ribosomal protein L7/L12 or outer membrane protein (Omp)-16 from the NS1 open reading frame. The main purpose of this work was to evaluate the safety, immunogenicity and protectiveness of vaccine candidate in laboratory animals. METHODS AND RESULTS Four recombinant influenza A viral constructs of the subtypes Н5N1 or H1N1 expressing the Brucella proteins L7/L12 or Omp16 were obtained by a reverse genetics method: Flu-NS1-124-L7/L12-H5N1, Flu-NS1-124-Omp16-H5N1, Flu-NS1-124-L7/L12-H1N1 and Flu-NS1-124-Omp16-H1N1. Despite of substantial modification of NS1 gene, all constructs replicated well and were retain their Brucella inserts over five passages in embryonated chicken eggs (CE). Administration of the mono- or bivalent vaccine formulation via prime-boost intranasal (i.n.), conjunctival (c.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) immunization was safe in mice; no deaths, body weight loss or pathomorphological changes were observed over 56 days. Moreover, guinea pigs vaccinated i.n. with vaccine vectors did not shed the vaccine viruses through their upper respiratory tract after the prime and booster vaccination. These findings confirmed the replication-deficient phenotype of viral vectors. The highest antibody response to Brucella antigen was obtained with constructs expressing L7/L12 (ELISA, GMT 242.5-735.0); whereas the highest T-cell immune response- with construct expressing Omp16 (ELISPOT, 337 ± 52-651 ± 45 spots/4×105cells), which was comparable (P > 0.05) to the response induced by the commercial vaccine B. abortus 19. Interestingly, c. immunization appeared to be optimal for eliciting T-cell immune response. In guinea pigs, the highest protective efficacy after challenge with B. abortus 544 was achieved with Omp16 expressing constructs in both monovalent or bivalent vaccine formulations; protective efficacy was comparable to those induced by a commercial live B. abortus 19 vaccine. CONCLUSION Thus, influenza vectors expressing Brucella protective antigens can be developed as novel influenza vectored vaccine against B. abortus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaissar Tabynov
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeisky, Republic of Kazakhstan.
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Tabynov K, Kydyrbayev Z, Ryskeldinova S, Yespembetov B, Zinina N, Assanzhanova N, Kozhamkulov Y, Inkarbekov D, Gotskina T, Sansyzbay A. Novel influenza virus vectors expressing Brucella L7/L12 or Omp16 proteins in cattle induced a strong T-cell immune response, as well as high protectiveness against B. abortus infection. Vaccine 2014; 32:2034-41. [PMID: 24598723 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a study of the immunogenicity and protectiveness of new candidate vector vaccine against Brucella abortus - a bivalent vaccine formulation consisting of a mixture of recombinant influenza A subtype H5N1 or H1N1 (viral constructs vaccine formulation) viruses expressing Brucella ribosomal protein L7/L12 and Omp16, in cattle. To increase the effectiveness of the candidate vaccine, adjuvants such as Montanide Gel01 or chitosan were included in its composition. Immunization of cattle (heifers aged 1-1.5 years, 5 animals per group) with the viral constructs vaccine formulation only, or its combination with adjuvants Montanide Gel01 or chitosan, was conducted via the conjunctival method using cross prime (influenza virus subtype H5N1) and booster (influenza virus subtype H1N1) vaccination schedules at an interval of 28 days. Vaccine candidates were evaluated in comparison with the positive (B. abortus S19) and negative (PBS) controls. The viral constructs vaccine formulations, particularly in combination with Montanide Gel01 adjuvant promoted formation of IgG antibodies (with a predominance of antibodies of isotype IgG2a) against Brucella L7/L12 and Omp16 proteins in ELISA. Moreover, these vaccines in cattle induced a strong antigen-specific T-cell immune response, as indicated by a high number of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells, as well as the concentration of IFN-γ, and most importantly provided a high level of protectiveness comparable to the commercial B. abortus S19 vaccine and superior to the B. abortus S19 vaccine in combination with Montanide Gel01 adjuvant. Based on these findings, we recommended the bivalent vaccine formulation containing the adjuvant Montanide Gel01 for practical use in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaissar Tabynov
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, 080409, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeisky, Kazakhstan.
| | - Zhailaubay Kydyrbayev
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, 080409, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeisky, Kazakhstan
| | - Sholpan Ryskeldinova
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, 080409, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeisky, Kazakhstan
| | - Bolat Yespembetov
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, 080409, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeisky, Kazakhstan
| | - Nadezhda Zinina
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, 080409, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeisky, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurika Assanzhanova
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, 080409, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeisky, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerken Kozhamkulov
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, 080409, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeisky, Kazakhstan
| | - Dulat Inkarbekov
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, 080409, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeisky, Kazakhstan
| | - Tatyana Gotskina
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, 080409, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeisky, Kazakhstan
| | - Abylai Sansyzbay
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, 080409, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeisky, Kazakhstan
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11
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The ocular conjunctiva as a mucosal immunization route: a profile of the immune response to the model antigen tetanus toxoid. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60682. [PMID: 23637758 PMCID: PMC3637207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a quest for a needle-free vaccine administration strategy, we evaluated the ocular conjunctiva as an alternative mucosal immunization route by profiling and comparing the local and systemic immune responses to the subcutaneous or conjunctival administration of tetanus toxoid (TTd), a model antigen. Materials and methods BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were immunized either subcutaneously with TTd alone or via the conjunctiva with TTd alone, TTd mixed with 2% glycerol or TTd with merthiolate-inactivated whole-cell B. pertussis (wBP) as adjuvants. Mice were immunized on days 0, 7 and 14 via both routes, and an evaluation of the local and systemic immune responses was performed two weeks after the last immunization. Four weeks after the last immunization, the mice were challenged with a lethal dose (2 × LD50) of tetanus toxin. Results The conjunctival application of TTd in BALB/c mice induced TTd-specific secretory IgA production and skewed the TTd-specific immune response toward a Th1/Th17 profile, as determined by the stimulation of IFNγ and IL-17A secretion and/or the concurrent pronounced reduction of IL-4 secretion, irrespective of the adjuvant. In conjunctivaly immunized C57BL/6 mice, only TTd administered with wBP promoted the establishment of a mixed Th1/Th17 TTd-specific immune response, whereas TTd alone or TTd in conjunction with glycerol initiated a dominant Th1 response against TTd. Immunization via the conjunctiva with TTd plus wBP adjuvant resulted in a 33% survival rate of challenged mice compared to a 0% survival rate in non-immunized animals (p<0.05). Conclusion Conjunctival immunization with TTd alone or with various adjuvants induced TTd-specific local and systemic immune responses, predominantly of the Th1 type. The strongest immune responses developed in mice that received TTd together with wBP, which implies that this alternative route might tailor the immune response to fight intracellular bacteria or viruses more effectively.
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Giuliano EA, Finn K. Characterization of membranous (M) cells in normal feline conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT). Vet Ophthalmol 2012; 14 Suppl 1:60-6. [PMID: 21923825 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize conjunctival lymphoid nodules obtained from the nictitans of healthy cats to determine if the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) in this species contains membranous (M)-cells analogous to those described in other regions of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). METHODS Lymphoid follicles from nictitan bulbar surfaces of 10 healthy cats (20 eyes total) were examined. Nictitans from five cats were harvested immediately post-mortem and a minimum of 12 lymphoid nodules from each third eyelid were isolated using a Zeiss operating microscope. At least three lymphoid follicles from each eye were examined using light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using standard fixation and embedding protocols. Nictitan-lymphoid follicles from another five healthy cats were processed for immunohistochemistry to characterize the distribution of T- and B-lymphocytes present beneath the FAE. RESULTS The FAE overlying CALT from 10 healthy cats demonstrated morphology characteristic of M-cells including attenuated apical cell surface with blunted microvilli and microfolds, invaginated basolateral membrane forming a cytoplasmic pocket, and diminished distance between the apical and pocket membrane. Immunohistochemistry of lymphoid tissue subtending the FAE demonstrated B-cell dependent regions in the germinal centers surrounded by T-cell dependent interfollicular zones. CONCLUSIONS Healthy feline CALT contains morphologic features analogous to those described in other regions of MALT. Documentation of feline conjunctival M-cells is of clinical relevance in the study of primary infectious, allergic, and autoimmune ocular diseases, as well as a potential means of vaccination or drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Giuliano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Abstract
This chapter on lid function is comprised of two primary sections, the first on normal eyelid anatomy, neurological innervation, and physiology, and the second on abnormal eyelid function in disease states. The eyelids serve several important ocular functions, the primary objectives of which are protection of the anterior globe from injury and maintenance of the ocular tear film. Typical eyelid behaviors to perform these functions include blinking (voluntary, spontaneous, or reflexive), voluntary eye closure (gentle or forced), partial lid lowering during squinting, normal lid retraction during emotional states such as surprise or fear (startle reflex), and coordination of lid movements with vertical eye movements for maximal eye protection. Detailed description of the neurological innervation patterns and neurophysiology of each of these lid behaviors is provided. Abnormal lid function is divided by conditions resulting in excessive lid closure (cerebral ptosis, apraxia of lid opening, blepharospasm, oculomotor palsy, Horner's syndrome, myasthenia gravis, and mechanical) and those resulting in excessive lid opening (midbrain lid retraction, facial nerve palsy, and lid retraction due to orbital disease).
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet C Rucker
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Niesalla H, McNeilly TN, Ross M, Rhind SM, Harkiss GD. Experimental infection of sheep with visna/maedi virus via the conjunctival space. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:1329-1337. [PMID: 18474547 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/000133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments were performed to determine whether visna/maedi virus (VMV), a small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV), could infect sheep via ocular tissues. The EV1 strain of VMV was administered into the conjunctival space of uninfected sheep, and the animals monitored for the presence of provirus DNA and anti-VMV antibodies in blood. The results showed that provirus DNA appeared in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of all animals within a few weeks of receiving either 10(6) TCID50 or 10(3) TCID50 of VMV. Of the animals receiving the higher dose of virus via the conjunctival space, two seroconverted by 7 and 10 weeks post-infection, one seroconverted 8 months post-infection, and one had not seroconverted by 15 months post-infection. With the lower virus dose, the animals infected via the trachea seroconverted by 4 and 14 weeks, respectively. After ocular infection with this dose, one animal showed a transitory seroconversion with low levels of antibody, peaking at 2 weeks post-administration. The remaining three of the animals infected via the eyes did not seroconvert over a period of 13 months. At post-mortem, evidence for the presence of proviral DNA was obtained from ocular tissue, lungs or mediastinal lymph node in both groups of animals. Histological analysis of lung tissue from animals receiving the lower dose of virus showed the presence of early inflammatory lesions. The results thus show for the first time that transmission of VMV can occur via ocular tissues, suggesting that the conjunctival space may be an additional route of natural transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heide Niesalla
- Division of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK
| | - Tom N McNeilly
- Division of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK
| | - Margaret Ross
- Division of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK
| | - Susan M Rhind
- Division of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK
| | - Gordon D Harkiss
- Division of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK
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