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Abitaev K, Atanasova P, Bill J, Preisig N, Kuzmenko I, Ilavsky J, Liu Y, Sottmann T. In Situ Ultra-Small- and Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Study of ZnO Nanoparticle Formation and Growth through Chemical Bath Deposition in the Presence of Polyvinylpyrrolidone. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2180. [PMID: 37570497 PMCID: PMC10421471 DOI: 10.3390/nano13152180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
ZnO inverse opals combine the outstanding properties of the semiconductor ZnO with the high surface area of the open-porous framework, making them valuable photonic and catalysis support materials. One route to produce inverse opals is to mineralize the voids of close-packed polymer nanoparticle templates by chemical bath deposition (CBD) using a ZnO precursor solution, followed by template removal. To ensure synthesis control, the formation and growth of ZnO nanoparticles in a precursor solution containing the organic additive polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was investigated by in situ ultra-small- and small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS/SAXS). Before that, we studied the precursor solution by in-house SAXS at T = 25 °C, revealing the presence of a PVP network with semiflexible chain behavior. Heating the precursor solution to 58 °C or 63 °C initiates the formation of small ZnO nanoparticles that cluster together, as shown by complementary transmission electron microscopy images (TEM) taken after synthesis. The underlying kinetics of this process could be deciphered by quantitatively analyzing the USAXS/SAXS data considering the scattering contributions of particles, clusters, and the PVP network. A nearly quantitative description of both the nucleation and growth period could be achieved using the two-step Finke-Watzky model with slow, continuous nucleation followed by autocatalytic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Abitaev
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (K.A.); (N.P.)
| | - Petia Atanasova
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (P.A.); (J.B.)
| | - Joachim Bill
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (P.A.); (J.B.)
| | - Natalie Preisig
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (K.A.); (N.P.)
| | - Ivan Kuzmenko
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA; (I.K.); (J.I.)
| | - Jan Ilavsky
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA; (I.K.); (J.I.)
| | - Yun Liu
- National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
| | - Thomas Sottmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (K.A.); (N.P.)
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Lee KZ, Basnayake Pussepitiyalage V, Lee YH, Loesch-Fries LS, Harris MT, Hemmati S, Solomon KV. Engineering Tobacco Mosaic Virus and Its Virus-Like-Particles for Synthesis of Biotemplated Nanomaterials. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2000311. [PMID: 33135368 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecules are increasingly attractive templates for the synthesis of functional nanomaterials. Chief among them is the plant tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) due to its high aspect ratio, narrow size distribution, diverse biochemical functionalities presented on the surface, and compatibility with a number of chemical conjugations. These properties are also easily manipulated by genetic modification to enable the synthesis of a range of metallic and non-metallic nanomaterials for diverse applications. This article reviews the characteristics of TMV and related viruses, and their virus-like particle (VLP) derivatives, and how these may be manipulated to extend their use and function. A focus of recent efforts has been on greater understanding and control of the self-assembly processes that drive biotemplate formation. How these features have been exploited in engineering applications such as, sensing, catalysis, and energy storage are briefly outlined. While control of VLP surface features is well-established, fewer tools exist to control VLP self-assembly, which limits efforts to control template uniformity and synthesis of certain templated nanomaterials. However, emerging advances in synthetic biology, machine learning, and other fields promise to accelerate efforts to control template uniformity and nanomaterial synthesis enabling more widescale industrial use of VLP-based biotemplates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok Zhi Lee
- Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 S University St, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | | | - Yu-Hsuan Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 W Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - L Sue Loesch-Fries
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W State St, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Michael T Harris
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 W Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Shohreh Hemmati
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, 420 Engineering North, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Kevin V Solomon
- Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 S University St, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering (LORRE), Purdue University, 500 Central Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Adjustable polystyrene nanoparticle templates for the production of mesoporous foams and ZnO inverse opals. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04791-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe manifold applications of porous materials, such as in storage, separation, and catalysis, have led to an enormous interest in their cost-efficient preparation. A promising strategy to obtain porous materials with adjustable pore size and morphology is to use templates exhibiting the appropriate nanostructure. In this study, close-packed polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles, synthesized by emulsion polymerization, were used to produce porous PS and ZnO inverse opals. The size and distribution of the polystyrene nanoparticles, characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were controlled via the concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Systematic measurements of the water/styrene-interfacial tension show that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the ternary water–styrene–SDS system, which determines whether monodisperse or polydisperse PS particles are obtained, is considerably lower than that of the binary water–SDS system. The assemblies of close-packed PS nanoparticles obtained via drying were then studied by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and SEM. Both techniques prove that PS nanoparticles synthesized above the CMC result in a significantly unordered but denser packing of the particles. The polystyrene particles were subsequently used to produce porous polystyrene and ZnO inverse opals. While the former consists of micrometer-sized spherical pores surrounded by extended open-cellular regions of mesopores (Rpore ≈ 25 nm), the latter are made of ZnO-nanoparticles forming a structure of well-aligned interconnected pores.
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Börrnert F, Renner J, Kaiser U. High-resolution analyses of the mineralisation process at bio/inorganic interfaces. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2020. [DOI: 10.1680/jbibn.18.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To gain insight into bio-inspired mineralisation processes that may be directed or influenced by the protein coat of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), microscopic studies are crucial. The authors elucidate key steps towards the understanding of the mineralisation mechanism by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging of the organic/inorganic interfaces. Wild-type TMV and mutants with distinct surface properties are used to investigate the processes of nucleation and mineral formation based on ZnO and ZnS deposition. The development of suitable sample preparation methods is central in the study, as well as finding the optimal imaging conditions in combination with the use of a latest-generation high-end microscope. The mineralisation is to be analysed with respect to the underlying nucleation process: Correlation of structure findings with mechanical properties will pave the way to the goal of the design of materials with enhanced mechanical properties.
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